NAVAL  OFFICERS 

THEIE  HEEEDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT 

UC-NRLF 


BY 


CHARLES  BENEDICT  DAVENPORT 


ASSISTED    BT 

MARY   THERESA  SQUDDER 


PUBLISHED  BT  THE  CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 
WASHINGTON,  1919 


UNIVERSITY  FARM 


<3\4 


NAVAL  OFFICERS 


THEIK  HEEEDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT 


BY 

CHARLES  BENEDICT  DAVENPORT 

DIRECTOR  OF  DEPARTMENT  OF  EXPERIMENTAL  EVOLUTION  AND  OF  THE 
EUGENICS  RECORD  OFFICE, 


MARY  THERESA  SCUDDER 

RESEARCH  COLLABORATOR  IN  THE 
CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OP  WASHINGTON 
WASHINGTON,  1919 


CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 
PUBLICATION  No.  259 


PAPKE  No.  29  OF  THE  STATION  FOB  EXPERIMENTAL  EVOLUTION  AT 
COLD  SPRING  HARBOR,  NEW  YORK 


THE-PLIMPTON-PRESS 
N  OK  W  O  OD-M  A  S  S-U-S-A 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 
PART  i. 

PAGE 

I.  STATEMENT  OF  PROBLEM 1 

II.  AN  IMPROVED  METHOD  OF  TESTING  THE  FITNESS  OF  UNTRIED  OFFICERS   ....  2 

1.  General  Considerations 2 

2.  Special  Procedure 3 

III.  RESULTS  OF  STUDY     4 

1.  Types  of  Naval  Officers 

2.  Temperament  in  Relation  to  Type 

3.  Juvenile  Promise  of  Naval  Officers  of  the  Various  Types 

Fighters 

Strategists 

Administrators 7 

Explorers 8 

Adventurers 8 

Conclusion  as  to  Juvenile  Promise 8 

4.  The  Hereditary  Traits  of  Naval  Officers 9 

General 9 

The  Inheritance  of  Special  Traits 25 

Thalassophilia,  or  Love  of  the  Sea 25 

Source  of  Thalassophilia  (or  Sea-lust)  in  Naval  Officers  .    .  25 

Heredity  of  Sea-lust 27 

The  Hyperkinetic  Qualities  of  the  Fighters 29 

Source  of  Nomadism  in  Naval  Officers 31 

IV.  CONCLUSIONS 33 

V.  APPLICATION  OF  PRINCIPLES  TO  SELECTION  OF  UNTRIED  MEN    ,  33 


PART  1 1. 

BRIEF  BIOGRAPHIES  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS,  WITH  ESPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THEIR  JUVENILE 
PROMISE  AND  THEIR  PERSONAL  TRAITS. 

PAGE 

1.  William  Bainbridge 36 

2.  Joshua  Barney 37 

3.  John  Barry 40 

4.  Philip  Beaver 41 

5.  Charles  William  de  la  Poer  Beresford 42 

6.  George  Smith  Blake 44 

7.  Robert  Blake 47 

8.  Jahleel  Brenton 49 

9.  Moses  Brown      51 

10.  Franklin  Buchanan 53 

11.  Thomas  Cochrane      56 

12.  Cuthbert  CoUingwood 59      . 

13.  William  Barker  Gushing 60 

14.  John  Adolf  Dahlgren 64 

ill 


PART  I. 

I.  STATEMENT  OF  THE  PROBLEM. 

A  nation  at  the  beginning  of  a  great  war,  after  prolonged  peace,  is 
executing  a  great  increase  of  its  naval  and  military  forces.  For  these 
forces  officers  must  be  selected  in  large  numbers,  as  many  as  1,000  officers 
for  each  division  of  20,000  men,  or  50,000  officers  for  1,000,000  men.  So, 
too,  in  the  naval  organization  every  ship  has  its  commander  and  lieu- 
tenants, and  there  are  captains  and  admirals  of  the  various  grades  for  the 
command  of  groups  of  officers.  Each  of  these  officers  holds  hi  his  hands, 
as  it  were,  the  lives  of  from  100  to  100,000  men.  Obviously  it  is  a  matter 
of  the  gravest  concern  that  they  should  be  properly  selected.  Yet  the 
number  is  so  vast  and  the  personal  knowledge  about  the  appointee  on  the 
part  of  those  who  must  appoint  is  necessarily  often  so  slight  that  every 
assistance  in  the  general  method  of  making  the  selection  may  well  be 
carefully  considered.  In  time  of  actual  battling,  selection  for  advance- 
ment is  made  on  the  ground  of  performance  —  the  inferior  officers  fail, 
the  successful  ones  are  given  the  higher  commands.  Our  Civil  War  showed 
this  clearly.  It  also  showed  the  melancholy  fact  that  the  selections  made 
at  the  outset  were  often  inadequate,  and  many  a  colonel  and  even  general 
confidently  appointed  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  was  recalled  as  a  failure. 
The  method  of  selecting  exclusively  by  trial  and  error  is  a  sure  method, 
but  one  that  is  frightfully  wasteful  of  lives  and  property.  What  is  the 
best  method  of  selecting  untried  men  for  positions  as  officers? 

Diverse  methods  of  selecting  untried  officers  have  been  employed  hi 
the  past.  In  the  navy  those  who  have  made  good  records  at  the  Naval 
Academy  have  been  selected.  Admission  to  the  Academy  is  ordinarily 
made  on  the  recommendation  of  a  congressman.  The  applicant  undergoes 
a  physical  and  perhaps  a  mental  examination.  No  doubt  it  is  true,  as 
Filchett  (1903,  p.  3)  says:  "In  these  days  where  the  foot  rule  and  the 
stethoscope  and  the  examination  paper  are  the  tests  by  which  our  embryo 
Nelsons  and  Wellingtons  are  chosen,  the  future  hero  of  the  Nile  and  of 
Trafalgar  would  infallibly  have  been  rejected."  A  war  may  be  lost  by 
rejection  on  a  physical  examination  as  certainly  as  by  inadequacy  in  the 
supply  of  men  or  munitions.  All  too  much  is  made  of  the  physical  exami- 
nation; all  too  little  of  temperament  and  intelligence.  The  modern 
psychological  and  psychiatric  examinations  of  officers  and  recruits  are 
excellent.  I  recall  one  instance  hi  our  Civil  War  when  a  colonel  ordered 
a  futile  attack  hi  which  a  regiment  was  nearly  annihilated.  Investigation 
quickly  showed  that  the  commander  was  insane  and  had  been  so  for  some 
tune.  On  the  other  hand,  the  elimination  of  the  feeble-minded  must 
be  made  intelligently.  There  is  at  least  one  instance  in  our  Civil  War 
where  a  feeble-minded  sharpshooter  did  great  execution.  A  feeble-minded 
man  may  have  fired  the  musket  shot  that  killed  the  great  Nelson.  Fight- 
ing leaders  must  possess  insight,  judgment,  audacity,  and  pertinacity. 
Sharpshooters  require  little  of  these  qualities,  but  above  all  ability  to  aim 

l 


2  HEREDITY   AND    DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

accurately  and  quickly.  Each  man  should  be  selected  for  the  qualities 
that  fit  him  for  the  special  r61e  he  has  to  play.  Joseph  Jefferson  would 
have  failed  as  Hamlet.  Many  a  perfect  physical  specimen  of  a  man  would 
make  a  poor  naval  strategist. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true,  also,  that  at  the  outbreak  of  our  Civil  War 
many  untried  men  were  chosen  as  officers  merely  because  they  had  shown 
some  interest  in  the  organization  of  companies  and,  moreover,  were  friends 
of  congressmen  who  urged  their  appointment  upon  the  War  Department. 
We  are  told  that  in  selection  for  the  present  war  no  political  influence  is 
permitted.  But  political  influence  is  a  most  insidious  thing;  often  it 
comes  to  the  harassed  Army  Department  as  a  welcome  and  valued  sug- 
gestion. With  the  best  intentions  in  the  world  the  recommender  may  be 
urging  an  utterly  unfit  appointment.  It  is  the  insufficiency  of  the  method 
that  is  at  fault.  Is  there  any  additional  test  of  fitness? 1 

II.   AN    IMPROVED   METHOD   OF   TESTING   THE   FITNESS   OF 
UNTRIED  OFFICERS. 

1.   GENERAL  CONSIDERATIONS. 

We  start  with  the  principle  enunciated  by  Mahan:  "Each  man  has 
his  special  gift  and  to  succeed  must  act  in  accordance  with  it."  Our 
problem  is,  then,  how  can  we  determine,  in  advance,  what  is  a  man's  special 
gift?  Or,  hi  our  special  case,  how  can  we  tell  whether  or  not  an  applicant 
for  admission  to  the  Naval  Academy  or  for  a  naval  commission  has  a  gift 
for  the  place  he  seeks? 

"The  child  is  father  of  the  man."  Each  well-marked  trait  of  adult 
character  passes  through  developmental  stages.  Its  beginnings  are  already 
to  be  seen  in  the  child.  We  recognize  this  fact  in  the  case  of  physical 
traits.  The  dark  skin-color  of  the  negro  develops  rapidly,  beginning  a 
few  hours  after  birth;  curliness  of  hair  shows  in  the  first  permanent  coat; 
hair-color  is  slower  in  getting  its  final  shade,  but  usually  does  so  within 
the  first  decade.  Mental  traits,  also,  early  show  their  quality.  Imbeciles 
show  retardation  even  at  5  or  6  years;  idiots  much  earlier.  On  the  other 
hand,  Galton  at  4  years  had  the  intellectual  advancement  of  a  boy  of  8 
years.  Special  traits,  as  every  experienced  parent  knows,  may  show  at 
a  very  early  age,  such  as  neatness,  altruism,  frankness,  jollity,  cautious- 
ness. Audacity  hi  the  adult  is  foreshadowed  by  adventurousness  —  a 
desire  of  the  boy  to  "try  stunts."  The  courageous  man  was  fearless  as 
a  boy.  In  the  early  years  of  school  special  interests  and  capacities  for 
drawing,  arithmetical  work,  memorizing,  reasoning,  are  clearly  shown. 
The  visualist  and  auditist  are  already  differentiated  long  before  adoles- 
cence. The  significance  of  the  combination  of  boyish  traits  may  not  be 
fully  realized  even  by  the  parents  or  other  close  relatives;  their  interpre- 
tation has  to  be  made  by  the  expert.  "What  has  poor  little  Horatio  done," 
cried  his  uncle,  Captain  Suckling,  when  young  Nelson  was  brought  to  him, 
at  12  years,  to  be  taken  on  his  ship,  "that  he,  being  so  weak,  should  be  sent 
to  rough  it  at  sea?  But  let  him  come,  and  if  a  cannon  ball  takes  off  his 

1  This  book  was  written  in  the  summer  of  1917;  hence  certain  anachronisms. 


STATEMENT  OF  THE  PROBLEM.  3 

head,  he  will  at  least  be  provided  for."  He  did  not  understand  the  signifi- 
cance of  the  introspective,  brooding  silence,  that  tenacious  regard  for  his 
honor,  that  willingness  to  undertake  hazardous  enterprises  without  claim- 
ing any  material  reward,  which  Horatio  Nelson  had  already  shown  and 
continued  to  show  to  the  day  of  his  death.  We  must  test  the  hypothesis 
that  the  special  gifts  required  for  a  naval  fighter  are  foreshadowed  in  the 
child;  for,  if  this  prove  to  be  correct,  the  principle  should  be  utilized  in 
making  selection  of  untried  officers. 

The  " special  gift"  is,  as  its  name  implies,  something  that  has  come, 
willynilly,  through  the  germ  plasm.  Such  hereditary  traits  are  usually 
family  traits  and  recur  again  and  again  in  the  family.  We  have,  therefore, 
to  note  the  indications  of  a  special  gift  in  the  boy  by  an  examination  of  the 
family,  to  see  where  that  gift  has  been  developed  elsewhere.  In  the  case  of  a 
few  traits  we  know  rather  exactly  the  relationship  that  two  or  more  persons 
in  successive  generations  showing  a  "gift"  may  be  expected  to  bear  to  each 
other.  Such  knowledge  will  be  a  useful  check  on  the  indications  of  juvenile 
promise. 

2.    SPECIAL  PROCEDURE. 

To  get  at  the  requisite  facts  for  the  present  investigation  into  the 
juvenile  promise  shown  by  great  naval  commanders,  and  hereditary  factors 
present  in  their  families,  the  reading  of  a  considerable  number  of  biog- 
raphies of  naval  men  was  undertaken.  In  some  instances,  as  notably 
in  the  case  of  Nelson,  several  distinct  " lives"  were  read;  in  most  cases  only 
one.  In  the  case  of  British  officers  -the  Encyclopedia  Britannica  was 
found  of  assistance;  in  the  case  of  American  officers,  the  National  Cyclo- 
pedia of  American  Biography  was  used  (with  caution) ;  also  the  American 
"  Who's  Who."  For  family  histories  research  was  made  in  the  genealogical 
libraries  of  Greater  New  York,  and  for  British  families  Burke 's  "  Peerage 
and  Landed  Gentry"  and  other  like  official  genealogies  were  found  very 
useful.  In  all  this  work  I  had  the  assistance  of  my  wife,  Gertrude  C. 
Davenport,  and  especially  of  my  assistant,  Miss  Mary  T.  Scudder,  who 
did  most  of  the  tracing  of  genealogies  and  arranged  the  pedigree  charts. 
This  work  would  hardly  have  been  possible  except  for  an  arrangement 
with  the  Brooklyn  Public  Library,  which  generously  mailed  to  us  all  the 
books  that  we  desired  from  its  extensive  collections.  The  compilation  of 
the  facts  has  taken  six  or  eight  months  of  steady  work. 

In  regard  to  the  method  of  selection  of  officers.  First  of  all,  this 
was  determined  by  the  availability  of  full  biographies.  There  are  some 
naval  officers  quite  as  eminent  as  those  included  in  our  list  about  whom 
we  could  get  few  pertinent  data.  Many  biographies  gave  little  infor- 
mation about  juvenile  promise  or  family  history  and  these  could  not 
be  used.  No  selection,  it  need  hardly  be  said,  was  made  with  the  aim 
of  supporting  any  preformed  conclusions.  Practically  all  the  information 
that  we  gathered  that  would  throw  light  on  our  problem  has  been  set 
forth,  nearly  or  exactly,  in  the  words  of  the  biographer.  We  have  been 
always  alive  to  the  error  introduced  by  substituting  for  the  descriptive 
terms  of  the  author  terms  of  our  own  which  could  hardly  avoid  being 


4  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

somewhat  "colored"  by  our  prepossessions.  Naturally  in  the  "Tables" 
it  often  becomes  necessary  to  place  individuals  into  certain  categories 
not  named  by  the  biographer.  For  the  full  data  that  justify  this  assign- 
ment the  reader  must  consult  the  work  or  works  cited  at  the  ends  of  the 
biographies  in  Part  II.  In  a  word,  we  have  tried  to  approach  this  sub- 
ject in  the  inductive  spirit  and  to  draw  only  such  conclusions  as  the 
facts  seem  to  warrant.  How  far  the  attempt  has  been  successful  each 
reader,  being  in  possession  of  all  of  the  facts,  may  judge  for  himself. 

III.   RESULTS   OF   STUDY. 
1.   TYPES  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

Successful  naval  officers  are  of  various  types.  This  is  because,  as 
Mahan  (1901,  p.  151)  says:  "Each  man  has  his  special  gift,  and  to  succeed 
must  act  in  accordance  with  it."  It  is  also  true  that  different  kinds  of 
gifts  can  be  utilized  to  advantage  in  the  navy;  for  the  navy  needs  not  only 
fighters  and  tacticians,  but  also  strategists,  administrators,  diplomats, 
explorers,  and  surveyors.  It  can  make  use  of  inventors,  constructors, 
teachers,  and  writers.  Indeed,  especially  hi  times  of  peace,  advancement 
is  made  chiefly  by  seniority,  and  a  naval  officer  may  reach  highest  rank 
merely  by  longevity.  The  term  "naval  officers"  consequently  corresponds 
to  a  single  trait  no  more  than  "officer,"  but  a  larger  proportion  of  naval 
officers  have  a  common  trait  than  the  group  of  "officers."  The  three 
commonest  traits  are:  (1)  love  of  sea;  (2)  capacity  for  fighting;  (3)  capac- 
ity for  commanding  or  administering.  One  person  may  combine  in  himself 
all  these  three  and  even  other  important  traits;  so  in  studying  a  trait  at 
a  time  we  may  consider  an  individual  more  than  once.  For  example, 
Nelson  was  a  great  strategist  and  a  great  tactician,  and  had  the  traits 
that  make  a  man  a  brilliant,  gallant  fighter. 

2.   TEMPERAMENT  IN  RELATION  TO  TYPE. 

Temperament  is  the  general  quality  of  response  shown  by  a  person. 
Three  principal  kinds  of  temperament  are  recognized,  and  they  are  sub- 
divided and  combined  in  various  ways.  We  may  reckon  the  tempera- 
ments as  overactive,  hyperkinetic;  underactive,  hypokinetic,  and  inter- 
mediate or  normal.  The  hyperkinetic  temperaments  are  the  choleric 
and  the  nervous  (or  sanguine).  The  hypokinetic  temperaments  are  the 
phlegmatic  and  the  melancholic.  The  intermediates  are  prevailingly  calm 
and  cheerful.  "The  nervous  person  is  active,  irritable,  excitable,  ambitious, 
given  to  planning,  optimistic,  usually  talkative  and  jolly.  The  choleric 
person  is  overactive,  starts  on  new  lines  of  work  before  completing  the 
old,  brags,  is  usually  hilarious,  hypererotic,  often  profane,  liable  to  fits  of 
anger,  destructive,  assaultative,  and  even  homicidal."  "  The  phlegmatic 
temperament  is  characterized  by  quietness,  seriousness,  conservativeness, 
pessimism.  The  person  of  melancholic  temperament  is  unresponsive 
(often  mute),  lachrymose,  given  to  worry,  weak  and  incapable,  feels  life 
a  burden,  often  longs  for  death  as  a  relief."  The  possessor  of  the  inter- 
mediate or  normal  mood  "works  and  plays  moderately,  laughs  quietly,  does 


TYPES   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS.  5 

not  weep  easily,  feels  little  drive,  and  on  the  other  hand  is  always  respon- 
sive and  cooperative."  (Davenport,  1915.)  The  hyperkinetic  and 
hypokinetic  moods  may  alternate  with  each  other  and  with  the  normal 
mood. 

Table  1  shows  the  relation  between  temperament  and  the  type  of  naval 
officer.  Our  best  judgment  was  used  hi  assigning  the  categories,  and  the 
assignment  to  type  and  temperament  was  made  as  independently  as  pos- 
sible hi  each  case.  It  appears  that  most  naval  officers  who  were  primarily 
fighters  were  of  the  hyperkinetic  type;  although  one  is  with  some  hesita- 
tion classified  as  hypokinetic.  On  the  other  hand  the  great  strategists  and 
even  the  tacticians  and  most  of  those  whose  chief  service  was  in  administra- 
tion are  hypokinetics  or  intermediates.  Nelson  stands  alone  in  combining 
great  strategic  insight,  tactical  skill,  and  fighting  gallantry  of  the  first  order, 
and  this  he  was  able  to  do  because  of  the  combination  hi  him  of  hyperkinesis 
and  hypokinesis.  John  Paul  Jones  had  a  similar  mixed  temperament  but 
not  the  strategic  insight.  There  are,  however,  many  details  in  the  career 
of  Paul  Jones  and  Nelson  that  bear  a  remarkable  resemblance. 

TABLE  1.  —  Temperament  in  Relation  to  Type. 

Strategic-tactic-combative  gifts 

Hyperkinetic-hypokinetic:  Nelson  —  1 
Combative  gift 

Hyperkinetic  (nervous  or  romantic):  Bainbridge,  Barney,  Barry,  R.  Blake,  Farragut,  Hoste, 
Keppel,  Lawrence,  MacDonough,  Morris,  O'Brien,  Pellew,  Perkins,  O.  H.  Perry, 
D.  Porter,  D.  D.  Porter,  Stockton,  Tromp,  Beresford,  Dewey,  Smith,  Decatur, 
Foote  —  23 

Intermediate:  Blake,  Elphinstone  (Keith)  —  2 

Hypokinetic  (phlegmatic  or  classic) :  Wolseley  —  1 
Combative  and  adventurous  gifts 

Hyperkinetic-hypokinetic:  John  Paul  Jones  —  1 

Hyperkinetic  (nervous  or  romantic) :  Cochrane,  Gushing,  Maffitt,  Raleigh  —  4 
Tactic  gift 

Intermediate:  Saumarez  —  1 

Hypokinetic  (phlegmatic  or  classic) :  Collingwood,  Howe  —  2 
Strategic  gift 

Intermediate:  Paulding,  M.  C.  Perry,  Preble,  Semmes  —  4 

Hypokinetic  (phlegmatic  or  classic) :  Mahan,  Hardy  —  2 
Diplomatic  gift 

Intermediate:  Tattnall  —  1 
Administrative  gift 

Hyperkinetic  (nervous  or  romantic):  Jervis  (?),  Philip,  Rodgers  (?)  — 3 

Intermediate:  Blake,  Hopkins,  Hornby,  Markham,  Moresby,  W.  H.  Parker,  Sands, 
Seymour,  Tucker,  Winslow,  Rodney  —  11 

Hypokinetic  (phlegmatic  or  classic) :  Beaver,  Brenton,  Phillip  —  3 
Adventurous-literary  gifts 

Intermediate:  Marryat  —  1 
Thallasophilic  gift 

Intermediate:  Brown,  Hawkins  —  2 
Explorative  gift 

Intermediate:  Flinders,  Franklin  —  2 

Hypokinetic:  McClintock  —  1 
Constructive  gift 

Intermediate:  Buchanan  —  1 
Inventive  gift 

Hyperkinetic:  Dahlgren  —  1 
Intermediate:  R.  Jones  —  1 


6  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF   NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

The  practical  conclusion  is  drawn  that  to  select  a  future  great  fighting 
man  it  is  almost  essential  that  he  should  be  of  a  prevailingly  hyperkinetic 
temperament. 

3.   JUVENILE  PROMISE  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS  OF  THE  VARIOUS  TYPES. 

FIGHTERS. 

To  this  class  we  assign  31  as  typical.  These  are:  1,  Bainbridge; 
2,  Barney;  3,  Barry;  5,  Beresford;  7,  R.Blake;  11,  Cochrane;  13,  Gushing; 
15,  Decatur;  16,  Dewey;  17,  Duncan;  18,  Elphinstone  (Lord  Keith);  19, 
Farragut;  21,  Foote;  29,  Hoste;  33,  John  Paul  Jones;  34,  Keppel;  35, 
Lawrence;  36,  Macdonough;  43,  Morris;  44,  Nelson;  45,  O'Brien;  48, 
Pellew;  49,  Perkins;  50,  0.  H.  Perry;  53,  David  Porter  and  D.  D.  Porter; 
59,  Saumarez;  62,  W.  Sidney  Smith;  63,  Robert  F.  Stockton;  65,  Tromp; 
68,  Wolseley.  Of  these  31  persons  I  was  able  to  get  no  juvenile  history  in 
the  case  of  Nos.  3,  7,  34,  and  43.  Of  the  remaining  27  we  have  the  follow- 
ing behavior  recorded: 

TABLE  2. 

1.  Bainbridge:  Early  love  of  sea;  sailor  at  15;      44.  Nelson:   Desire  to  go  to  sea;   love  of  ad- 

fond  of  risky,  boyish  undertakings.  venture  for  adventure's  sake;    hon- 

2.  Barney:  Nomadism,  fearlessness  of  respon-  orable. 

sibility;   intrepidity,  quick  temper.  45.  O'Brien:  Love  of  the  sea. 

5.  Beresford:  Adventurous,  full  of  pranks  and  48.  Pellew:  Love  of  sea  and  of  adventure;  fear- 
practical  jokes.  lessness. 

11.  Cochrane:  Nomadic.  49.  Perkins:    Fearlessness   and   adventurous- 

13.  Gushing:    Love  of  adventure;    poor  and  ness;  poor  student. 

unmanageable    student     in     Naval  50.  0.     H.     Perry:      Fearless,     adventurous, 

Academy.  choleric,    studious,    had    intellectual 

15.  Decatur:  Love  of  sea;  fiery  nature.  curiosity;  was  midshipman  at  14. 

16.  Dewey:   Love  of  adventure  and  quickness  53.  Porter:    Nomadic,   impulsive,   belligerent, 

of  response.  pertinacious,  courageous. 

17.  Duncan:  Nomadic.  53.  D.  D.  Porter:  Love  of  sea  and  adventure. 

18.  Elphinstone:  Love  of  sea  (at  15  years).  59.  Saumarez:  Had  a  taste  for  the  navy. 

19.  Farragut:  Love  of  sea  and  adventure.  62.  Smith:  Nomadic. 

21.  Foote:  Love  of  sea;  adventurousness,  63.  Stockton:  Ambitious,  scholarly;  champion 
jollity,  poor  scholarship.  of  the  weak,  fought  the  strong. 

29.  Hoste:  Ever  restless  and  buoyant;  love  of  65.  Tromp:  At  sea  when  9  years  old;  when 
hunting  and  fishing.  his  father  was  killed  the  lad  called  on 

33.  Jones:  Nomadic,"  active,  independent.  the  marines  to  avenge  his  death. 

35.  Lawrence:  Longing  for  the  sea.  68.  Wolseley:  Nomadic. 

36.  Macdonough:  Fondness  for  adventure  and 

practical  jokes. 

In  the  above  table  either  an  early  taste  for  the  sea  or  "nomadism" 
is  mentioned  19  tunes,  also  going  to  sea  at  9  and  14  years  respectively  in 
2  cases.  Here,  too,  should  doubtless  be  included  5  cases  of  adventurous- 
ness,  making  a  total  of  26  cases  (out  of  the  27  recorded)  who  are  early 
fond  of  the  sea,  nomadic,  restless,  and  fond  of  adventure.  Of  the  remaining 
case,  Stockton,  it  is  stated  that  as  a  boy  he  showed  personal  courage,  was 
champion  of  the  weak,  won  victories  over  the  strong.  Also  he  was  early 
fired  with  an  ambition  to  excel  Nelson;  and  he  entered  the  navy  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812  at  the  age  of  17  years.  It  is  probable  that 
Stockton  is  like  the  other  26,  and  we  may  conclude  that  great  naval  fighters 


TYPES   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS.  7 

are  nomadic  or  "fond  of  the  sea"  or  adventurous  or  belligerent  in  their 
childhood  and  youth.  Contrariwise,  it  is  not  probable  that  a  boy  who 
does  not  show  these  traits  will  become  a  great  naval  fighting  officer. 

STRATEGISTS. 

The  successful  strategist  is  one  who  plans  successful  campaigns,  can 
foresee  the  enemy's  probable  plans,  and  can  take  the  appropriate  steps 
to  block  them  and  start  a  series  of  offensive  operations  that  shall  bring 
the  war  to  a  close.  Great  strategists  are  relatively  few.  Those  placed  in 
this  category  in  the  present  study  are  as  follows:  44,  Nelson;  31,  Jervis 
(Lord  St.  Vincent);  38,  Mahan;  47,  Paulding;  50,  Matthew  C.  Perry;  54, 
Preble;  56,  Rodgers;  60,  Semmes;  24,  Hardy.  We  have  no  data  about  the 
juvenile  reactions  of  No.  38.  Of  the  remaining  8  the  following  behavior 
is  recorded. 

TABLE  3.  —  Juvenile  Reactions  of  Naval  Strategists. 

24.  Hardy:  Loved  the  sea  and  adventure.  54.  Preble:  Ran  away  to  sea;  fond  of  hunting 

31.  Jervis:  Fond  of  sea,  energetic.  and  adventure. 

44.  Nelson:  Love  of  adventure  for  adventure's  56.  Rodgers:  Ran  away  to  sea  at  13;  fearless  of 

sake;  honorable.  responsibility. 

47.  Paulding:  Desirous  of  adventure.  60.  Semmes:  Nomadic. 
50.  M.  C.  Perry:  Fond  of  adventure,  fearless. 

Thus  of  these  8  strategic  naval  officers  every  case  showed  as  a  boy  a 
fondness  of  adventure  or  of  the  sea.  Two  ran  away  early  to  go  to  sea. 
They  had  not  merely  certain  desires,  but  knew  how  to  secure  the  realization 
of  those  desires.  They  early  show,  on  the  whole,  greater  intelligence  than 
the  fighters. 

ADMINISTRATORS. 

Of  the  men  whose  success  in  the  navy  was  primarily  administrative, 
some  were  good  strategists,  but  they  were  chiefly  noteworthy  for  organi- 
zation and  the  maintenance  of  discipline;  or  for  administrative  work  on 
land.  Every  navy  has  need  of  some  of  these,  especially  in  time  of  peace. 
The  English  navy  develops  a  great  many  of  them.  To  this  group  are  as- 
signed 18  naval  officers,  namely:  4,  Beaver;  5,  Beresford;  6,  G.  S.  Blake; 
8,  Brenton;  28,  Hornby;  30,  Howe;  31,  Jervis;  39,  Markham;  42,  Moresby; 
46,  W.  H.  Parker;  51,  J.  W.  Philip;  52,  Arthur  Phillip;  56,  Rodgers;  57, 
Rodney;  58,  Sands;  61,  Seymour;  66,  Tucker;  67,  Winslow. 

The  juvenile  traits  of  14  of  these  are  more  or  less  fully  recorded  in 
table  4: 

TABLE  4.  —  Juvenile  Reactions  of  Naval  Administrators. 

4.  Beaver:  Nomadism;  scholarship.  46.  W.H.Parker:  Fond  of  adventure  and  fun. 

5.  Beresford:    Full  of  pranks  and  practical      51.  J.  W.  Philip:    Nomadism;    fondness  for 

jokes;  an  adventurous  sportsman.  pranks;  good  humor. 

6.  Geo.  Smith  Blake:  Fearlessness  of  responsi-      56.  Rodgers:     Fearlessness    of    responsibility; 

bility.  ran  away  at  13  to  see  ships. 

8.  Brenton:  Nomadism.  57.  Rodney:  Went  to  sea  at  13  years. 

28.  Hornby:  Nomadism;  fondness  for  hunting,  61.  Seymour:  Fondness  for  sea. 

fishing,  etc.  66.  Tucker:  Longing  for  the  sea. 

31.  Jervis:  Fondness  of  sea;  great  energy.  67.  Winslow:  Fondness  for  adventure  and  sea. 
42.  Moresby:  Fondness  for  sea. 


8 


HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


Of  the  foregoing  14  persons,  nomadism  or  fondness  for  the  sea  is  found 
in  11.  Love  of  adventure  is  found  in  3;  fearlessness  of  responsibility  is 
specially  mentioned  in  3,  and  fondness  for  fishing,  hunting,  etc.,  in  3  others. 
Three  of  them  show  love  of  fun  or  pranks.  There  is  no  case  of  quarrel- 
someness or  pugnacity.  This  group  shows  less  pugnacity  in  boyhood  than 
the  future  fighters;  at  least  2  of  them  showed  an  early  willingness  to  assume 
responsibility. 

EXPLORERS. 

Of  exploring  naval  officers  the  most  noteworthy  on  our  list  are:  16, 
Matthew  Flinders;  18,  John  Franklin;  34,  McClintock;  35,  Moresby. 
Flinders  was  nomadic  in  his  youth,  had  a  strong  desire  to  go  to  sea,  and 
was  a  good  student.  Franklin  had  early  a  love  of  discovery  and  adven- 
ture and  a  great  native  curiosity;  McClintock  was  a  great  walker  and 
had  considerable  mechanical  ability  and  Moresby  was  fond  of  the  sea. 
These  4  were  all  early  nomads  and  showed  a  love  of  travel.  A  juvenile 
love  of  discovery  and  curiosity  is  to  be  expected  in  the  youth  of  a  future 
explorer. 

ADVENTURERS. 

Of  adventurous  naval  officers  the  most  striking  on  our  list  are:  11, 
Cochrane;  13,  Gushing;  33,  John  Paul  Jones;  37,  Maffitt;  40,  Marryat. 
To  these  may  be  added  William  De  Rohan,  brother  of  No.  14  (Dahlgren). 
Cochrane  was  nomadic  hi  his  youth;  Gushing,  adventurous  and  a  poor 
student;  Maffitt,  a  lover  of  adventure  and  fearless;  and  Marryat,  nomadic 
and  adventurous.  Of  the  early  history  of  De  Rohan  we  have  no  record. 
The  strikingly  adventurous  naval  officers  were  especially  adventurous  in 
their  youth. 

CONCLUSION  AS  TO  JUVENILE  PROMISE. 

The  conclusion  that  may  be  drawn  from  this  study  is  that  in  their 
youth  future  successful  naval  officers  show  love  of  travel  or  of  the  sea. 
In  addition,  they  frequently  show  adventurousness  if  they  are  to  be  great 
fighters;  may  actually  run  away  from  home  if  they  are  to  be  future  strate- 
gists; may  be  especially  good-natured,  if  they  are  to  be  successful  adminis- 
trators; are  apt  to  show  a  juvenile  love  of  travel  or  an  interest  in 
scientific  matters  if  they  are  to  be  future  explorers. 

Examples  of  juvenile  promise  outside  of  our  series  of  68  naval  officers 
are  common.  I  cite  two  from  the  history  of  Dutch  admirals. 

Michael  Adrianszoon  de  Ruyter  (b.  1607,  at  Flushing),  when  10  or 
12  years  old,  climbed  the  church  steeple  and  sat  on  the  ball  at  its  top  and 
waved  to  the  people  below.  Workmen  had  meantime  taken  away  the 
ladder  by  which  he  had  ascended,  and  when  he  was  ready  to  come  down 
he  kicked  away  the  slates  and  made  a  foothold  on  the  slats  to  which  they 
were  fastened.  He  was  regarded  as  the  naughtiest  boy  in  Flushing,  despite 
his  father's  thrashings.  He  did  not  study  well  at  school,  but  played  tricks 


TYPES   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS.  9 

upon  the  masters.  Put  to  work  in  a  rope-yard,  he  shortly  organized 
the  boys  into  a  company  to  fight  the  boys  of  another  part  of  the  town. 
He  did  not  stick  to  his  work  and  became  more  and  more  unmanageable. 
"Always  at  the  waterside,  or  in  boats,  or  up  the  mast  of  some  ship,  or  going 
about  with  young  sailors  just  returned  from  a  long  voyage,  to  whose  yarns 
he  listened  with  eagerness,  he  no  sooner  got  to  his  wheel  or  in  the  rope- 
yard  than  he  showed  signs  of  laziness  and  unwillingness  to  act  the  drudge." 
(De  Liefde,  17:  152-3.)  Sent  out  as  boatswain's  boy  hi  1618,  "He  seemed 
to  have  left  all  of  his  vices  ashore  with  his  old  clothes."  He  was  without 
fear.  Made  a  prisoner  in  Spain  by  pirates,  he  walked  all  the  way  home. 
He  became  very  fond  of  mathematics  and  map-making.  Many  of  his 
maps  are  still  in  use. 

Witte  Cornelis  de  Witt  did  so  much  mischief  at  school  when  he  was 
11  years  of  age  that  his  mother  lectured  him  and  made  him  promise  that, 
as  a  Baptist,  he  would  not  fight  again.  The  boys  jeered  him  when  they 
heard  of  his  promise,  so  he  quietly  joined  the  Lutherans  in  order  to  be  free 
to  fight  as  much  as  he  wanted  to.  He  now  tried  all  sorts  of  trades,  but 
everywhere  fought  the  other  apprentices  and  lost  his  jobs.  He  hated  the 
trades,  anyway.  At  17  years  he  went  as  a  cabin  boy  in  an  East  Indian 
merchantman  bound  for  Java.  He  became  a  harsh,  cruel,  jealous,  over- 
bearing man,  but  a  great  fighter.  He  was  engaged  hi  50  sea  fights  and 
commanded  in  15  great  battles.  He  could  not  curb  his  temper.  His  body 
was  covered  with  wounds.  He  died  poor  and  without  friends.  It  is  said : 

"  At  the  age  of  17  he  entered  the  navy,  and  even  then  his  smartness  and  ac- 
tivity, his  feats  of  daring  and  his  spirit  of  resolute  independence  awakened  remark 
and  pointed  him  out  as  one  specially  fitted  to  distinguish  himself  in  his  profession." 
(Encyclop.  Britt.  X,  73.) 

4.    THE  HEREDITARY  TRAITS  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

The  performance  of  any  man  depends  to  a  large  degree  upon  his 
inherent,  inheritable  traits;  for  behavior  is  reaction  to  stimulus,  and  the 
nature  of  the  reaction  is  determined  in  part  by  the  nature  of  the  reacting 
nervous  machinery.  The  nature  of  this  nervous  machinery  depends  upon 
hereditary  factors  of  whose  development  the  course  is  influenced  by  environ- 
ment. Thus  heredity  and  environment  are  closely  interwoven  hi  deter- 
mining the  history  of  a  man's  performance,  as  Mahan  so  clearly  states  in 
the  words  quoted  (page  4).  Since  heredity  is  so  potent  in  determining 
the  product,  and  particularly  the  vocation  which  a  man  selects  and  hi 
which  presumably  he  is  more  or  less  successful,  it  is  worth  while  to  con- 
sider the  occupations  of  close  relatives  of  the  propositus  (table  5).  Since 
for  our  purpose  it  is  desirable  to  consider  less  the  administrative  than  the 
belligerent  naval  officers,  especial  emphasis  is  laid  upon  the  occurrence  of 
vocations  related  to  that  of  the  naval  fighter. 


10  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

TABLE  5. 


Naval  officer. 

Coun- 
try. 

Type. 

Temperament. 

Juvenile  promise. 

Consort. 

1 

W.  Bainbridge. 

U.  S. 

Fighting.  . 

Hyperkinetic. 

Love     of     sea     early, 

7! 

J.  Barney  

U.S. 

Fighting  

Hyperkinetic. 

sailor  at  15,  fond  of 
risky    boyish   under- 
takings. 

Nomadism,      fearless- 

3 

J.  Barry  

U.S. 

Fighting  

Hyperkinetic. 

ness  of  responsibility, 
intrepidity,  quick 
temper. 

4 

P.  Beaver  

Eng. 

Administrator. 

Hypokinetic. 

Nomadism,  scholarship 

R 

C.  Beresford.  .  . 

Eng. 

Fighter,  admin- 

Hyperkinetic. 

Full    of    pranks    and 

6 

7 

G.  S.  Blake.  .  . 
R.  Blake  

U.S. 
Ene. 

istrator. 

Administrator. 
Fighter  

Intermediate. 
Intermediate. 

practical    jokes,    ad- 
venturous sportsman. 

Fearless  of  responsibil- 
ity. 

Daughter  of 
Commodore 
James  Barron. 

8 

J.  Brenton.  .  .  . 

Eng. 

Administrator. 

Hypokinetic. 

Nomadism  

A  distant 

9 

M.  Brown.  .  .  . 

U.S. 

Sailor  

Intermediate. 

cousin. 
A  Coffin,  of 

10 

F.  Buchanan.  . 

U.S. 

Constructor.  .  . 

Intermediate. 

Newburyport 
Daughter  of 

11 

T.  Cochrane.  .  . 

Eng. 

Adventurer, 

Hyperkinetic. 

Nomadic  

governor  of 
Maryland. 

1? 

C.  Collingwood. 

Eng. 

fighter,  inventor 
Tactician  

Hypokinetic. 

Good    student,    mild, 

13 

W.  B.  Gushing. 

U.S. 

Adventurous, 

Hyperkinetic. 

showed  no  talents,  re- 
served, longing  for  sea. 

Poor    and    disturbing 

14 

J.  A.  Dahlgren. 

U.S. 

fighter. 
Inventor  

student  in  Naval 
Academy,  love  of  ad- 
venture. 

Desire  for  navy  and 

Daughter   of 

sea,  good  at  mathe- 
matics, active. 

merchant. 

TYPES   OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 
TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


11 


Children. 

Sibs. 

F. 

F's  brothers 

M.  F. 

M's  brothers. 

Lawyer,  died  young. 

Physician.  .  .  . 

Wealthy  cit- 

1 

6  sons:  1  a  naval 

1  brother,  un- 

Farmer   

No  brother 

izen. 

2 

officer,  1  member 
of  Congress. 

known;   1  brother 
temporarily  a  ma- 
rine officer;    kept 
a  hotel. 

3 

1   brother,   major; 

Clergyman.  .  . 

Clergyman.  . 

4 

1  clergyman. 
All  5  sportsmen,  1 

Clergyman.  .  . 

1  killed  at 

5 

Son,   naval  fighter 

dare-devil  cow- 
boy, 1  soldier  (gal- 
lant), 1  had  charge 
of  king's  race- 
horses. 

1  bro.  grad.  Har- 

Lawyer   

hunting. 
1    surgeon 

6 

in  Civil  War,  lieut. 
commander. 

vard;  d.  at  18  yrs; 
Ibro. 
2  naval,  1  sea  cap- 

Merchant, 

in  navy. 

Wealthy.    .  . 

7 

1  son  died  young, 

tain,   1  merchant, 
1  in  army,  1  law- 
yer, 1  banker. 

1  capt.  in  navy  and 

sailor. 
Officer  in  Colo- 

8 

wished  to  become 
a  naval  command- 
er;   1  landsman. 

2   sea   captains,    1 

reformer;   1  killed 
as  lieut.  in  navy. 

1  followed  sea  as 

nial  navy. 
Infantry  capt 

9 

cooper  on  ship- 
board. 

1    rice    broker,     1 

cooper;  1  unknown. 
1  naval  paymaster; 

in  French  war. 
Physician  

T.    McKean, 

10 

daughter  had 
naval  son. 

1  farmer. 

Hyperkinetic, 

1  colonel  in 

signer  of 
Declaration, 
fighter. 

11 

None  

1  captain  in  navy 

inventive. 
Merchant. 

army. 

12 

•»• 

1  navy  paymaster 

Physician 

1  lost  at  sea. 

13 

1  naval  officer  and 

2  army  officers, 
killed  in  battle. 

1  naval  fighter  of 

Traveler  and 

1  naval 

Soldier.  .   .    . 

All  of  sister's 
sons,  naval 
officers. 

14 

engineer,   1   army 
artillery  officer 
killed  in  battle,  1 
army  officer. 

fortune. 

merchant. 

surgeon. 

12  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

TABLE  5  — Continued. 


Naval  officer. 

Coun- 
try. 

Type. 

Temperament. 

Juvenile  promise. 

Consort. 

15 

S.  Decatur.  .  .  . 

U.S. 

Fighter  

Hyperkinetic. 

Love  of  sea,  fiery  na- 

16 

Geo.  Dewey.  .  . 

U.S. 

Fighter,  tacti- 

Intermediate 

ture. 
Love  of  adventure, 

17 

A.  Duncan  

Eng. 

cian. 
Fighter  

hyperkinetic. 

quickness  in  response. 
Nomadic  

Half  sister  of 

18 

G.  Elphinstone. 

Eng. 

Fighter  

Hypokinetic  . 

Love   of    sea    (at    15 

general  and 
governor. 

19 

D.  G.  Farragut. 

U.S. 

Fighter  

Hyperkinetic. 

years). 
Loved  sea  and  adven- 

20 

M.  Flinders.  .  . 

Eng. 

Explorer  

Sliehtlv  hvD- 

ture. 
Good  student,  navy  at 

21 

A.  H.  Foote.  .  . 

U.S. 

Fighting  .  . 

erkinetic. 
Hyperkinetic. 

15,  nomad,  loved  dis- 
covery,  call    of    sea 
strong. 

Adventuresome,   jolly 

2d  cousin. 

2?, 

E.  Fox  

U.S. 

Nomadic  

love  of  sea. 
Nomadic,  love  of  sea 

23 

J.  Franklin  .  .  . 

Eng. 

Explorer  

Intermediate. 

Curiosity,  love  of  dis- 

?4 

T.  M.  Hardy.  '. 

Ene. 

Strategist  .... 

Hypokinetic 

covery  and  adventure. 
Love  of  sea  and  adven- 

25 

E.  Hawke  

Eng. 

Fighting,  tac- 

Calm   

ture. 

26 

J.  Hawkins  .  .  . 

Eng. 

tician. 
Sea-rover  

Intermediate. 

Daughter  of 

27 

E.  Hopkins  .  .  . 

U.S. 

Political,    sea- 

Intermediate. 

treasurer   of 
navy. 
Daughter  of 

loving. 

shipmaster. 

\ 

TYPES   OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 
TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


13 


Children. 

Sibs. 

F. 

F's  brothers 

M.  F. 

M's  brothers. 

1  fighter  

Sea  captain 

Irish    gentle- 

15 

1    traveling    sales- 

1 in  life  insurance 

and    captain 
in  navy. 

Hyperkinetic, 

man. 

16 

man. 
Henry    captain   in 

business. 
1  colonel  in  army, 

physician. 

17 

navy,  Alex,  lieut. 
col.  of  infantry. 

1  in  East  India  Co. 
1  in  navy  and  East 

Frank       sol- 

18 

Courageous  

India  Co.,  John  in 
army    and    lieut. 
governor,  George 
in  navy. 

William  in  navy, 

Adventurous 

Kentucky 

dier  of  for- 
tune; 
George,  sol- 
dier and  dip- 
lomat. 

19 

Daughter's  son, 

George  drowned  at 
10  years. 

1  lieut.  in  royal 

and     daring, 
sailor,     ex- 
plorer,   sol- 
dier,   charge 
of  gunboat. 

Surgeon  

pioneer. 

20 

Wm.  Flinders  Pe- 
trie,    leading    ar- 
cheologist. 

1  in  government 

navy. 
1  brother,  jolly  .  .  . 

West     India 

Gepprftl  mer- 

None   

21 

employ.    1  other 
son. 

merchant, 
senator,  gov- 
ernor. 
Tailor  

- 

chant     in 
West  India 
trade. 

2? 

1  in  army  and  in- 

Banker   

?3 

terested  in  science, 
F.R.S.,1  judge  at 
Madras. 

24 

Barrister         . 

Barrister    .  . 

Commis- 

25 

Richard,    vice    ad- 

Sea   captain 

sioner    of 
trade      and 
plantations, 
in  Parlia- 
ment. 

?,6 

miral  and  knight. 
John  B.,  captain  in 

Stephen,   a  states- 

and    naval 
officer. 
Farmer  

Surveyor  .  .  . 

Surveyor  .... 

27 

navy,  fighter. 

man     (signer     of 
Declaration 
of  Independence), 
John  and  Samuel 
sea  captains. 

14  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

TABLE  5  —  Continited. 


Naval  officer. 

Coun- 
try. 

Type. 

Temperament. 

Juvenile  promise. 

Consort. 

28 

G.  P.  Hornby. 

Ene. 

Diplomatist, 

Calm  

Nomadic,  fond  of  hunt- 

29 

W  Hoste.    .  .  . 

Ene 

administrator. 
Fighter. 

Hyperkinetic. 

ing,  fishing,  etc. 
Ever  restless  and  buoy- 

30 

Richard  Howe. 

Entr. 

Tactician  and 

Hypokinetic. 

ant,  liked  to  hunt  and 
fish. 

31 

J.  Jervia  

Ene. 

administrator. 
Strategist,  ad- 

Hyperkinetic . 

Fond  of  sea;  energetic. 

32 

Catesby  Jones. 

U.  S. 

ministrator. 
Inventive.  .   . 

Intermediate. 

33 

J  P.  Jones.  .   . 

U  8 

Naval    fighter 

Hyperkinetic- 

Nomadic,  independent, 

34 

H.  Keppel.  .  .  . 

Eng. 

of  fortune. 
Fighter.  .   ... 

hypokinetic. 
Hyperkinetic. 

active. 

35 

J.  Lawrence.  .  . 

U.S. 

Fighter  

Hyperkinetic. 

Longed  to  go  to  sea. 

36 

T.  Macdonough. 

U.  S. 

Fighter.  .   ... 

Fond  of  adventure  and 

37 

J  N.  Maffitt 

U  S 

Adventurous 

Hyperkinetic 

practical  jokes. 
Love  of  adventure,  ab- 

38 

A.  Mahan  .... 

U.S. 

Strategist.  .   . 

Hypokinetic. 

sence  of  fear. 

39 

J,  Mftrkham    . 

Eng. 

Admin'BtTfttor- 

Intermediate. 

40 

F.  Marryat  .  .  . 

Eng. 

Adventurous, 
literary. 

Intermediate. 

Nomadic,  adventurous. 

••'•*<;• 

TYPES  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


15 


TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


Children. 

Sibs. 

F. 

F's  brothers. 

M.  F. 

M's  brothers. 

1  captain  in  Royal 

Naval  officer. 

2  clergymen 

General  Bur- 

?,8 

Engineers. 
Edward   an   excel- 

Clergyman. .  . 

goyne  (Sara- 
toga). 

?,9 

3  daughters 

lent  sailor  became 
1  i  e  u  t.  in  navy, 
George  distin- 
guished army  en- 
gineer. 

1  naval  officer,  killed 

In  Parliament 

30 

None                 .      . 

in  battle  of  Ticon- 
deroga.     William, 
general  in  Revolu- 
tionary War. 

1  connected  with 

and  governor 
of  Barbados. 

Council  to  Ad- 

Judge .  . 

Baron  of  ex- 

31 

court. 
1  army  surgeon,  1 

miralty. 
Lieutenant  of 

chequer. 
Capt.  U.S.N., 

32 

lieut.  U.  S.  A.,  1 
brig.  gen.  U.  S.  A., 
2  in  Conf  ed  .  army, 
1  Confed.  navy, 
1  business  in  San 
Francisco. 

1  migrated  early  to 

marines. 
Landscape 

A  free  land- 

brig. gen. 
Confederate 
Army. 

33 

1  distinguished 

America. 
1  in  navy  and  later 

gardener. 
Lover  of  racing 

holder. 

34 

naval  officer. 

in  ministry,  1  gen- 
eral and  traveler. 

Sister's  son,  Charles 

A  lawyer,  loy- 

35 

S.  Boggs,  rear-ad- 
miral. 

1  midshipman  

alist,    coura- 
geous. 

In  Revolu- 

1 in  Revol- 

Captain  of 

1  in  C.  S.  N.,  lieu- 

tionary War. 
Nomadic 

utionary 
War. 

1  migrated 

Colonial 
militia. 

37 

tenant. 

preacher. 
Professor  of 

to  America. 

38 

Fred  a  soldier  and 

David  a  major  of 

engineering. 

39 

big  game  hunter; 
1  clergyman. 

2  in  navy. 

infantry  killed  in 
battle,  William 
country  gentle- 
man, Osborne  a 
barrister,  2  clergy- 
men. 

2  authors  

Political  pam- 

Migrated   to 

40 

phleteer,    in 
parliament. 

Boston  from 
Hesse. 

16  HEREDITY   AND    DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


Naval  officer. 

Coun- 
try. 

Type. 

Temperament 

Juvenile  promise. 

Consort. 

41 

F.  McClintock. 

Eng. 

Exploring  

Hypokinetic. 

Great  walker,  mechan- 

42 

F.  Moresby.  .  . 

Eng. 

A  d  mini  s  t  r  a  ti  ve, 

Intermediate. 

ical. 
Fond  of  sea  

43 

C.  Morris.   .  .  . 

U.S. 

exploring.  .  .  . 
Fighting  

Hyperkinetic. 

44 

45 

H.  Nelson.  .  .  . 
J.  O'Brien.  .  .  . 

Eng. 
U.S. 

Strategic,  tact- 
ical and  fight- 
ing. 

Fighting  

Hyperkinetic, 
hypokinetic. 

Hyperkinetic. 

Love  of  adventure  for 
adventure's  sake; 
honorable. 

Love  of  sea  

Wilful. 

AA 

W.  H.  Parker. 

U.S. 

Administrator.  . 

Intermediate. 

Fond  of  adventure  and 

At 

H.  Paulding... 

U.S. 

Diplomatist, 

Intermediate. 

fun. 
Desire  for  adventure. 

47 

E.  Pellew  

Ene. 

strategist. 
Dashing  fighter 

Hyperkinetic. 

Fearlessness,  love  of  sea 

48 

G.  H.  Perkins. 

U.S. 

Fighter  

Hyperkinetic. 

and  of  adventure. 
Fearless  and  adven- 

49 

M.  C.  Perry.  .  . 

U.S. 

Strategist.  .  .  . 

Intermediate. 

turesome;    poor  stu- 
dent. 

Loved  adventure;  fear- 

50 

J.  W.  Philip.  .  . 

U.S. 

Adminiptratnr- 

Hyperkinetic. 

less. 
Full  of  pranks  and  good 

61 

A.  Phillip  

Ene. 

Admitvstrator. 

Hypokinetic  . 

humor,  nomadic. 

52 
53 

54 

D.  D.  Porter.  . 
E.  Preble  

U.S. 
U.S. 

Fighting  
Strategist.  .  .  . 

Hyperkinetic. 
Intermediate. 

Nomadic,  impulsive, 
belligerent,     pertina- 
cious. 

Love  of  hunting  and 
adventure;  ran  away 
to  sea. 

Dau.  of  com- 
modore and 
sib  of  head  of 
Coast  Survey. 

Dau.  of  a  navi- 
gator. 

TYPES   OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 
TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


17 


Children. 

Sibs. 

F. 

F's  brothers. 

M.  F. 

M's  brothers. 

2  in  army,  1  in  navy. 

1  lieut.   colonel  in 

Custom-house 

Archdeacon 

41 

Nomadic,  adven- 

army. 

official,  1 
member     3d 
Dragoons. 

of      Water- 
ford. 

4?, 

turous,  explorer. 
2  were  soldiers,  1  a 

1  lieut.  in  navy, 

In   Rev.   war 

43 

sailor. 
1  daughter,  wilful.  . 
Son      a     sailor 

capt.   of   artillery 
army,  1  lieut.  in 
army. 

2  clergymen,  1 
clerk,    1   indolent 
died  young. 

5  set  out  on  a  sloop 

sea  captain. 
Clergyman  .  .  . 
In       Colonial 

Clergyman. 

Clergyman  .  . 

Naval  capt.  .  . 

44 
45 

^brother's    son's 
son   a   reformer 

and  statesman  J 

to  capture  a  war 
vessel. 

1  commodore  U.S. 

militia. 
Comm  o  d  o  r  e 

Gen.   Robert 

4fi 

1  son  (out  of  4)  be- 

N.;   1   master  in 
U.S.  Volunteer 
navy,  1  colonel  of 
infantry. 

1  naval  officer  

U.  S.  navy. 
Major  of  mili- 

Bogardus in 
War  of  1812. 

47 

came  col.  of  cav- 
alry. 

2  clergymen,2  naval 

1  admiral  

tia,  captured 
Maj.   Andre". 

Commander  of 

48 

officers. 
None  

a  packet    at 
Dover. 

Judge  of  pro- 

M M  F  capt. 

Sea  captain. 

49 

Oliver  Hazard  Perry; 

bate. 
Naval     c  a  p  - 

in  Rev.  War. 
Hyperkinet  i  c 

50 

1  naval  service  .... 

James   A.    Perry, 
sword  from  Con- 
gress for  part  in 
naval  battle;  2 
other   naval    offi- 
cers. 

tain,     auda- 
cious. 

Practiced  med- 

stock. 
Professor    of 

51 

None  

icine. 
Teacher  of  lan- 

surgery Vt. 
Med.  Coll. 

52 

3  sons  in  navy.  .  .  . 

3  in  navy  

guages. 
F    sea-fighter, 

John  a  na- 

In Continen- 

Something of 

53 

1  nomadic  

2  marine  traders,  1 

FF    bred   to 
the  sea. 

Sailing  master 

val     com- 
mander. 

tal  Army. 
A  shipmaster. 

"fire  eater." 

54 

merchant. 

and  brig.  gen. 

18  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


Naval  officer. 

Coun 
try 

Type 

Temperament 

Juvenile  promise 

Consort 

55 
56 

W.  Raleigh.... 
J.  Rodgers.  .  .  . 

Eng. 
U.S. 

Fighter,      ad- 
ministrator, 
nomad. 

Strategist  and 

Hyperkinetic. 
Hyperkinetic. 

Love  of  adventure  and 
fighting. 

Ran  away  at  13  to  see 

A  lady  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's 
Court. 

57 

G.  B.  Rodney. 

Eng. 

administrator. 

Administrator. 

Intermediate. 

ships;  fearless  of  re- 
sponsibility. 

Went  to  sea  at  13  yrs. 

58 

J.  R.  Sands.  .  . 

U.S. 

Administrator. 

Intermediate. 

59 

J.  Saumarez.  .  . 

Eng. 

Tactician  

Intermediate. 

Taste  for  navy  

60 

R.  Semmes.  .  .  . 

U.S. 

Strategist.  .  .  . 

Intermediate. 

Nomadic  

61 

E.  H.  Seymour. 

Eng. 

Administrator. 

Intermediate. 

Love  of  sea  

6? 

W.  S.  Smith... 

Eng. 

Fighter.  

Hyperkinetic. 

Nomadic  

63 

R.  F.  Stockton. 

U.S. 

Dashing  fighter 

Hyperkinetic. 

Scholarship,  ambition; 

64 

J.  Tattnall  

U.S. 

(frigate  type). 
Diplomatic.  .  . 

Intermediate. 

courage,  pugnacity. 
Love  of  sea  and  of  ad- 

65 

M.  H.  Tromp  . 

Dutch 

Tactician  and 

Hyperkinetic. 

venture.    Scholarship 
high. 

At  sea  when  nine  years 

66 

J.  R.  Tucker.  . 

U.S. 

fighter. 
Administrator. 

Intermediate. 

old;   when  his  father 
was  killed  he  called  on 
marines  to  avenge  his 
death. 

Longing  for  the  sea.  . 

67 

68 

J.  A.  Window. 
W.  Wolseley  .  . 

U.S. 

End. 

Administrator. 
Fighter.  

Intermediate. 

Hypokinetic. 

Went  to  sea  at  10  yrs. 
in  a  "ship's  boat." 

Nomadic  

Cousin  .  .  . 

- 

TYPES  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


19 


TABLE  5  —  Continued. 


Children. 

Sibs. 

F. 

F's  brothers 

M.  F. 

M's  brother. 

1  son  in  navy;  died 

Half  brothers:    Sir 

A  country  gen- 

M M  F:     a 

Vice   admiral 

55 

in  Guiana. 
4  marine  officers,  1 

Humphrey  Gil- 
bert, navigator 
and  explorer;    Sir 
John  Gilbert,  dep- 
uty vice  admiral. 

George,  commodore 

tleman. 
Officer  in  Rev. 

great  soldier. 

of  the  West; 
interested 
in    making 
plantations 
in  Ireland. 

56 

col.  of  militia. 

U.  S.  N. 

war. 
Commander 

57 

of  the  Royal 
Yacht. 

Wealthy  mer- 

Surgeon in 

58 

1  clergyman,  1  col- 

1 lieut.  in  army;  1 

chant. 

2    capt.   in 

British 
Army. 

50 

onel  in  army. 
1  naval  captain.  .  .  . 

general  in  army; 
1  surgeon. 

2  in  law  

navy. 

60 

Vice    ad- 

61 

miral 

Army    officer, 

A  general  in 

62 

3  lawyers  

1  lawyer,  1  lieut.  in 

hyperkinetic. 
Lawyer  

the  army. 

63 

army. 

Colonel      and 

Of  a  distin- 

64 

1  became  rear- 

governor     of 
Georgia. 

Naval  captain. 

guished 
family. 

65 

admiral  in  Dutch 
fleet. 

Immigrated  to 

Physician 

66 

2  naval  officers  .... 

U.    S.    from 
Bermuda. 

Commercial  .  . 

Chairman  of 

67 

W.  N.  Wolse- 

committee 
of  safety. 

Gov.  gen    of 

1  captain  in 

68 

ley,    captain 
in  infantry. 

Nova  Scotia. 

army,     1 
commanded 
in  navy. 

20  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

TABLE  6.  —  Fighting  naval  officers  and  the  allied  vocations  of  their  close  relations. 

44.  HORATIO  NELSON.    Preeminent  strategist,  tactician,  and  fighter;  hero  of  the  Nile,  Copen- 
hagen, and  Trafalgar. 

Maternal  side:  Mother:  a  woman  "of  some  force  of  character."  Mother's  brother,  captain 
in  the  navy  and  comptroller  in  the  naval  board.  The  mother's  mother's  mother's 
brother,  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  prime  minister  of  England;  also  his  brother  Gal- 
fridus  Walpole,  of  the  navy,  a  fighter. 

Paternal  side:  The  only  distinguished  ones  were  clergymen. 

Comment:    Nelson's  strategic  insight  may  be  an  inheritance  from  both  sides;    a  nomadic 
tendency  may  be  in  his  mother's  brother  (Captain  Suckling).    His  hyperkinetic 
reaction  is  possibly  a  new  mutation. 
11.  COCHRANE.    Naval  commander,  wherever  fortune  led  him. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  father,  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  enlisted  in  army;  transferred  to  navy  and  became  an  acting  lieuten- 
ant; grew  weary  of  this  and  turned  toward  natural  science;  a  speculator  in  scien- 
tific matters  and  an  inventor.  Father's  brothers:  Charles,  a  colonel  in  the  British 
army,  killed  at  Yorktown;  Alexander,  a  distinguished  admiral  of  the  blue;  Andrew, 
a  colonel  in  the  army  "who  threw  up  the  service  in  disgust  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament."  The  father  of  the  foregoing  fraternity  entered  the  army  early, 
but  retired  with  the  rank  of  major. 

Comment:   There  is  perhaps  inconstancy  rather  than  pure  nomadism  on  the  paternal  side, 
although  Alexander  persisted  in  his  nomadic  profession.     There  was  probably  a 
love  of  the  sea  in  the  mother's  father. 
13.  GUSHING.    Love  of  adventure. 

Maternal  side:  A  brother  of  the  mother  "was  lost  or  died  at  sea,"  presumably  as  a  seaman 
of  some  sort.  A  sister  of  the  mother,  Elizabeth  W.  Smith,  married  John  Pillsbury, 
a  printer,  and  had  a  son,  John  Elliott,  who  was  a  graduate  of  the  U.  S.  Military 
Academy,  1862,  who  served  continuously  in  the  navy  until  retired  in  1908  and 
is  best  known  for  his  inventions  of  deep-sea  measuring  apparatus. 

Paternal  side:  The  father  was  Milton  Gushing,  who  graduated  in  medicine;  removed  to 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  where  he  was  a  local  merchant;  then  to  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  in 
1837  to  Wisconsin  where  he  was  appointed  justice  of  the  peace;  in  1844  to  Chicago 
and  1847  back  to  Ohio,  where  he  died. 

Comment:  On  both  sides  there  is  restlessness;  on  the  mother's  side,  at  least,  a  love  of  the 

sea. 

26.  HAWKINS,  JOHN.    "Patriarch  of  the  sea  rovers";  brother  was  a  ship-owner  who  commanded 
his  own  flotilla. 

Maternal  side:  Little  known;  his  mother's  father's  father  was  Sir  John  Trelawny,  warrior 
with  King  Henry  at  Agincourt. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  one  of  the  greatest  sea  captains  in  the  west  of  England,  an  officer  of 
the  navy  of  Henry  VIII,  the  first  Englishman  to  sail  into  the  southern  seas;  he  made 
at  least  three  voyages  to  Brazil. 

Comment:  Here  is  evidence  of  adventurousness  on  both  sides,  but  most  marked  on  the 
paternal.  The  same  trait  reappears  in  the  son  of  the  propositus,  who,  at  the  age 
of  33  (1593),  went  on  an  expedition  of  exploration  around  South  America,  was 
made  a  captive,  and  was  sent  to  Spain  for  several  years;  he  died  at  the  age  of  62, 
while  engaged  against  the  Algerian  pirates. 

28.  HORNBY.    An  able  commander,  nomadic  and  thalassophilic.    One  brother  was  captain  of 
the  Royal  Engineers;  another  was  provost  of  Eton  College. 

Maternal  side:  His  mother's  father  was  General  "Saratoga"  Burgoyne,  a  decidedly  uncon- 
trolled sort  of  a  man,  given  to  gambling;  also  a  writer  of  plays;  a  gallant  army 
officer,  who  in  the  year  1759  introduced  light  cavalry  into  the  British  army.  His 
son,  Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne,  was  a  great  army  engineer. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  a  naval  officer  of  no  great  distinction,  who  was  appointed  to  the 
Board  of  Admiralty.  Father's  brother  became  lieutenant  colonel  and  father's 
father  was  a  colonel  in  the  army  for  a  time  and  then  a  clergyman. 

Comment:  The  maternal  side  shows  the  greater  brilliancy  and  restlessness;  apparently 
love  of  the  sea  is  more  marked  on  the  paternal  side. 


HEREDITARY  TRAITS   OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS.  21 

TABLE  6.  —  Fighting  naval  officers  and  the  allied  vocations  of  their  close  relations  —  Continued. 

34.   KEPPEL.    A  hyperkinetic  naval  fighter.    Two  of  his  brothers  were  army  officers  and  one  was 
for  a  time  in  the  navy. 

Maternal  side:  The  mother's  father  was  a  member  of  Parliament  and  acquired  the  title  of 
Baron  de  Clifford;  his  son  who  succeeded  to  the  title  was  also  in  Parliament.  The 
mother's  mother  (Sophia  Campbell)  was  a  very  intelligent,  lively  woman,  of  great 
personal  courage.  At  the  age  of  80  years  she  discharged  her  pistols  at  thieves 
climbing  over  the  garden  wall. 

Paternal  side:  The  father  was  "master  of  the  horse"  at  court  and  a  member  of  Parliament. 
The  father's  father  was  colonel  of  the  King's  Own  regiment  of  dragoons  and  com- 
manded the  Cuban  expedition  sent  in  1762  to  reduce  Havana.  His  brother, 
Augustus  Keppel,  became  a  naval  commander  at  22  years,  negotiated  a  treaty 
with  the  piratical  dey  of  Algiers,  and  was  a  brave  naval  fighter;  in  his  later  years 
he  became  suspicious  and  quarrelsome.  The  father's  father's  father  was,  in  1748, 
commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  serving  in  the  Low  Countries  and  was 
later  ambassador  to  France;  his  wife  was  the  sister  of  Charles  Lennox,  from  whom 
are  descended  the  great  Napier  family  of  generals  and  admirals.  Charles  Lennox 
was  grandson  of  Charles  II,  King  of  England. 

Comment:  On  both  sides  are  strains  of  courage.   The  paternal  side  (descended  from  Charles  II) 

includes  more  military  men  and  Admiral  Augustus  Keppel. 

36.   MACDONOUGH.     Adventurous  and  belligerent  naval  commander;    a  brother  was  midship- 
man in  the  navy. 

Maternal  side:  The  mother's  father,  Samuel  Vance,  was  a  captain  in  the  Delaware  colonial 
militia. 

Paternal  side:  The  father  distinguished  himself  in  active  service  as  major  of  the  Delaware 
battalion,  1776.  In  February  1777  he  was  elected  member  of  the  privy  council 
and  speaker  of  the  council  of  Delaware,  1784,  1787.  He  was  made  second  justice 
of  the  court  of  common  pleas  and  orphan's  court  of  New  Castle  county,  Delaware. 

Comment:    Macdonough  was  of  belligerent  blood  from  both  sides;    high  intelligence  and 
leadership  is  obvious  in  the  father.    His  energy  is  probably  especially  from  the 
paternal  side. 
40.   MARRY  AT.    Adventuresome,  fearless,  literary;   of  a  literary  fraternity. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  father,  a  Hessian  settler  in  Boston,  England. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  parliamentarian;  author  of  political  pamphlets. 

Comment:  If  the  mother's  father  as  an  immigrant  was  nomadic,  Marryat's  reaction  can  be 
easily  understood.  Literary  taste  and  capacity  are  clearly  shown  in  the  paternal  side. 

45.  O'BRIEN.    Naval  fighter,  of  a  fighting  fraternity. 
Maternal  side:  The  mother's  father  was  a  sea  captain. 

Paternal  side:  The  father  fought  in  the  colonial  army  that  took  Louisburg. 
Comment:  This  family  history  is  a  fragment,  but  probably  there  is  a  love  of  the  sea  on  the 
maternal  side. 

46.  PARKER  (W.  H.).    Fond  of  adventure,  of  a  fraternity  of  fighters  and  administrators. 
Maternal  side:    Mother's  father,  a  colonel  of  infantry  (regulars)  in  the  War  of  1812. 
Paternal  side:   Father,  Commodore  Foxhall  A.  Parker. 

Comment:  Adventuresomeness  and  belligerency  probably  on  both  sides. 

47.  PAULDING.    Brave,  adventurous,  diplomatic. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  brother,  John  Ward,  an  officer  in  the  Loyal  America  regiment  during 

the  Revolution;  later  settled  in  New  Brunswick. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  major  of  militia,  one  of  the  captors  of  Major  John  Andre". 
Comment:  There  is  a  certain  loyalty  and  willingness  to  fight  for  ideals  on  the  mother's  side; 

the  father  also  was  a  fighter. 
49.   PERKINS.     Hyperkinetic,  adventuresome,  pertinacious. 

Maternal  side:    Mother's  brother,  a  "remarkably  efficient"  captain.     Mother's  mother's 

father,  a  captain  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Paternal  side:   Father,  studied  at  Harvard  Law  School  and  for  16  years  presided  over  the 

probate  court  of  Merrimac  county,  New  Hampshire. 
Comment:   So  far  as  the  record  goes  the  fighters  were  on  the  maternal  side  only. 


22  HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

TABLE  6.  —  Fighting  naval  officers  and  the  attied  vocations  of  their  dose  relations  —  Continued. 

50.  PERRY,  OLIVER.  Pertinacious  fighter.  Matthew,  pertinacious  diplomat  and  naval  adminis- 
trator. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  brother,  served  in  army  under  Cornwallis  and  also  commanded  a 
merchantman;  another  brother  served  under  Cornwallis.  The  mother's  mother's 
father  was  a  Wallace  of  the  famous  Scotch  family  of  fighters. 

Paternal  Side:  Father,  a  sea  captain  who  served  with  distinction  during  the  Revolutionary 
war  upon  armed  vessels  and  in  1798  became  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy. 
The  father's  father  was  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  and  president  of 
the  town  council  of  Kingston,  Rhode  Island. 

Comment:  There  are  fighters  and  sea  captains  on  both  sides. 

53.  PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON.  Nomadic  and  adventurous;  four  of  his  brothers  died  while  serving 
in  the  navy  as  officers  or  midshipman;  two  of  his  sons  were  naval  officers. 

Maternal  side:  The  mother's  brother  is  said  to  have  been  "something  of  a  fire-eater";  the 
mother's  father  at  the  age  of  15  joined  the  Continental  army  and  served  five  years; 
he  held  various  political  offices  and  in  1809  was  elected  to  Congress,  retaining  his 
seat  until  1815;  he  was  a  county  judge  and  a  collector  of  customs. 

Paternal  side:  The  father,  David  Porter,  jr.,  commander  of  the  Essex,  was  nomadic  and  hyper- 
kinetic.  His  brother  John  was  a  commander  in  the  navy.  Their  father,  David 
senior,  also  was  a  lover  of  the  sea  and  so  was  his  father,  in  turn  a  merchant  captain. 
One  of  David  senior's  daughter's  sons  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  navy,  killed  in 
action.  Of  John's  sons,  one  was  a  general  and  one  as  a  midshipman  was  lost  at  sea. 

Comment:  The  Porter  family  is  one  of  our  most  remarkable  naval  families.  Through  5 
generations  without  a  break  extends  naval  efficiency  of  a  high  order,  through  3 
generations  of  the  highest  order.  The  marriages,  so  far  as  known,  usually  tended 
to  maintain  or  exaggerate  the  traits. 

56.  RODGERS,  JOHN.  Fearless,  orderly,  able  to  organize,  fond  of  the  sea,  willing  to  accept  responsi- 
bility. His  brother  George  received  a  medal  from  Congress  for  gallantry  in  the 
navy  during  the  War  of  1812. 

Maternal  side:  The  mother  was  a  woman  of  "great  strength  of  character,"  the  daughter  of 
a  Presbyterian  minister. 

Paternal  side:  The  father,  born  in  Scotland,  was  captain  in  command  of  a  regiment  of  militia 
during  the  American  Revolution. 

Comment:  The  origin  of  the  fine  fraternity  of  the  Rodgers  brothers  remains  unexplained  for 

lack  of  details  of  earlier  generations. 
63.   STOCKTON.     Dashing,  hyperkinetic,  diplomat. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  father,  ambassador  to  Austria  and  Russia,  secretary  of  state  for 
New  Jersey  in  1794.  One  mother's  brother's  son  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy, 
but  later  retired  to  a  plantation  hi  Mississippi;  another  became  United  States 
senator. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  leader  of  the  New  Jersey  bar  at  the  age  of  25  years,  a  presidential 
elector  at  28,  and  a  United  States  senator  at  32.  His  only  brother  was  United  States 
district  attorney  for  New  Jersey.  His  sister,  whose  husband  was  chaplain  in  the 
navy,  had  a  son  who  became  a  major  general  (David  Hunter,  1802-1886)  in  the 
United  States  army  and  another  who,  after  serving  as  naval  surgeon  through 
the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  was  retired  with  the  rank  of  commodore. 

Comment:  Though  the  nearest  relatives  are  legal,  administrative,  and  parliamentarian,  yet 
on  each  side  are  naval  and  fighting  first  cousins.  Doubtless  a  hyperkinetic  tendency 
came  through  the  precocious  father  and  the  father's  father,  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  The  origin  of  Stockton's  diplomatic  capacity  is  not  difficult 
to  discover  on  the  maternal  side. 
67.  WINSLOW.  Nomadic,  fearless,  energetic. 

Maternal  side:  The  mother's  mother's  mother's  mother's  father  was  William  Rhett,  the 
only  near  relative  regarded  as  having  the  ambition  and  qualities  necessary  for 
becoming  a  naval  warrior.  One  of  his  granddaughters  married  a  British  admiral 
and  six  of  their  grandchildren  were  naval  officers,  including  four  British  admirals. 

Paternal  side:  The  father  was  "engaged  hi  commercial  pursuits";  nothing  more  is  known  of 
his  family. 

Comment:  This  is  a  striking  case  of  nomadism  carried  through  4  generations  of  females. 


HEREDITARY   TRAITS   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS.  23 

TABLE  6.  —  Fighting  naval  officers  and  the  allied  vocations  of  their  close  relations  —  Continued. 

16.   DEWEY.    Quick  in  response,  fond  of  adventure,  cool  and  brave  in  emergency.    A  brother  was 

quartermaster  of  infantry  in  the  Civil  War  and  this  brother's  son  is  a  naval  officer. 
Maternal  side:  Little  evidence  of  adventurousness  or  hyperkinesis.    None  of  the  known  rela- 
tives on  this  side  show  love  of  the  sea. 
Paternal  side:   Father,  a  physician,  sometime  army  surgeon  and  president  of  an  insurance 

company.    The  father's  father's  father  was  a  captain  of  militia  in  the  Revolution;  his 

brother  was  a  gunsmith  with  Ethan  Allen  at  Ticonderoga.    Of  these  brothers  the 

mother's  mother's  father  was  George  Denison,  the  most  brilliant  pioneer  soldier  of  the 

Massachusetts  colony,  from  whom  also  is  descended  Commodore  John  Rodgers  (q.  v.). 
Comment:  In  absence  of  fuller  details  about  grandparents  it  is  hard  to  interpret  the  origin 

of  Dewey's  traits.    Probably  the  father  had  something  of  his  quickness  in  response. 
21.   FOOTS.    An  excellent  organizer  and  gallant  fighter;   audacious.     Brother,  a  congressman. 
Maternal  side:    Mother's  father,  a  brigadier  general  of  militia. 
Paternal  side:  Father  voyaged  to  West  Indies;  was  a  member  of  the  United  States  Senate 

and  House  of  Representatives;    also  governor  of  Connecticut. 
Comment:  The  fighting  capacity  seen  in  mother's  side;  administration  in  father. 
25.  HAWKE.    A  fighter. 

Maternal  side:   Mother's  mother's  father  a  general  in  the  army,  of  the  well-known  fighting 

Fairfaxes. 

Paternal  side:  Father,  a  lawyer. 

Comment:  A  restlessness  comes  down  through  an  exclusively  female  line. 

54.   PBEBLE.    Liable  to  outbreaks  of  temper;   fond  of  the  sea,  a  good  disciplinarian  and  dip- 
lomat.   Two  of  his  brothers  were  captains  of  merchantmen. 
Maternal  side:   The  mother's  father  was  a  shipmaster  and  merchant  and  held  many  town 

offices.    His  brother  was  similarly  a  shipmaster  and  merchant  of  much  enterprise. 
Paternal  side:   The  father  was  a  sea  captain,  entered  the  army,  and  attained  the  rank  of 

brigadier  general.    It  is  said  that  he  was  the  first  white  man  to  ascend  Mount 

Washington;  he  had  a  violent  temper. 
Comment:   The  violent  temper  is  clearly  a  Preble  trait  and  the  father  was  also  fond  of 

mountain  climbing  (nomadic  trait).    The  love  of  the  sea  is  a  trait  shown  on  both 

sides. 
61.   SEYMOUR.    Thalassophilic,  administrative. 

Maternal  side:  Mother's  father,  a  member  of  Parliament;  mother's  mother's  father,  a  member 

of  Parliament. 
Paternal  side:  Father,  a  clergyman,  two  of  whose  brothers  were  naval  officers:  Michael  an 

admiral  and  Edward  a  captain;  another  brother  had  a  son  who  was  a  vice  admiral. 

Father's  father,  a  distinguished  admiral.    Father's  mother's  father,  a  captain  in 

the  Royal  Navy. 
Comment:  On  the  face  of  the  pedigree  chart,  the  maternal  side  brought  legislative  ability  and 

the  paternal  side  love  of  the  sea  and  gallantry.    Seymour  combined  these  traits. 
64.   TATTNALL.     Fearless,  judicious,  brilliant,  beloved,  diplomatic. 

Maternal  side:  Of  the  mother's  father  little  is  known  except  that  the  Fenwicks  were  a  family 

of  great  influence.    The  mother's  younger  sister  had  a  son,  Christopher  Gadsden, 

commander  of  the  United  States  brig  Vixen. 
Paternal  side:  Father's  father  was  a  Loyalist  and  returned  to  England  with  "Father";  the 

latter  declined  a  commission  in  the  Royal  army,  returned  to  America,  and  fought 

with  the  colonial  troops;  became  a  brigadier  general,  United  States  senator,  and 

governor  of  Georgia. 
Comment:  The  only  naval  man  found  in  this  record  is  on  the  maternal  side;  but  fighting 

capacity  and  diplomacy  are  found  in  the  father. 
68.   WOLSELEY.     Somewhat  nomadic,  hypokinetic. 

Maternal  side:  His  mother's  brother,  Phillips  Cosby,  became  a  British  admiral  and  another 

brother  was  captain  in  the  army.    The  mother's  father  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  army 

and  lieutenant  governor  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Paternal  side:  The  father  was  a  captain  of  infantry;  and  his  father's  father  was  in  the  army 

in  Ireland  under  William  III  and  later  a  member  of  Parliament. 
Comment:   The  nearest  relative  with  his  love  for  the  sea  is  his  mother's  brother,  Admiral 

Cosby.    Field  Marshal  Viscount  Wolseley  (born  1833)  was  the  grandson  of  a  second 

cousin. 


24 


HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


TABLE  7.  —  Summary  of  evidence. 


No. 


Propositus. 


Maternal  side. 


Paternal  side. 


44 

11 
13 

26 
28 
34 
36 

40 
45 
46 
47 
49 
50 

53 
54 
56 

61 
63 

64 

67 
68 

16 
21 

25 


Nelson. 


Thalassophilic,  nomadic 

Adventurous 

"Sea  rover" 

Thalassophilic,  nomadic,  able. 

Hyperkinetic,  combative 

Energetic,  adventurous,  com- 
bative. 

Adventurous,  fearless 

Combative,  thalassophilic.   . . 

Adventurous,  combative 

Adventurous,  diplomatic 

Hyperkinetic,  adventurous. . . 

Thalassophilic,  pertinacious, 
audacious,  diplomatic. 

Thalassophilic,  combative,  ad- 
venturous. 

Ill-tempered,  thalassophilic, 
diplomatic. 

Thalassophilic,  fearless,  ad- 
ministrative. 

Thalassophilic,  administrative. 

Hyperkinetic,  restless,  diplo- 
matic. 

Fearless,  judicious,  diplo- 
matic, combative,  nomadic. 

Nomadic,  fearless,  energetic. . 

Combative,  nomadic,  hypo- 
kinetic,  administrative 

Hyperkinetic,  adventurous. . . 

Administrative,  audacious, 
combative. 

Combative. . . 


M.     B.     thalassophilic, 

strategic,  diplomatic. 
M.  F.  thalassophilic.  . . . 

Restless 

Adventurous 

Brilliant,  restless 

Legal,  courageous 

Combative 

Nomadic  (?) 

Thalassophilic 

Combative 

Combative,  loyal 

Combative 

Combative,  thalassophilic. 


Combative 

Thalassophilic 

Administrative  (?).. 


Administrative. 
Diplomatic.  . . . 


Thalassophilic  (?). 


Nomadic,  combative.  .  .  . 
Thalassophilic,  nomadic, 
combative. 


Combative 
Combative. 


Faithful. 

Inconstant,  nomadic. 
Restless. 
Adventurous. 
Thalassophilic. 
Combative,  nomadic  (?). 
Combative,   energetic,   in- 
telligent. 
Literary. 
Combative. 
Thalassophilic. 
Combative. 
Administrative. 
Combative,  thalassophilic. 

Thalassophilic,  adventurous. 
Ill-tempered,  nomadic. 
Combative. 

Thalassophilic,  brave. 
Hyperkinetic. 

Combative,  diplomatic. 

"In  commerce." 
Administrative. 

Hyperkinetic. 
Administrative. 

Legal. 


Table  7  may  be  still  further  summarized  as  follows:  There  is  evidence 
of  thalassophilia  in  the  maternal  side  of  the  propositus  in  7  cases,  on  the 
paternal  side  in  5.  Restlessness,  nomadism,  or  adventuresomeness  appear 
6  tunes  on  the  maternal  side  and  6  times  on  the  paternal  side.  Hyper- 
kinesis  (energy)  is  mentioned  3  tunes  on  the  paternal  side  and  not  at  all 
on  the  maternal;  but  combative  is  indicated  10  times  as  a  characteristic 
on  the  maternal  side  and  7  times  as  a  characteristic  on  the  paternal  side. 
Diplomatic  is  mentioned  twice  on  maternal  side  and  once  on  paternal; 
administrative  is  recorded  2  and  3  times  and  courageous  1  and  1  times  on 
maternal  and  paternal  sides  respectively.  Similar  traits  in  about  similar 
proportions  are  thus  shown  on  each  side  when  the  close  relatives  of  the 
propositus  are  considered  en  masse.  What  the  table  brings  out  clearly 
is  that  the  successful  naval  officer  arises  in  families  that  have  in  other 
instances  shown  the  traits  upon  which  his  success  has  depended. 


INHERITANCE   OF   SPECIAL  TRAITS:    THALASSOPHILIA.  25 

THE  INHERITANCE  OF  SPECIAL  TRAITS  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 
THALASSOPHILIA,  OR  LOVE  OF  THE  SEA. 

Source  of  Thalassophilia  (or  Sea-lust)  in  Naval  Officers. — The  sea  makes 
to  different  people  a  varied  appeal.  There  are  those  who  dread  to  go 
upon  the  great  waters;  there  are  those  who  have  a  genuine  mania  for  the 
sea.  The  love  of  the  sea,  sea-lust  or  thalassophilia,  is  apparently  a  specific 
trait  to  be  differentiated  from  wanderlust  or  love  of  adventure;  several 
sailors  with  whom  I  have  spoken  (at  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor),  while  they 
admit  a  strong  love  for  travel  on  the  sea,  deny  that  they  care  for  travel 
on  land;  conversely,  the  gypsies  are  notorious  as  wanderers,  but  are 
not  notorious  as  sailors.  Also,  it  is  clear  that  many  find  then*  love  of 
adventure  fully  satisfied  by  fighting  Indians  or  living  on  the  frontier  as 
cowboys,  etc.,  and  have  no  longing  for  the  sea.  Moreover,  the  modern 
merchant  vessel  plying  between  New  York  and  Liverpool  offers,  in  times 
of  peace,  as  little  probability  of  adventure  as  that  of  conductor  on  a  rail- 
road tram;  and  we  have  seen,  on  the  increase  of  danger  from  submarines, 
seamen  declining  to  undertake  trips  on  the  sea  because  of  the  added  hazard 
of  the  trip;  so  that  it  is  not  adventure  that  leads  them  to  become  seamen. 
To  the  landsman  the  sea  is  often  regarded  as  exceedingly  dangerous;  how, 
then,  does  it  happen  that  some  persons  have  been  lured  to  undertake  the 
discomfort,  disease,  and  dangers  of  life  on  the  sea,  even  from  an  early  age 
of  life,  and  at  an  era  when  little  regard  was  had  for  the  comfort  or  even 
health  of  the  sailor.  It  is  because  men  are  driven  into  sea  life  by  their 
instinctive  fondness  for  the  sea. 

That  sea-lust  is  an  inherited,  racial  trait  is  demonstrated  by  its  dis- 
tribution among  the  races  of  the  globe.  It  is  natural  that  races  with  a 
sea-lust  should  make  their  way  to  the  seacoast;  and  so  we  find  Phoeni- 
cians, Carthaginians,  and  even  Romans  developing  great  marine  fleets. 
That  it  is  not  proper  to  conclude  that  peoples  are  sea-lovers  merely  because 
they  live  on  the  sea  is  illustrated  in  the  history  of  the  Jews,  who  (though 
located  on  the  Mediterranean,  but  without  good  natural  harbors)  were 
never  a  great  maritime  people.  Even  the  Greeks,  though  realizing  at  times 
then*  dependence  for  national  existence  upon  ships,  were  aroused  with  diffi- 
culty before  the  battle  of  Salamis  and  declined  readily  after  the  Syracusan 
expedition  (415-413  B.C.).  The  Turks  rose  to  sea-power  only  during  a 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  great  naval  nations  of  the  modern 
world  have  been  the  English,  Scandinavian,  and  Dutch;  though  France, 
Spain,  and  Portugal  have  at  times  had  great  fleets  and  great  sea  fighters. 
Though  the  marine  commerce  of  the  Germans  has  risen  in  recent  years  to 
the  first  rank,  their  great  navy  has  won  no  important  victories.  During 
the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century  our  coastal  states  (settled  largely 
from  England,  Sweden,  and  Holland)  produced  great  sea  fighters,  and  dur- 
ing the  War  of  1812-1814  inflicted  a  series  of  hiimiliating  defeats  on  the 
English  navy. 


26  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

While  few  of  the  native  African  tribes,  though  fronting  on  the  sea, 
developed  significant  sea-power,  and  though  even  the  Chinese  were  not 
given  to  long  voyages,  yet  the  Polynesians  are  the  most  maritime  of  all 
peoples  and  centuries  ago  traversed  hundreds  of  miles  of  ocean  hi  open 
canoes  and  proved  themselves  such  gallant  fighters  that  they  conquered 
remote  inhabited  countries,  like  New  Zealand,  which  they  reached  hi  their 
journeys. 

That  sea-lust  is  a  racial  trait  is  recognized  by  seamen  themselves, 
who  hold  themselves  apart  as  a  different  race  from  the  "land-lubber." 
Seamen  know  very  well  that  their  cravings  for  the  sea  are  racial  —  "it 
is  in  the  blood,"  they  say. 

As  Hoppin  (1874,  p.  19)  writes:  "The  sea  is  a  magnet  that  draws  its 
own  to  it  wherever  they  may  be.  .  .  .  The  love  of  the  sea  is  one  of  the 
instincts  that  are  original  in  the  nature  of  some." 

Just  what  there  is  in  the  sea  that  makes  the  appeal  is  a  question. 
I  have  repeatedly  inquired  of  sailors,  especially  at  Sailors'  Snug  Harbor, 
Staten  Island,  as  to  this  matter.  Some  reply  naively  that  there  was  a 
good  living  to  be  made  on  the  sea  and  therefore  they  naturally  entered 
upon  it.  One  can  imagine  that  if  one  asked  a  tern  why  it  lived  on  the  sea 
instead  of  inland,  like  robins,  it  might  reply  because  "I  get  my  food  from 
the  sea."  It  is  more  hi  accordance  with  correct  thinking  to  conclude 
that  a  tern  feeds  on  the  sea  because  its  instincts  lead  it  to  live  on  the  sea; 
and  a  fisherman  or  a  sea  captain  finds  his  living  on  the  sea  because,  for- 
tunately for  hun,  he  can  make  a  living  where  his  instincts  draw  him.  As 
Robert  Hare,  1810,  wrote  concerning  the  adoption  by  America  of  the 
policy  of  abandoning  the  sea:  "The  utter  impossibility  of  enforcing  this 
abandonment  in  practice  has  already  been  demonstrated.  A  portion  of 
our  countrymen  are  amphibious  and  we  might  as  well  forbid  the  birds 
to  fly  or  the  fishes  to  swim  as  deny  them  access  to  their  favorite  element." 

Other  seamen  have  told  me  that  it  was  the  "romance  of  the  sea" 
that  attracted  them.  One  stated  that  it  was  the  form  of  the  ship  with 
sails  spread  that  lured  him;  and  to  the  visualist  this  sight  makes  a  strong 
appeal.  We  have  the  statement  that  John  Rodgers  as  a  boy  left  his  home 
at  Havre  de  Grace  and  walked  to  Baltimore  because  he  wanted  to  see  a 
square-rigged  ship.  Also,  many  sailors  have  been  visualists,  fond  of  objects 
of  natural  history  of  all  sorts,  bringing  home  collections  of  shells  and  fruits 
and  works  of  "savage"  art  to  find  place  in  local  museums.  Still,  this  is  not 
the  whole  explanation,  for  a  steady  stream  of  applicants  for  the  navy  con- 
tinues, even  hi  time  of  peace,  despite  the  replacement  of  sails  by  steam. 

One  sailor  suggested  that  the  young  man  who  has  returned  from  the 
sea  carries  a  glamor  of  romance  and  heroism  that  attracts  young  women 
and  enables  him  to  make  a  better  marriage  selection.  This  would  natu- 
rally be  a  strong  incentive  and,  no  doubt,  hi  sea-loving  communities  like 
Salem,  Marblehead,  Sag  Harbor,  etc.,  it  played  an  important  part  in 
securing  the  mating  of  two  thalassophilic  strains  and  in  establishing  a 


INHERITANCE    OF   SPECIAL   TRAITS:    THALASSOPHILIA.  27 

pure  thalassophilic  race;  but  as  an  explanation  of  sea-lust  it  seems  to  me 
inadequate:  first,  because  only  certain  of  the  young  men  of  the  community 
have  the  sea-lust ;  second,  because  only  certain  of  the  young  women  are  thus 
especially  attracted  toward  seamen.  It  seems  probable  that  such  young 
women  belong  to  a  strain  that  carries  sea-lust;  and  that  the  eugenic  explana- 
tion of  love  of  the  sea  is  one  that  applies  only  to  maritime  communities. 

It  seems  probable,  indeed,  that  sea-lust  is  a  definite  instinct  which 
has  appeared  in  a  few  strains  of  mankind.  It  appeared  in  the  Vikings, 
who  doubtless  carried  it  to  England  and  perhaps  to  the  Netherlands. 
It  appeared  in  the  Phoenicians  and  in  their  colonies  of  Carthage  and  Syra- 
cuse and  possibly  of  the  east  coast  of  Spain.  No  doubt  the  trait  of  sea-lust 
has  arisen  in  other  strains.  However  it  has  arisen,  in  some  way  it  has 
got  into  a  population  and  through  consanguineous  matings  it  has  increased 
until  it  is  found  in  a  marked  proportion  of  the  population,  which  we  then 
speak  of  as  a  great  maritime  people. 

The  decline  of  a  great  maritime  people  is  likely  to  coincide  with  a 
great  naval  defeat.  Says  Admiral  Bridge  (Encycl.  Brit.,  xxiv,  552):  "A 
remarkable  characteristic  of  sea-power  is  the  delusive  manner  in  which 
it  appears  to  revive  after  a  great  defeat."  This  failure  properly  to  revive 
may  be  due  to  the  heavy  loss  in  the  first  defeat  of  germ  plasm  with  the 
sea-lust,  such  that  sufficient  regeneration  of  it  can  not  occur.  The  navy 
may  be  rebuilt,  but  "artificially"  so,  to  use  Bridge's  term,  and  lacking 
in  sailors  with  the  real  instinct.  Apparently  the  Spanish  fleet  which  met 
defeat  off  Cuba  in  1898  lacked  sailors  with  the  proper  hereditary  traits. 
Of  sea-power  Bridges  says:  "To  reach  the  highest  degree  of  efficiency  it 
should  be  based  upon  a  population  naturally  maritime." 

Sea-lust,  it  must  be  conceded,  is  a  fundamental  instinct,  and  a  man 
who  has  it  is  as  clearly  differentiated  from  one  who  lacks  it  as  a  tern  is 
differentiated  from  a  thrush  in  its  choice  of  habitat.  The  presence  of  the 
instinct  shows  itself  in  a  desire  for  life  on  the  broad  expanse  of  the  waters. 
It  seems  to  be  the  opposite  of  the  trait  known  to  psychiatrists  as  "claus- 
trophilia,"  or  the  feeling  of  contentment  when  surrounded  by  walls  and 
living  in  a  spacially  restricted  world.  Thalassophilia,  on  the  contrary, 
is  a  love  of  limitless  expanse  of  horizon  and  of  area  for  movements  over 
the  face  of  the  planet.  Traveling  on  land  does  not  satisfy  the  instinct 
because  movements  are  less  free  and  the  horizon  more  restricted.  No 
doubt  the  changing  color  and  moods  of  the  water,  the  sun,  and  clouds, 
the  dangers,  the  novel  scenes  hi  distant  parts,  all  constitute  part  of  the 
pleasurable  sensations  which  lure  the  freedom-loving  sailor  or  naval  man. 

Heredity  of  Sect-lust.  —  One  of  the  most  striking  characteristics  of  sea- 
lust  is  that  it  is  almost  wholly  a  male  character,  apparently  much  more 
so  than  nomadism;  quite  as  much  so  as  the  beard.  Even  among  the 
Polynesians  the  women  are  not  given  to  going  to  sea.  This  may  be  in 
part  due  to  the  mores;  since  to  sit  in  a  boat  was  formerly  for  a  woman 
taboo  in  the  Marquesas  Islands.  Sea  fighting  is  not  wholly  unknown 


28  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

among  women,  as  the  two  cases  of  Mary  Anne  Talbot  and  Hannah  Snell 
(Encycl.  Brit.)  indicate;  but  the  rarity  of  such  cases  suggests  that  they 
are  examples  of  psychic  sex  inversion.  Nomadism,  which  leads  to  a  fond- 
ness for  travel  equally  on  land  or  sea,  is  not  rare  among  women;  and  the 
wives  of  sea  captains  not  infrequently  accompany  their  husbands;  but 
these  are  not  typical  cases  of  sea-lust.  It  is  possible,  accordingly,  that  the 
irresistible  appeal  of  the  sea  is  a  trait  that  is  a  sort  of  secondary  sex 
character  in  males  of  certain  races,  just  as  a  large  rose  comb  is  a  male 
characteristic  in  some  races  of  poultry.  Females  of  the  race  have  rose 
combs,  to  be  sure,  but  they  are  relatively  small  things;  but  the  sons  of 
such  females  have  huge  combs  again.  As  the  great  development  of  the 
comb  of  the  cock  occurs  under  the  stimulus  of  the  secretions  of  the  male 
germ  gland,  so  the  appeal  of  the  sea  develops  under  the  secretion  of 
the  germ  gland  in  the  boy  or  young  man  who  belongs  to  a  thalassophilic 
race.  The  behavior  of  this  secondary  sex  character  in  heredity  seems 
to  be  like  this:  If  the  father  is  thalassophilic  and  the  mother  belongs  to  a 
nonthalassophilic  race,  the  sons  will  not  be  thalassophilic,  as  we  see  in  the 
case  of  the  sons  of  Hiram  Paulding.  When,  on  the  other  hand,  both 
father's  and  mother's  close  male  relatives  are  thalassophilic,  probably  the 
entire  fraternity  of  the  propositus  will  be  so.  This  particular  combination 
is  less  often  realized  than  would  be  useful  for  testing  this  hypothesis.  The 
following  cases  realize  it  approximately: 

36,  PREBLE.  Father,  sailing  master  and  brigadier  general:  mother's  father,  a 
ship-master:  sons:  1,  Edward,  commodore;  2,  Ebenezer,  a  distinguished  merchant 
of  Boston;  3,  Joshua,  little  known;  4,  a  sea  trader  from  16  to  61;  5  a  sea  trader. 

As  in  those  days  the  merchants  often  sailed,  or  sailed  with,  their  ships, 
Ebenezer  was  probably  attracted  to  the  business  of  merchant  through  a 
love  of  the  sea,  or  began  as  a  sailor  before  he  was  a  merchant.1  If  we  sup- 
pose this  to  have  been  the  case  with  Ebenezer  (and  omitting  the  little-known 
Joshua),  then  all  4  of  the  known  sons  of  this  mating  were  thalassophilic. 

Again  John  Adolph  Dahlgren  married  the  daughter  of  a  merchant 
and  had  3  sons.  One  became  a  commander  hi  the  navy,  and  the  other  2 
were  fighters,  in  the  Civil  War.  Of  these,  1  died  in  battle  at  the  age  of  22; 
the  other  became  United  States  consul  at  Rome. 

George  Smith  Blake  married  the  daughter  of  Commodore  James 
Barren.  Their  only  son  was  Francis  Blake,  who  became  a  lieutenant  com- 
mander in  the  navy  during  the  Civil  War  and  was  a  gallant  fighter. 

Captain  Moses  Brown  married  a  Coffin  of  Newburyport,  a  center 
of  sailor-folk.  Of  his  4  sons  we  know  nothing  about  the  youngest.  Of 
the  others,  2  became  sea  captains  and  1  a  cooper  on  shipboard. 

1  Marvin,  W.  L.  (1902.  The  American  Merchant  Marine.  New  York:  Scribners.  444  pp.),  says 
p.  81:  "Every  capable  officer  (of  a  ship)  of  those  tunes  looked  forward  to  becoming 
a  merchant  himself."  In  the  E.  R.  O.  records  (57:  462)  we  find:  "J.  S.  (born  1748) 
early  engaged  in  commerce  with  the  West  Indies  and  commanded  his  own  vessels." 
He  served  in  the  navy  during  the  Revolution. 


INHERITANCE   OF   SPECIAL   TRAITS:    HYPERKINESIS.  29 

Admiral  David  Dixon  Porter  married  a  daughter  of  a  commodore  in 
the  navy.  Of  their  4  sons,  nothing  was  found  about  Richard.  Essex 
became  a  major  in  the  United  States  army;  C.  P.  Porter  served  in  the 
United  States  Marine  Corps,  and  Theodoric  served  43  years  in  the  navy, 
retiring  when  he  was  a  commodore. 

John  Ancrum  Winslow,  whose  father  was  in  commerce,  married  his 
paternal  cousin  and  of  his  2  sons  one  was  a  paymaster  in  the  navy  and  the 
other  became  a  commander  in  the  navy. 

I  add  two  examples  from  the  Eugenics  Record  Office  files : 

CASE  1.  The  father  was  "passionately  fond  of  the  sea  and  of  marine  sports"; 
he  also  liked  to  travel  and  became  a  man  of  great  business  ability.  His  mother's 
father  was  a  ship  captain.  The  mother  was  of  a  retiring  disposition  and  fearful 
of  ships  and  the  sea;  but  her  father  traveled  widely,  especially  at  sea,  had  a  clear 
wanderlust  and  little  business  ability.  The  children  were  2  sons  and  a  daughter. 
One  son  was  extremely  fond  of  travel,  geography,  ships,  and  the  sea,  and  was  with- 
out business  ability.  The  second  son  is  fond  of  aquatic  sports,  but  hates  travel 
and  has  good  business  ability.  The  daughter  is  fond  of  social  activity.  (E.  R.  O., 
Cor  —  3.) 

CASE  2.  The  propositus  lived  on  the  sea  for  many  years,  served  in  the 
Civil  War,  went  out  to  Missouri,  after  a  year  returned  to  Pennsylvania,  and  settled 
down  to  farming.  His  mother's  brother  was  a  sea  captain.  (E.  R.  O.,  28:  155.) 

Thus  we  see  that  thalassophilia  acts  like  a  recessive,  so  that,  when 
the  determiner  for  it  (or  the  absence  of  a  determiner  for  dislike)  is  in  each 
germ-cell  the  resulting  male  child  will  have  a  love  of  the  sea.  Sometimes 
a  father  who  shows  no  liking  for  the  sea,  like  Perkins's  father,  may  carry 
a  determiner  for  sea-lust  recessive.  It  is  theoretically  probable  that  some 
mothers  are  heterozygous  for  love  of  the  sea,  so  that  when  married  to  a 
thalassophilic  man  half  of  their  children  will  show  sea-lust  and  half  will  not. 

THE  HYPERKINETIC  QUALITIES  OF  THE  FIGHTERS. 

Studies  made  on  other  and  more  extensive  material  have  led  (Dav- 
enport, 1915,  p.  94)  to  the  conclusion  that  hyperkinesis  is  a  dominant  con- 
dition and  passes  through  the  generations  without  skipping  any.  The 
tendency  is  equally  apt  to  be  shown  in  father  or  mother,  and  not  commonly 
in  both.  Of  our  67  naval  officers,  31  may  be  reckoned  as  primarily  fighters 
and,  as  such,  most  are  of  the  hyperkinetic  type.  This  total  includes  Nelson, 
who  is  equally  great  as  strategist  and  tactician,  and  Oliver  Hazard  Perry 
and  David  Porter,  jr.,  who  are  not  on  our  main  list.  Of  these  30  the  hyper- 
kinetic  tendency  apparently  comes  from  the  paternal  side  hi  15,  namely: 
Blake,  Cochrane,  Dewey,  Foote,  Keppel,  Lawrence,  Macdonough,  Morris, 
Perkins,  O.  H.  Perry,  David  Porter,  D.  D.  Porter,  Smith,  Stockton,  Tromp. 
The  hyperkinesis  apparently  comes  from  the  maternal  side  hi  6  cases; 
namely,  Beresford,  Gushing,  Keith,  Nelson,  O'Brien,  Wolseley.  In  1  case 
it  probably  came  from  both  sides,  namely,  Farragut;  in  the  8  remaining 
cases  the  temperament  of  neither  parent  is  sufficiently  known.  There  are 


30 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


apt  to  be  more  cases  of  hyperkinetic  fathers  than  mothers,  since  biographers 
tend  to  consider  the  latter  less  fully  than  the  former. 

Though  the  evidence  of  the  biographies  is,  in  some  cases,  not  satis- 
factory, yet  the  hyperkinesis  of  the  propositus  is  usually  shown  in  some 
degree  by  one  of  the  parents  also. 

TABLE  8.  —  Vocations  of  the  grandchildren  of  naval  officers. 


Name. 


Sons'  sons. 


Daughters'  sons. 


Barney . .  . 
Buchanan 
Cochrane  . 
Dahlgren  . 

Duncan  . . 
Flinders  . . 
Hawkins. . 


1,  inventor. 

2,  commander  in  Confederate  navy. 


1,  lieutenant  general. 

2,  lieutenant  colonel  in  army. 
1.  . 


2,  professor  of  biology. 
1,  member  of  Parliament. 


Howe  . 
Morris 


1,  went  to  sea. 

2,  3,  ... 


Paulding 
Pellew  . 


Perry,  O.  H. 
Perry,  M.  C. 

Perry,  C.  R. 


Preble 

Rodgers,  John 


Rodgers,G.W. 


1,   United    States    Military   Academy; 
captain  of  artillery 

1,  in  insurance  business 

2,  farmer 

1,  commander,  Royal  Navy.    2,  ... 

3,  officer  in  Madras  cavalry. 

4,  lieutenant  in  Royal  Navy.    5,   major 
in  infantry. 

1,  author. 

2,  ... 


1,  lieutenant  United  States  navy 

2,  graduate  West  Point 

3,  physician 


1,  commander  in  navy. 
1,  commander  in  navy 


2,  rear  admiral 

3,  rear  admiral 


1,  captain,  United  States  army. 

2,  lieutenant  United  States  navy.2 

3,  rear  admiral.2 


1,     Naval      Academy,     youngest 
member  of  class. 


1,  2,  young. 


1,  leading  British  Egyptologist. 


1,  2,  ... 

1,  lieutenant,  United  States  navy. 

2,  ensign,  United  States  navy. 

3,  rector. 

1,  in  naval  reserve. 

2,  3,  not  in  navy. 


1,  rear  admiral. 

2,  rear  admiral. 

3,  4,  bankers. 

5,  graduate  of  U.  S.  Naval  Acad- 
emy; 2  years  in  navy. 

1,  rear  admiral. 

2,  naval  commander. 

3,  naval  captain. 

4,  soldier. 

1,  brigadier  general,  United  States 
army. 

2,  3,  majors. 
4,  engineer. 


1  Also  daughter's  sons  of  M.  C.  Perry. 

1  Also  sister's  sons  of  Alexander  Mackenzie,  naval  officer  and  brother  (with  change  of  name) 

of  Jane  Slidell,  who  married  M.  C.  Perry,  and  Julia  Slidell,  who  married  C.  R.  P. 

Rodgers. 


INHERITANCE    OF   SPECIAL   TRAITS!    NOMADISM. 
TABLE  9.  —  Summary  of  Table  8. 


31 


Classification. 

Son's  sons. 

Daughter's  sons. 

No. 

Per  cent. 

No. 

Per  cent. 

Naval  officers     

10 
1 

7 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

25 

40 
4 
28 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 

100 

10 
3 

1 
1 
2 
1 

18 

56 
16.5 

5.5 
5.5 
11 
5.5 

100 

At  sea  

Army  officers  

Inventor  

Professor  of  biology  

Member  of  Parliament  

Insurance  business  

Farmer  

Author      

Physician  

Egyptologist  .  . 

Rector  

Not  in  navy  

Engineer  

Total  

SOURCE  OF  NOMADISM  IN  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

Nomadism  is  a  trait  which  leads  its  possessor  to  restlessness,  change 
of  scene,  travel.  The  manifestation  of  this  trait  is  often  periodic.  It  is 
shown  more  in  early  than  later  life.  Typical  nomads,  like  gypsies  and 
Bedouins,  are  satisfied  with  roaming  over  the  land;  the  "sea  rovers"  have, 
there  is  reason  for  thinking,  another  and  different  instinct:  a  love  of  the 
sea,  thalassophilia.  That  these  two  instincts  are  distinct  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  many  sea  rovers  have  a  distaste  for  travel  on  land,  or  at  least  find 
little  satisfaction  on  it.  Foote  wanted  to  go  to  sea  against  his  parents' 
wishes  and  was  entered  at  West  Point  as  a  compromise;  but  this  did  not 
satisfy,  so  he  transferred  to  the  navy. 

Nomadism  appears  to  be  a  simple  "unit  character"  whose  germinal 
determiner  is  sex-linked,  i.  e.,  is  found  only  in  such  sperm  cells  as  produce 
female  offspring.  This  matter  has  already  been  worked  out  at  the  Eugenics 
Record  Office  (Davenport,  1915). 

Since  nomadism  is  an  important  element  that  leads  to  a  naval  (as 
well  as  to  a  military)  career,  it  is  interesting  to  inquire  whether,  hi  the 
mass,  there  is  any  difference  between  males  and  females  in  the  tendency  to 
have  naval  sons.  To  make  the  comparison  we  must  consider  in  parallel 
columns  the  distribution  of  occupations  hi  the  sons  of  persons  who  hold 
exactly  similar  relationship  to  the  propositus.  An  attempt  has  been  made 
to  do  this  in  table  8. 


32 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


TABLE  10.  —  Showing  for  the  respective  histories  the  frequency  of  occurrence  of  various  occupations 
among  the  brothers  of  the  father  and  the  mother  respectively  of  the  propositus. 


Occupations. 

Father's  brothers. 

Per 

cent 

Mother's  brothers. 

Per 
cent 

Naval  officer  

History  Nos. 
5,  11,  20,  32,  42,  43,  53, 

flfi 

History  Nos. 
32,  44,  55,  68 

20 

59  (bis),  61  (bis)  (11) 

Lost  at  sea  

43,  50 

s 

13 

5 

Merchant  sailor  

43,  58 

5 

27 

5 

Army  officer  l  

5,  11  (3),  39,  63 

14 

28,  47,  49,  68 

20 

Soldier  in  Amer.  Revolution 
Naval  surgeon  

36  (bis) 
6,  14 

5 

5 

Pioneer  

37 

8 

25 

5 

Hunter  

5 

?, 

Clergyman  

11,  28  (4) 

1?, 

16,32 

10 

Surveyor 

27 

5 

Baron  of  exchequer 

31 

5 

Commerce,  trade,  and  plan- 
tations 

25 

5 

Judge  

5,  46  (bis),  59 

q 

10,  49,  63  (bis) 

20 

Merchant  

10 

?, 

Physician  

17,  50 

5 

Farmer.  . 

43,  60 

9 

1  Excluding  a  number  of  the  less  important  English  army  officials. 

TABLE  11. — Absolute  and  percentage  frequency  of  occurrence  of  each  of  several  classes  of 
occupations  among  sons  of  the  brothers  and  the  sisters,  respectively,  of  the  proposituses. 


Classification 

Brother's  sons  (10). 

Sister's  sons  (8). 

Frequency. 

Per  cent. 

Frequency. 

Per  cent. 

Naval  officers  

13 

9 
2 
3 
6 
2 
4 
4 

30 
21 
5 
7 
14 
5 
9 
9 

10 
3 

1 

2 
1 
1 

56 
16.5 

5.5 

11 
5.5 
5.5 

100 

Army  officers  

Farmers  

Civil  service  

Sailors  

Merchants  

Shipmasters  

Miscellaneous  

Surgeon  in  navy  

Clergy  .  . 

Total.. 

43 

100 

18 

In  comparing  for  the  families  of  naval  officers  the  contribution  of  the 
paternal  and  maternal  sides  we  should  first  compare  the  occupation  of  male 
relatives  on  the  two  sides  holding  similar  relationship  to  the  propositus,  and 
accordingly  we  compare  the  brothers  of  the  father  and  of  the  mother. 
Unfortunately  the  number  of  such  relatives  of  which  the  occupation  is 
known  is  not  large  on  either  side — larger  on  the  paternal  than  the  maternal 
just  because  biographers  always  lay  more  stress  on  the  paternal  side. 


SELECTION   OF   UNTRIED   MEN.  33 

The  foregoing  tables  lead  to  the  conclusion  that,  on  the  whole,  male 
relatives  of  naval  officers  who  are  related  to  the  propositus  through  females 
are  somewhat  (40  per  cent)  more  apt  to  be  naval  officers  than  those  re- 
lated through  males.  Since  this  is  the  method  of  inheritance  of  nomadism, 
the  excess  is  probably  due  to  an  inheritance  of  nomadic  instinct  in  some 
naval  men. 

IV.  CONCLUSIONS. 

In  making  selection  of  untried  men  for  naval  commissions  advantage 
may  well  be  taken  of  the  assistance  that  is  afforded  by  the  facts  of  juvenile 
promise  and  family  history.  Naval  fighters  are  chiefly  hyperkinetics. 
In  their  youth  they  were  nomadic,  thalassophilic,  adventurous.  Future 
strategists  have  in  more  than  one  instance  arisen  from  boys  who  succeeded 
in  carrying  out  their  plan  of  leaving  homes  to  go  to  sea.  Administrators 
have  been  rarely  quarrelsome.  The  adventurous  type  of  admiral  was 
markedly  adventurous  in  his  youth.  The  juvenile  history  gives  a  precious 
indication  of  future  success  in  the  navy. 

It  is  probable  that  if  there  is  not  a  history  of  love  of  the  sea  in  close 
male  relatives  on  at  least  one  side  the  youth  will  not  become  a  great  sea 
captain  or  naval  officer.  It  is  usually  true  that  one  of  the  parents  should 
be  a  hyperkinetic,  especially  if  the  son  is  to  be  a  successful  naval  fighter. 
Since  naval  officers  are  frequently  nomadic,  and  since  nomadism  is  sex- 
linked,  an  untried  candidate  whose  family  history  shows  naval  men  on  the 
maternal  side  only  is  more  apt  to  be  successful  than  one  showing  instances 
of  naval  men  on  the  paternal  side  only. 

In  general,  unless  a  candidate  shows  a  history  in  youth  of  adventur- 
ousness  and  thalassophilia,  it  is  improbable  that  he  will  make  a  great  naval 
officer.  Unless  he  has  a  hyperkinetic  temperament  it  is  not  probable  that 
he  will  make  a  successful  naval  fighter.  Unless  a  love  of  the  sea  appears 
on  at  least  one  side  of  the  house,  hyperkinesis  in  at  least  one  parent,  or 
a  case  of  an  eminent  naval  man  among  the  male  relatives  of  the  mother, 
one  is  justified  in  doubting  if  the  applicant  for  a  naval  commission  will 
become  an  eminent  officer. 


V.   APPLICATION  OF  PRINCIPLES  TO  SELECTION  OF  UNTRIED  MEN. 

Admitting  that  a  knowledge  of  juvenile  promise  and  family  history 
might  assist  in  the  selection  of  untried  men  for  commissions,  the  practical 
question  remains:  How  can  such  knowledge  be  obtained  promptly  enough 
to  aid  in  officering  a  new  army?  Every  new  undertaking  requires  methods  of 
its  own.  The  acquisition  of  facts  of  juvenile  promise  and  of  family  history 
requires  the  use  of  persons  trained  in  this  work.  A  body  of  such  workers  has 
already  been  organized  and  has  been  doing  work  of  this  sort  since  1910.  They 
are  the  eugenics  field  workers  of  the  Eugenics  Record  Office.  These  field 
workers  constitute  a  body  of  about  130  picked  women  and  men,  mostly  col- 


34  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

lege  graduates  and  especially  trained  in  psychology  and  psychiatry.  They 
are  located  throughout  the  country  from  California  and  Utah  to  Maine  and 
North  Carolina  and  from  Minnesota  to  Louisiana.  Through  these  field  work- 
ers as  a  nucleus,  a  body  of  investigators  sufficient  to  report  on  the  personal 
and  family  history  of  50,000  men  in  three  months  could  be  organized  and 
the  cost  would  be  less  than  two  days'  pay  for  each  person  considered. 


PART  II. 

BRIEF  BIOGRAPHIES  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS,  WITH  ESPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  THEIR 
JUVENILE  PROMISE  AND  THEIR  PERSONAL  TRAITS. 

The  brief  biographies  of  naval  officers  in  these  pages  are  written 
according  to  the  following  plan.  First  is  an  account  of  the  achievements 
and  other  events  in  the  life  of  the  man.  In  a  few  cases  it  has  been  found 
convenient  to  include  here  details  of  the  man's  juvenile  reactions.  The 
second  part  of  the  account  is  an  analysis  of  the  traits  or  " gifts"  which 
have  colored  or  determined  the  output  of  the  subject.  In  this  treatment 
there  are  often  considered  similar  reactions  of  the  man's  kin  and  the  develop- 
ment in  the  individual  of  each  of  these  gifts.  In  some  cases,  in  default  of 
details  concerning  the  kin,  a  mere  outline  of  the  man's  genealogy  is  given. 

In  reading  the  biographies  the  pedigree  charts  (when  furnished)  should 
be  frequently  consulted.  These  charts  (with  their  rather  full  legends) 
serve  to  show  the  position  in  the  family  tree  of  the  relatives  named  in  the 
text  and  to  give  some  idea  of  the  distribution  of  traits  throughout  the 
genetic  complex.  All  children  of  a  fraternity,  whether  eminent  or  attained 
to  maturity  or  not,  are  given  in  order  that  the  "density"  in  the  family  tree 
of  the  special  gifts  may  be  measured.  Names  of  persons  and  places  are 
given  rather  fully,  as  they  may  help  the  student  in  other  pedigree  investi- 
gations. As  the  charts  are  highly  condensed  representations  of  descriptive 
facts  some  account  of  the  way  to  interpret  them  is  given  below. 

KEY  TO  PEDIGREE  CHARTS 

Each  symbol  represents  a  person:  Q  males,  O  females.  All  symbols  suspended  from 
the  same  continuous  horizontal  line  constitute  one  fraternity.  The  vertical  line  leads  upwards 
from  the  fraternity  line  to  the  short  horizontal  line  connecting  the  parents  of  said  fraternity. 

Dotted  lines indicate  illegitimacy.  Dot-and-dash  line  — . — .  —  means  mere  descent 

without  attempt  to  represent  the  generations.  The  generations  are  numbered  at  the  left  from 
top  to  bottom;  the  individuals  in  each  generation  are  numbered  from  left  to  right  for  ease  of 
reference.  The  chronological  order  of  individuals  in  the  fraternity  is  usually  not  indicated  by  the 
order  on  the  chart.  A  number  inside  of  or  just  below  a  symbol  indicates  that  the  symbol  stands 
for  that  number  of  individuals. 

The  following  is  a  key  to  the  special  marks  on  the  symbols. 


Z          3          4 

B  U  Q 


9      10  \ 


a  a 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


m  n  a  a  a 

17      18      19      20      21 


1.  Naval  officer,  usually  of  rank  of  cap- 

tain or  higher. 

2.  Naval  officer  of  low  rank  (usually  lieu- 

tenant or  lower)  or  of  slight  eminence. 

3.  Seaman,  including  captain  of  a  mer- 

chantman. 

4.  "  Merchant "  of  the  old  days,  interested 

in  shipping,  sometimes  going  with  his 
cargo. 


5.  Sea  traveler  or  ship's  surgeon. 

6.  Of  naval  promise;  died  young. 

7.  Nomad. 

8.  Reformer. 

9.  Explorer. 

10.  Army  officer. 

11.  Army  officer  of  unrealized  promise. 

12.  "In  army." 

13.  In  army  service,  but  not  as  fighter. 

35 


14.  Administrator. 

15.  Legislator. 

16.  Clergyman. 

17.  Fearlessness. 

18.  Authorship. 

19.  Inventiveness. 

20.  Musical  capacity. 

21.  Artistic  capacity. 


36  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


1.   WILLIAM  BAINBRIDGE. 

WILLIAM  BAINBRIDGE  was  born  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  May  7,  1774. 
He  was  educated  under  the  direction  of  his  mother's  father  and  at  the  age  of  15 
became  a  sailor  on  a  merchant  ship  about  to  sail  from  Philadelphia.  Such  apti- 
tude did  he  show  that  at  18  he  was  made  first  mate  of  a  ship  in  the  Holland 
trade.  During  his  first  voyage  as  mate  the  crew  mutinied,  but  he  rescued  her 
commander  and  suppressed  the  uprising;  in  consequence,  he  was  made  captain 
of  the  vessel  at  19  and  continued  for  many  years  in  the  merchant  service.  He 
had  remarkable  power  with  crews;  he  was  once  called  upon  by  the  captain  of 
another  vessel  to  quell  a  mutiny  and  succeeded  in  doing  so.  Once,  coming  out 
of  the  harbor  of  St.  Thomas,  he  was  fired  on  by  a  British  vessel  of  8  guns;  with 
his  4  guns  he  kept  up  such  an  effective  return  fire  that  the  antagonist  surrendered, 
but  he  refused  to  take  her  as  a  prize.  On  one  occasion  one  of  his  seamen  was 
impressed;  in  reprisal  he  seized  a  seaman  from  the  next  English  ship  he  met.  His 
reputation  led  to  his  appointment  as  lieutenant  in  the  newly  organized  United 
States  navy,  in  which  capacity  he  was  in  command  of  the  schooner  Retaliation. 
This  schooner  was  shortly  after,  in  1798,  captured  by  French  frigates  and  he  was 
held  captive  for  a  time  and  then  released.  During  the  next  two  years  he  pro- 
tected American  shipping  around  the  West  Indies  and  in  1800  was  made  captain 
for  his  eminent  services.  In  the  same  year  he  commanded  a  frigate  to  convey 
tribute  to  the  bey  of  Algiers  and,  through  diplomacy  in  Turkey,  reduced  the 
haughty  spirit  of  the  bey.  In  1801  his  ship,  the  Philadelphia,  was  sent  in  a 
squadron  against  the  Moors  and  he  captured  the  Moorish  cruiser  Meshboha,  but 
later  he  fell,  with  the  Philadelphia,  into  the  hands  of  the  Moors  and  was  held  a 
prisoner  until  1805.  He  then  reentered  the  merchant  service,  but  upon  the  begin- 
ning of  the  War  of  1812  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  Constitution,  which 
destroyed  the  British  frigate  Java;  on  his  return  he  was  set  to  work  on  the  con- 
struction of  the  frigate  Independence.  Again,  in  1815,  he  went  against  the  Barbary 
States,  now  as  commander  of  a  squadron,  and  forced  them  to  respect  the  American 
flag.  After  that  he  established  a  naval  training  school  and  served  as  president 
of  the  board  of  promotion  of  naval  officers.  For  three  years  he  was  chief  of  the 
board  of  naval  commissioners  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He  died  in 
Philadelphia,  July  1833. 

He  had  four  daughters  by  his  wife,  Susan  Hyleger,  and  also  a  son  who 
graduated  at  Princeton  with  honor,  studied,  law,  was  "a  ripe  scholar"  with  pure 
principles  and  sound  judgment,  and  "inherited  sentiments  of  high  honor  and 
chivalry  which  distinguished  his  father."  This  son  died  as  a  young  man. 

William  Bainbridge  was  vigilant,  untiring  in  endeavor,  exacting  in  discipline, 
and  equal  to  any  emergency.  He  sought  rather  than  avoided  responsibility.  Or- 
dinarily he  was  courteous  and  hospitable.  About  6  feet  tall,  his  frame  was  muscular 
and  his  dress  neat.  The  traits  that  determined  his  vocation  were  as  follows: 

1.  He  was  thalassophilic.      He  early  became  inspired  with  a  desire  to  be  a 
sailor  and  actually  became  such  at  the  age  of  15.    From  that  time  on  he  was  for 
only  short  periods  at  a  fixed  land  abode. 

2.  He  was  adventurous  and  fearless.     As  a  boy  his  "dauntless  spirit  urged 
him  into  the  foremost  rank  in  every  boyish  enterprise  where  peril  was  to  be  en- 
countered."    As  a  naval  officer  he  encountered  antagonists  superior  to  himself 
with  a  courage  which  did  not  consider  too  carefully  the  risk. 


BAINBRIDGE  —  BARNEY.  37 

3.  He  was  a  hyperkinetic.  He  reacted  quickly  and  vigorously.  Herein  lay 
his  power  with  men  who  respect  bravery,  dash,  and  vigor.  Like  most  hyper- 
kinetics,  he  showed  at  times  a  violent  temper,  a  fierce  and  vehement  reaction. 
He  spoke  rapidly,  but,  when  speaking  vehemently,  sometimes  had  difficulty  in 
expressing  himself.  He  inspired  confidence  and  courage  in  others. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  WILLIAM  BAINBRIDGE. 

I  1    (M  F),  John  Taylor,  of  Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey, 

a  citizen  of   wealth   and   respectability,  much   interested   in   the    , 
education  of  his  grandson. 

II  1   (F),  Absalom  Bainbridge,  a  physician  who  practiced  in 
Princeton,   New   Jersey;   later  he  removed  to  New  York   City,    n 
where  he  died  in  1807.     II   3   (consort's    F),    John    Hyleger,  of 
Holland,  for  many  years  governor  of  St.  Eustatius,  West  Indies. 

III  1    (Propositus),  William    Bainbridge.      Ill    2    (consort),    ffl 
Susan  Hyleger. 

Children  of  Propositus:  IV    1,  Bainbridge,  was  ad-          ,j — ^  — .? 

mitted  to  the  bar  at  Philadelphia;  later  he  removed  to  Pittsburgh;  iv[_j  O-QI  OO~Q  O 
he  died  young,  in  1831.     IV  3,  Captain  Thomas   Hayes,  of  the  ^^     W* 

navy.     IV  6,  Ashbel  G.  Jaudon,  a  merchant  of  Philadelphia. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

HARRIS,  T.     1837.    The  Life  and  Services  of  Commodore  William  Bainbridge.     Philadelphia: 
C.  Lea  and  Blanchard.     xvi  +  254  pp. 

2.  JOSHUA  BARNEY. 

JOSHUA  BARNEY  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  July  6,  1759.  At  the 
age  of  13  he  left  his  father's  farm  and  became  an  apprentice  on  a  small  brig  going 
to  Liverpool  and  made  numerous  other  voyages  on  her.  Three  years  later,  the 
captain  having  died  on  board  and  the  first  mate  having  abandoned  the  vessel, 
the  16-year-old  lad  assumed  command,  made  Gibraltar  with  his  sinking  ship, 
sold  his  cargo,  and  brought  the  vessel  safely  back  to  Baltimore.  On  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  Revolution  he  was  taken  as  master's  mate  on  the  sloop-of-war  Hornet, 
later  was  transferred  to  the  Wasp,  and  in  a  fight  with  a  British  brig  so  distin- 
guished himself  that  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  in  the  navy.  Later,  he  was 
captured  by  the  British  and  confined  for  five  months  in  a  prison  ship,  exchanged, 
and  again  captured  and  again  exchanged.  As  an  officer  of  the  Saratoga  he  led  in 
the  boarding  of  three  British  vessels,  but  these  were  recaptured  the  next  day  and 
he  was  put  in  prison  at  Plymouth,  England,  for  nearly  a  year.  He  escaped  twice 
and  made  his  way  to  Philadelphia.  In  1782  he  took  command  of  a  gunboat  and 
captured  a  war  vessel  of  greater  armament  than  his  own.  He  engaged  in  busi- 
ness at  the  close  of  the  war,  going  frequently  on  trading  voyages.  In  1795  he 
entered  the  French  navy  with  a  rank  corresponding  to  commodore,  but  he  resigned 
in  1800.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812  he  offered  his  services,  was  commis- 
sioned captain  in  the  navy,  and  given  command  of  a  flotilla  for  the  defense  of 
Chesapeake  bay.  Here  he  received  a  wound  in  the  leg,  from  the  effects  of  which 
he  died  four  years  later. 

The  traits  of  Joshua  Barney  that  determined  his  success  were,  first,  a  strong 
nomadic  tendency.  At  10  years  he  was  through  with  school  and  wanted  to  go  to 
sea;  indeed,  "long  before  this  period  he  had  wearied  his  father  by  continued 
entreaties  to  be  a  sailor."  In  his  twelfth  year  he  was  entered  on  a  pilot-boat,  and 


38  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

this  so  obviously  accorded  with  his  bent  that  his  father  placed  him  under  the  care 
of  Captain  Thomas  Drysdale,  the  boy's  brother-in-law,  and  he  began  his  career 
as  a  seaman,  described  above.  His  nomadic  tendencies  manifested  themselves 
on  the  land  also.  In  1786  he  purchased  lands  in  Kentucky,  and  in  November 
1787  set  out  to  explore  them.  He  became  "  very  adept  with  a  rifle  and  thoroughly 
enjoyed  life  in  the  wilderness."  In  1816,  urged  by  his  old  love  of  rambling,  he  again 
undertook  a  journey  to  Kentucky;  he  went  again  in  1818,  and  died  at  Pittsburgh 
on  returning  homeward. 

A  second  trait  was  fearlessness,  intrepidity.  When  he  was  16  years  old  his 
captain  died  on  a  voyage,  and  when  the  first  mate  had  left  the  ship  he  assumed 
command:  "was  neither  dismayed  by  the  additional  weight  of  care  and  responsi- 
bility which  thus  devolved  upon  him,  nor  depressed  by  the  perilous  condition  of 
the  ship.  .  .  .  On  the  contrary,  his  courage  rose  with  the  occasion;  the  ship 
sprang  a  leak  and  he  put  into  Gibraltar."  This  fearlessness  led  him  to  return  again 
and  again  to  naval  service  and  to  attempt  to  escape  repeatedly  after  capture. 
"No  dangers  or  difficulties  could  divert"  him  from  his  object. 

In  general,  Barney  was  a  hyperkinetic.  Enthusiastic,  ardent,  energetic,  with 
a  ready  wit,  and  a  cheerful  and  entertaining  companion,  he  was  dearly  beloved 
in  his  family  circle,  and  "those  who  once  served  under  him  were  always  ready 
to  offer  their  services  a  second  time."  He  was,  however,  quick  in  anger.  Once, 
when  about  to  fire  at  the  enemy,  his  captain  forbade  him  and  in  anger  Barney 
threw  the  match-stick  at  him  and  so  cowed  the  captain  that  he  withdrew  to  his 
cabin,  while  the  youth  assumed  full  command.  Says  his  biographer:  "When 
excited  there  was  a  lightning-like  splendor  in  the  coruscations  of  his  glance  that 
few  persons  could  meet  without  perturbation." 

It  is  a  phase  of  the  hyperkinetic  nature  that  there  was  seldom  much  interval 
between  decision  and  action.  It  was  not  so  much  that  he  was  so  prompt  in 
making  up  his  mind  as  that  his  mind  did  not  interfere  with  his  response.  His 
liberality  and  indulgence  to  his  children  knew  no  bounds;  he  showed  an  uncal- 
culating  wastefulness  of  expenditure  when  at  home;  he  relieved  the  distresses  of 
the  poor  in  the  vicinity.  For  a  brief  interval  after  the  wound  in  his  leg  he  was 
greatly  depressed,  lost  his  facial  glow,  became  emaciated.  The  society  of  his 
friends  became  irksome  and  he  was  peevish.  From  this  mood  he  recovered  after 
a  few  months.  Physically,  Barney  had  a  close-knit,  muscular,  vigorous  frame  and 
was  graceful. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JOSHUA  BARNEY. 

I  1  (F  F),  William  Barney,  emigrated  in  1795  to  Maryland,  where  he  prospered  and  left 
a  "handsome  fortune"  at  his  death  in  1746.  I  2,  Elizabeth  Stevenson. 

Fraternity  of  F:  II  1,  Martha  Barney.  II  2,  Richard  Hooker.  II  3  (F),  William  Barney 
(1718-1773),  lived  in  Baltimore,  but  later  removed  to  a  farm  about  8  miles  from  that  town. 

II  4  (M),  Frances  Holland  Watts,  an  heiress  to  a  large  property.    II  5  (first  consort's  F),  Gun- 
ning Bedford,  an  alderman  of  Philadelphia. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:   III  1,  Elizabeth  and  Peggy  Barney.     Ill  2,  Margaret  Barney. 

III  3,  John  Holland  Barney  (1742-1840).     Ill  4,  William  Stevenson  Barney  (b.  1754)  was  a 
marine  officer  of  Virginia;  he  is  said  to  have  kept  a  hotel  in  Georgetown.    Ill  5  (second  consort), 
Harriet  Cole   died  in  1849.     Ill  6  (Propositus),  JOSHUA  BARNEY.      Ill  7  (first  consort),  Ann 

Bedford,  died  1808.    Ill  8, Hindman.    Ill  9, Nicholson.    Ill  10,  Samuel  Nicholson 

(1743-1813)  was  a  lieutenant  on  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  under  Paul  Jones.    In  1779  he  was 
appointed  captain;  he  superintended  the  building  of  the  Constitution  and  was  her  first  commander. 
Ill  11,  James  Nicholson  (1727-1804),  in  1776  was  appointed  ranking  captain  in  the  navy;   in 
1777  commander  in  chief  of  the  navy.    Ill  12,  John  Nicholson  was  appointed  a  captain  of  the 
navy  in  1779. 


BARNEY. 


39 


IV  1,  George  Deverell,  of  Jamaica,  West  Indies.  Children  of  Proposilus:  IV  3,  Eliza 
Barney.  IV  4,  Joshua  Barney.  IV  5,  Nathan  Barney.  IV  6,  Hannah  Carey.  IV  7,  William 
Barney  (1781-1838),  held  the  rank  of  major  in  the  War  of  1812  and  was  deputy  naval  officer 
for  the  port  of  Baltimore.  IV  8,  Louis  Barney  (1783-1850).  IV  9,  Anne  Stedman  Van  Wyck. 
IV  10,  Henry  Barney,  born  1790.  IV  11,  Caroline  Barney,  born  1787.  IV  12,  Nathaniel  Wil- 
liams. IV  13,  Adele  Barney.  IV  14,  Isaac  Waddy.  IV  15,  John  Barney  (1785-1856),  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  Baltimore,  1825  to  1829.  IV  16,  Elizabeth  Nicholson  Hindman. 
IV  17,  James  Rogers  of  Delaware. 

Children's  children  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Mary  Deverell.  V  2,  Nathan  Barney  (1819-1902) 
was  a  well-known  inventor;  he  organized  the  Barney  Dumping  Boat  Company.  His  automatic 
dumping  boat,  used  by  the  New  York  street-cleaning  department,  dumps  700  tons  in  60  seconds. 
He  invented  fish-plates  to  hold  the  ends  of  railroad  rails  together.  V  3,  Elizabeth  Wother- 
spoon,  of  New  York.  V  4,  Joseph  Nicholson  Barney  (1818-1899)  in  1832  entered  the  United 
States  navy,  but  resigned  in  1861  to  enter  the  Confederate  States  navy,  with  the  same  rank  of 
lieutenant.  For  gallant  service  at  Hampton  Roads  in  the  engagement  between  the  Monitor 
and  Merrimac  he  was  made  commander.  He  went  to  Europe  to  see  to  the  fitting  out  of  vessels 
for  the  Confederate  States  navy  but  his  health  failed  in  1863.  For  a  time  he  retired  to  farm  life 
in  Virginia  but  afterwards  engaged  in  the  insurance  business.  V  5,  Eliza  Jacobs  Rogers. 

Children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:  VI  2,  George  Deverell  Barney  (b.  1865),  a 
surgeon  of  note;  he  devised  a  new  treatment  for  consumption  and  demonstrated  the  communi- 
cableness  of  bovine  tuberculosis  to  man.  VI  3,  James  W.  Barney,  cashier  of  a  Kansas  City  bank. 
VI  4,  Thomas  Holcomb.  VI  5,  Elizabeth  Barney. 

Children's  children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:  VII  1,  Rebecca  Holcomb.  VII  2, 
James  and  Thomas  Holcomb.  VII  3,  Franklin  Porteoua  Holcomb  (born  1884)  graduated  from 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 


IV 


VI 


vn 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ADAMS,  W.  F.     1912.     Commodore  Joshua  Barney.     Privately  printed.     Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts.   228  pp. 

BARNEY  MARY.    1832.    A  Biographical  Memoir  of  the  late  Commodore  Joshua  Barney.    Boston : 
'  Gray  and  Bowen.     xvi  +  328  pp. 


40  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

3.  JOHN  BARRY. 

JOHN  BARRY  was  born  at  Tacumshane,  Ireland,  in  1745.  He  went  to  sea 
when  a  boy  and  commanded  a  vessel  when  in  his  twenty-first  year.  At  21  years 
of  age  he  emigrated  to  Philadelphia  and  sailed  merchant  ships  until  1775,  when 
he  arrived  from  England  in  the  Black  Prince  just  as  the  Continental  Congress 
had  resolved  to  fit  out  two  armed  cruisers.  He  offered  his  ship  and  his  services, 
and  was  commissioned  captain  of  the  16-gun  brig  Lexington.  Thus  he  was  the 
first  officer  appointed  in  the  new  navy.  In  April  1776  he  captured  his  first  prize, 
an  English  vessel,  and  carried  her  to  Philadelphia.  He  did  some  privateering 
until  October  1776,  when  by  an  act  of  Congress  he  was  appointed  captain  of  the 
Effingham  (28  guns),  which  lay  in  the  Delaware  river  above  Philadelphia.  Before 
taking  to  sea,  however,  he  organized  a  company  of  volunteers  to  assist  Wash- 
ington, who  was  retreating  from  Trenton  but  blocking  the  progress  of  the  British 
toward  Philadelphia  by  land.  Returning  to  his  vessels,  Barry  received  orders  to 
sink  the  Effingham  to  prevent  her  capture;  this  he  reluctantly  did  after  some 
delay.  Shortly  after,  he  manned  four  small  boats,  passed  Philadelphia  at  night, 
and  captured  a  larger  schooner  of  10  guns  and  four  British  transports.  All  of  these 
he  destroyed  to  prevent  them  from  being  recaptured.  This  undertaking  won 
admiration  from  both  sides  and  an  offer  from  the  British  of  £20,000  and  com- 
mand of  a  squadron,  which  he  indignantly  refused.  During  the  following  years 
of  the  war  Barry  had  a  series  of  encounters  with  the  enemy  at  sea.  In  June  1780, 
in  command  of  the  Alliance,  a  32-gun  frigate,  he  sailed  from  France  with  Colonel 
Laurens,  commissioner  to  France.  On  the  outward  trip  he  captured  a  privateer. 
Returning  with  his  ship  loaded  with  dry  goods,  he  captured  two  privateers  on 
April  2  and  on  May  28  ran  upon  two  more.  As  the  wind  subsided  he  was  at  the 
mercy  of  his  antagonists  for  an  hour  and  was  wounded;  then,  as  a  breeze  sprang 
up,  he  sent  the  Alliance  between  her  two  antagonists  and  delivered  such  a  fire 
that  both  vessels  struck.  In  August  1782,  in  a  brief  three-weeks'  cruise  from  New 
London,  he  captured  eight  vessels.  In  1783,  returning  with  specie  from  the  West 
Indies,  he  was  attacked  by  three  frigates;  despite  the  heavy  odds  against  him  he 
fought  bravely  until,  a  French  vessel  coming  to  his  assistance,  the  British  ships 
sailed  away.  This  was  the  last  naval  fight  of  the  Revolution.  Captain  Barry 
was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  convention  at  Philadelphia  to  revise  the  Articles 
of  Confederation.  On  the  last  day  but  one  of  the  session  the  resolution  to  refer 
the  Constitution  to  a  convention  of  the  States  was  before  the  house.  Postpone- 
ment until  afternoon  was  asked  for  and  granted;  members  who  were  opposed  to 
the  bill  kept  away  in  the  afternoon  to  prevent  a  quorum.  Two  additional  mem- 
bers were  required,  and  Captain  Barry  led  a  party  that  carried  by  force  two 
members  from  their  rooms  to  the  meeting,  thus  securing  a  vote.  When  the  new 
navy  was  formed  Barry  was  the  first  of  the  six  captains  named  by  Washington. 
In  1797  he  completed  building  the  frigate  United  States  and  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  her.  He  was  authorized,  in  1798,  to  capture  armed  French  vessels,  and 
did  so  effectively.  He  died  September  1803. 

John  Barry  was  a  hyperkinetic.  His  reactions  were  wonderfully  quick  and  his 
judgment  correct.  "The  promptitude  and  propriety  of  Captain  Barry's  decisions 
on  sudden  emergencies  was  wondered  at  and  admired.  Waked  out  of  sleep,  on 
deck  in  an  instant,  and  all  hands  set  to  work,  whether  it  be  in  the  case  of  a  vessel 
in  sight,  a  violent  gale,  or  otherwise,  and  the  propriety  of  the  order  appeared  in 
no  countermanding  becoming  necessary."  His  passions  on  some  occasions  were 


BARRY  —  BEAVER.  41 

violent.  Thus,  once  in  hoisting  a  foretopmast  steering-sail  a  blunder  was  made 
and  twice  repeated;  Barry  flew  forward  like  lightning  and  struck  the  boatswain 
with  his  trumpet;  yet  he  was  affectionate  toward  his  men.  In  the  case  of  the 
boatswain  whom  he  had  hit  with  a  trumpet,  he  later  visited  him  in  his  cabin  and 
expressed  sorrow  for  the  violence  of  his  passion.  Barry  liked  fun,  and  often  gave 
the  call,  "all  hands  to  play."  It  was  his  prompt  decision  and  his  intrepidity 
that  enabled  him  to  attack  and  overcome  superior  forces  of  the  enemy. 

Of  Barry's  relatives  little  is  known.  On  his  mother's  side  he  is  said  to  have 
been  descended  from  John  Stafford,  an  officer  in  Cromwell's  army.  Barry  married, 
but  left  no  children. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MARTIN,  I.  J.    1897.    The  History  of  John  Barry.    Philadelphia:   The  American  Catholic  His- 
torical Society.     261  +  xiv  pp. 

4.   PHILIP  BEAVER. 

PHILIP  BEAVER  was  born  at  Lewkner,  England,  in  1766.  At  the  age  of  11 
he  wanted  to  go  to  sea,  and  shipped  under  Admiral  Keppel,  who  in  1778  fought 
that  French  squadron  commanded  by  D'Estaing  which  had  been  sent  to  help  the 
American  colonies.  Beaver  was  in  the  battle  between  the  two  squadrons  at  St. 
George's  Bay.  The  lad  studied  navigation  and  naval  astronomy  with  the  ship's 
mate.  At  this  time  his  temperament  was  prevailingly  buoyant,  with  sedate 
spells.  Later  he  cruised  in  the  Windward  Isles,  destroying  Spanish  and  French 
vessels.  At  the  age  of  16  he  was  placed  in  charge  of  a  prize  American  brig,  but 
this  was  recaptured  and  Beaver  was  taken  prisoner  and  later  exchanged.  He 
was  placed  on  a  naval  privateer  and  navigated  a  prize  to  port;  had  a  danger- 
ous fever  and  was  reported  dead.  At  the  close  of  the  American  war  in  1783  he 
returned  to  England  and  went  thence  to  Boulogne  to  learn  French.  In  his  other 
studies  he  was  assisted  by  his  brother,  Rev.  James  Beaver,  his  preference  being 
for  history  and  natural  philosophy.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  first  lieutenant. 
He  went  on  a  colonizing  venture  to  an  island  off  the  coast  of  Sierra  Leone,  but 
this  was  a  failure.  He  went  on  the  Stately,  64  guns,  to  take  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  from  the  Dutch;  his  handling  of  his  ship  in  a  squall  attracted  admiration 
and  he  was  transferred  to  the  flagship.  He  was  with  Keith  in  the  Mediterranean, 
watching  the  Spaniards  in  1799,  and  was  sent  to  carry  five  prizes  to  port.  As 
assistant  captain  under  Keith,  he  had  charge  of  the  bombardment  of  Genoa,  which 
capitulated  to  him,  but  after  he  had  sailed  for  England  it  was  lost  again.  In  1801 
he  was  sent  to  help  expel  the  French  from  Egypt,  and  after  that  cruised  in  the 
Mediterranean  and  made  charts  for  the  Admiralty.  In  1810  he  was  one  of  the 
squadron  that  captured  Mauritius  and  as  senior  officer  remained  in  command  at 
the  Mauritius  station,  and  in  that  capacity  captured  the  Seychelles  Islands.  He 
then  proceeded  against  Batavia,  in  the  capture  of  which  in  1811  he  played  an 
important  part.  Seeking  mast  timber  in  East  Africa,  he  was  taken  ill  and  died 
at  Cape  Town  of  "inflammation  of  the  bowels." 

Beaver  was  a  slender  man,  capable  of  great  fatigue  of  body  and  mind.  He 
was  scholarly  rather  than  pugnacious.  He  knew  well  the  science  of  navigation, 
preferred  reading  and  writing  in  his  cabin  to  pacing  the  deck,  and  wrote  an  account 
of  some  of  his  campaigns.  On  shipboard  he  was  firm,  almost  austere;  but  gentle 
and  playful  on  shore.  He  was  courageous  in  carrying  out  what  he  undertook. 


42  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Of  Beaver's  family  we  know  little.  His  father  was  a  clergyman  who  died  in 
straitened  circumstances.  The  father's  father  was  Herbert  Beaver,  a  man  of  wit 
and  urbanity.  The  mother,  Jane  Skeeler,  was  the  daughter  of  a  clergyman,  Rev. 
Thomas  Skeeler.  Of  the  sibs  of  Captain  Philip  Beaver,  one  brother  was  a  major 
and  died  in  the  East  Indies,  and  another  was  a  clergyman;  a  sister  married  John 
Gillies,  an  author  of  historical  works. 

i 
FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  PHILIP  BEAVER. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  Edward  Beaver,  a  clergyman. 

II  1  (F  F),  Herbert  Beaver,  of  Oxford.    II  3  (M  F),  Thomas 
Skeeler,  a  clergyman. 

III  1  (F),  James  Beaver,  a  clergyman  who  studied  at  Oriel. 
Ill  2  (M),  Jane  Skeeler. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  2,  Beaver,  a  major  who 

died  in  the  East  Indies.    IV  3,  James  Beaver,  a  clergyman.    IV  5,  li    la    (3~[4 FH 

John    Gillies,    a   Scottish   historian.      IV  6    (Propositus) ,    PHILIP  IV"  Q  O  B3  O~Q  • 

BEAVER.  ^ 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

SMYTH,  W.    1829.    The  Life  and  Services  of  Captain  Philip  Beaver,  late  of  his  Majesty's  Ship 
Nisus.    London:  J.  Murray. 


5.  CHAKLES  WILLIAM  DE  LA  POER  BERESFORD. 

LORD  CHARLES  WILLIAM  DE  LA  POER  BERESFORD  was  born  in  Ireland  in 
1846,  the  second  son  of  the  fourth  Marquis  of  Waterford.  He  entered  the  Brit- 
annia as  a  naval  cadet  in  1859;  became  lieutenant  in  1868  and  commander  in  1875. 
He  was  in  Parliament  1874-1880,  as  a  conservative  with  special  interest  in  naval 
administration.  In  command  of  the  Condor,  1882,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Egyp- 
tian crisis,  he  won  lasting  renown  and  a  captaincy  by  taking  his  ship  in  close  to 
the  forts  and  engaging  them  with  conspicuous  gallantry.  He  served  in  Egypt  in 
1884-1885,  under  Lord  Wolseley,  and  commanded  a  naval  brigade.  He  returned 
to  Parliament  in  1885,  and  in  1886  he  became  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  worked  for 
a  stronger  navy,  but,  not  receiving  adquate  support,  he  resigned  in  1888  with  dra- 
matic effect.  In  the  House  he  succeeded  in  putting  through  the  naval  defense 
act  of  1889.  For  four  years  more  he  was  on  the  Mediterranean  and  then  in  com- 
mand of  the  steam  reserve  at  Chatham.  Rear  admiral  in  1897,  he  alternated 
between  Parliament,  a  mission  to  China  on  behalf  of  commerce  and,  in  1905,  the 
command  of  squadrons  and  fleets;  in  1906  he  became  a  full  admiral.  He  has 
stood  always  for  a  large  increase  in  the  English  navy. 

Charles  Beresford's  great  daring  was  evidenced  as  a  cadet  and  shown  in  his 
attack  on  Alexandria.  At  the  Falkland  Islands  he  found  delight  in  shooting;  at 
Vancouver  he  went  hunting  by  canoe  and  stalked  deer  at  night;  in  China  he 
went  out  pig-sticking  and  tiger-shooting.  He  was  always  taking  hazardous 
chances  and  won  bets  that  involved  courage  and  daring.  This  daring  is  shown 
in  his  brothers  also.  He  says  of  them:  "The  five  brothers  were  keen  sportsmen, 
hard  riders,  men  of  their  hands,  high-couraged,  adventurous."  John,  his 
eldest  brother,  became  crippled  while  hunting.  William  won  the  Victoria  Cross 
by  cool  and  audacious  gallantry  in  the  Zulu  war  of  1879  and  was  renowned  for 
his  reckless  hardihood.  "There  was  hardly  a  bone  in  his  body  which  he  had  not 
broken."  "He  might  have  been  a  great  soldier,  a  great  diplomat,  a  great  political 


BERESFORD. 


43 


officer,  had  not  his  passion  for  the  turf  diverted  a  part  of  his  energies."  Brother 
Marcus  took  charge  of  the  King's  race  horses.  Brother  Delaval  went  to  Mexico 
as  a  young  man,  where  he  was  known  as  a  dare-devil  rider  and  an  excellent 
rancher,  rounding  up  his  stock  and  branding  his  own  cattle.  He  was  killed  in  a 
railway  accident. 

Their  mother,  Christina  Leslie,  a  daughter  of  Charles  Powell-Leslie,  became 
a  noted  rider  to  hounds  after  her  fortieth  year.  Their  father's  father  married 
a  Delaval,  of  whom  it  is  said  they  "would  seem  to  have  been  a  high-spirited,  reck- 
less, and  spendthrift  race."  One  of  their  ancestors,  George  Delaval,  as  vice 
admiral  fought  off  Cape  Barfleur,  1692.  Their  father's  brother,  Henry,  was  killed 
on  the  hunting  field.  A  brother  of  their  father's  father,  Admiral  Sir  John  Poo 
Beresford  (III  1),  a  natural  son  of  the  first  Marquis  of  Waterford,  was  a  great 
sea  fighter,  and  another  natural  son  of  the  first  marquis,  William  Carr  Beresford, 
was  a  great  fighter  but  too  impetuous  and  quick-tempered  to  be  a  great  general. 
He  made  a  great  success  as  reorganizer  of  the  Portuguese  army.  Thus  Beresford's 
ancestry  on  both  sides  shows  daring  and  adventurousness.  His  own  father  was  a 
clergyman.  The  great-uncle,  John  Poo  Beresford  (III,  1)  played  a  conspicuous 
part  in  Parliament  and  was  junior  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  another  brother 
became  primate  of  all  Ireland.  Earlier  ancestors  were  members  of  Parliament. 

Charles  Beresford  was  a  statesman  of  breadth  of  view,  as  is  shown  by  his 
insistence  on  the  needs  of  the  navy;  these  views  he  successfully  instilled  into 
Parliament,  and  thus  he  became  the  father  of  the  modern  British  navy. 

Charles  was  jovial  and  full  of  pranks  and  practical  jokes.  At  school  he  and 
his  two  brothers  were  known  as  the  three  "wild  Irish."  The  Delavals  were  given 
to  extravagant  entertainments,  to  amateur  theatricals,  and  to  practical  jokes. 
Like  many  of  his  relatives,  Charles  was  beloved  of  his  men  and  had  a  great 
influence  over  them. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  CHARLES  DE  LA  POER  BERESFORD. 

II  (F  F  F  F)  Sir  Marcus  Beresford,  first  Earl  of 
Tyrone  (1694-1763).  I  2  (F  F  F  M)  Katherine,  Baroness 
de  la  Poer.  13  (F  M  M  F)  Lord  Delaval. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F:  II  1,  John  Beresford  (1738- 
1805),  appointed  commissioner  of  revenue,  became  in 
fact  ruler  of  Ireland.  II  3  (F  F  F),  George  de  la  Poer 
Beresford,  first  Marquis  of  Waterford  (1735-1800).  II  5 
(F  F  M),  Elizabeth  Monck.  II  6  (F  M  F),  George  Car- 
penter, second  Earl  of  Tyrconnel.  II 7  (F  M  M),  Lady 
Delaval,  famed  for  her  beauty. 

Fraternity  of  FF  :  III  1,  Sir  John  Poo  Beresford 
(born  1768?),  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1782  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  admiral  after  distinguished  service  in 
the  West  Indies  and  off  Lisbon  (1810).  He  was  a  con- 
spicuous member  of  Parliament  and  junior  lord  of  the 
admiralty.  Ill  2,  Viscount  William  Carr  Beresford 
(1768-1854),  "a  born  fighter  and  a  great  administrator," 
bore  a  distinguished  part  in  the  Peninsular  war,  during 
which  he  was  made  a  marshal  in  the  Portuguese  army. 
Ill  3,  John  George  Beresford  (1773-1862),  primate  of 
all  Ireland.  Ill  4,  George  Thomas  Beresford  (1781- 
1839),  a  privy  councilor.  Ill  6  (F  F)  Henry  de  la  Poer  Beresford,  second  Marquis  of  Waterford 
(1772-1826),  a  privy  councilor.  Ill  7  (F  M),  Lady  Susanna  Carpenter,  a  singularly  beautiful 
woman.  Ill  8  (M  F),  Charles  Powell-Leslie. 


44  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Fraternity  of  F:  IV  1,  Henry  de  la  Poer  Beresford,  third  Marquis  (1811-1859),  was  killed 
in  the  hunting  field.  IV  2,  William  Beresford  (1812-1850),  of  the  First  Life  Guards.  IV  3,  James 
Beresford  (1816-1841),  an  officer  in  the  army.  IV  4,  Sarah  Elizabeth  Beresford.  IV  5,  Henry 
John  Talbot,  eighteenth  Earl  of  Shrewsbury  (1803-1869),  an  admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  6 
(F),  John  de  la  Poer  Beresford,  fourth  Marquis  (1814-1866),  in  holy  orders.  IV  7  (M),  Chris- 
tina Powell-Leslie  (1820-1905),  a  noted  rider  to  hounds. 

Fraternity  of  Children  of  F's  Sib:  V  1,  Charles  John  Talbot,  nineteenth  Earl  of  Shrewsbury 
(1830-1877),  lord  high  steward  of  Ireland.  V  2,  Walter  (Talbot)  Carpenter  (1834-1904),  an 
admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy.  V  3,  Sir  Reginald  Talbot  (born  1841),  a  major-general  in  the  army. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  5,  John  Henry  de  la  Poer  Beresford,  fifth  Marquis  of  Waterford 
(1844-1895),  a  captain  in  the  army  and  master  of  the  buckhounds.  V  6,  William  Leslie  de  la 
Poer  Beresford  (1847-1900),  V.C.,  a  colonel  in  the  army  and  military  secretary  to  the  governor- 
general  of  India.  V  7,  Marcus  Beresford  (born  1848),  equerry  to  the  king  and  manager  of  His 
Majesty's  stud.  V  8,  Delaval  James  de  la  Poer  Beresford  (1862-1906),  an  army  lieutenant  and 
a  rancher.  V  9,  (Propositus)  CHARLES  DE  LA  POER  BERESFORD. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BERESFORD,  C.     1914.     The  Memoirs  of  Admiral  Lord  Charles  Beresford.     Boston:    Little, 

Brown,   and   Co.     2   vols. 
BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.  BURKE.    1909.    A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and 

Baronetage.     London:  Harrison  and  Son.    2570  pp. 

6.   GEORGE  SMITH  BLAKE. 

GEORGE  SMITH  BLAKE  was  born  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  in  1802.  He  was 
appointed  to  the  United  States  navy  as  midshipman  in  1818  and  assigned  to  the 
schooner  Alligator.  When,  in  1821,  the  Alligator  was  attacked  near  the  Cape  Verde 
islands  by  a  Portuguese  ship,  the  latter  was  captured  and  Blake  was  sent  back  with 
her  and  a  prize  crew  to  the  United  States.  After  a  few  years  of  mercantile  service, 
Blake  was  commissioned  lieutenant,  March  1827,  and  cruised  in  the  West  Indies 
after  pirates.  In  1835  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  schooner  Experiment, 
in  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  and  charted  many  of  the  bays  and  inlets  of  the 
east  coast  of  the  United  States.  Blake  was  later  for  a  time  attached  to  the  Phila- 
delphia navy  yard.  In  1846  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  brig  Perry 
in  the  Gulf  squadron,  which  was  wrecked  on  the  Florida  reefs  in  a  gale.  How- 
ever, he  got  her  off  the  rocks  and  with  a  temporary  rudder  and  jury  spars  brought 
her  to  Philadelphia.  In  1849  he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Mediterranean 
squadron;  and  after  that  he  was  for  some  years  assigned  to  various  ordnance  and 
construction  duties.  In  1857  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the  Naval 
Academy  and  served  until  1865.  When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  sympathizers 
with  the  Confederacy  tried  to  seize  the  frigate  Constitution  and  the  Naval  Academy 
at  Annapolis,  but  his  prompt  measures  saved  them,  and  the  Academy  was  removed 
during  the  war  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  He  was  prevailed  upon  to  continue 
the  superintendency  during  the  war  at  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
Gideon  Wells.  He  was  commissioned  commodore,  July  1862,  and  after  the  war 
was  made  a  lighthouse  inspector.  He  wrote  the  lives  of  naval  officers  for  the 
New  American  Encyclopedia.  He  died  at  Longwood,  Massachusetts,  June  24,  1871. 

Few  data  are  available  relating  to  Blake's  personality.  A  study  of  the 
pedigree  chart  shows  clearly,  however,  that  success  in  the  navy  comes  easily  to 
this  family.  Blake's  father  was  at  the  head  of  the  legal  profession  in  Worcester, 
Massachusetts;  he  had  a  brother  who  was  surgeon  in  the  navy.  George  S.  Blake's 
mother  was  Elizabeth  A.  Chandler,  of  a  distinguished  conservative  (Loyalist) 
family  of  Worcester  county,  of  whom  some  were  eccentric.  A  sister  of  George 


BLAKE. 


45 


Blake  had  a  son,  who  assumed  the  name  Charles  Follen  Blake,  was  lieutenant 
commander  on  the  Brooklyn  in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  and  "fought  his  gun 
nobly  and  well,"  according  to  his  captain.  George  Blake  married  a  daughter  of 
Commodore  James  Barren,  and  their  son,  Francis  Barren  Blake,  graduated  from 
the  United  States  Naval  Academy,  1857,  was  active  and  gallant  in  naval  under- 
takings of  the  Civil  War,  was  made  lieutenant  commander  in  1863,  and  resigned 
in  1870  to  enter  business.  He  was  a  banker  in  1881. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  GEORGE  SMITH  BLAKE. 

I  1  (M  F  F  F),  John  Chandler  (born  New  London,  Connecticut,  1693),  came  of  the  most 
distinguished  and  influential  family  in  Worcester  county,   Massachusetts,  for  nearly  half  a 
century.    He  was  a  surveyor  and  held  many  important  town  offices.    I  2  (M  F  F  M),  Hannah 
Gardiner. 

II  1,  Dorothy  Paine.    II  2  (M  F  F),  John  Chandler  (born  New  London,  Connecticut,  1720), 
held  many  town  offices,  and  was  judge  of  probate;  a  Loyalist  who  died  in  London  in  1800.    II  3 
(M  F  M),  Mary  Church.    II  4,  Samuel  Bancroft  (born  1715),  is  referred  to  as  a  "wise  coun- 
selor and  an  able  speaker";  was  selectman  and  representative.    II  5,  Lydia  Parker,  born  1716. 

Half  Fraternity  of  M  F:  III  1,  John  Chandler  (born  1742),  was  a  successful  merchant 
who  in  later  life  became  melancholy  and  hanged  himself.  Ill  2,  Gardiner  Chandler,  born  and 
died  1743.  Ill  3,  Clark  Chandler  (1743-1804),  was  joint  register  of  probate  and  was  con- 
sidered odd.  Ill  4,  Dorothy  Chandler  (1745-1818).  Ill  5  (M  F),  Gardiner  Chandler  (born 
1749),  was  a  justice  of  the  peace;  a  Loyalist.  Ill  6  (M  M),  Elizabeth  Ruggles.  Fraternity  of  M  F: 
III  7,  Rufus  Chandler  (born  1747),  after  being  graduated  from  Harvard  College,  became  an 
influential  lawyer;  a  Loyalist.  Ill  8,  Nathaniel  Chandler  (born  1750),  also  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  and  became  a  lawyer.  As  a  Loyalist  he  commanded  a  volunteer  corps.  Ill  9,  William 
Chandler  (1752-1793),  was  graduated  at  Harvard;  a  Loyalist.  Ill  10,  Charles  Chandler  (born 
1755),  a  merchant.  Ill  11,  Samuel  Chandler  (1757-1813),  was  educated  at  Harvard;  a  manu- 
facturer; one  of  the  committee  to  confer  on  the  commercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  Ill  12, 
Sarah  (1758-1819),  Mary  (born  1759),  and  Elizabeth  (1722-1820)  Chandler.  Ill  13,  Benjamin 


and  Frances  Chandler,  drowned  at  an  early  age.  Ill  14,  Thomas  Chandler,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  and  became  a  merchant.  Ill  15,  Lucretia  Chandler  (1765-1839),  a  woman  of  great 
conversational  powers  and  ardent  social  feelings.  Ill  6,  Aaron  Bancroft  (born  1755),  a  pioneer 
Unitarian  preacher. 

Fraternity  of  F:  IV  I,  John  Blake.  IV  2,  George  Blake  (born  1769),  after  having  been 
graduated  at  Harvard  College,  took  a  high  place  in  legal  and  political  affairs.  He  was  United 
States  district  attorney  for  Massachusetts,  served  in  both  houses  of  the  State  legislature,  and 
was  the  first  Democratic  candidate  for  mayor  of  Boston.  IV  3,  Charles  Blake,  was  educated  at 
Harvard  Medical  School  and  became  a  surgeon  in  the  navy  and  later  in  the  army.  He  was 
wounded  on  board  the  Constitution.  IV  4,  Joshua  Blake.  IV  5  (F),  Francis  Blake,  was  gradu- 


46  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

ated  from  Harvard  College  in  1789.  He  rose  to  the  head  of  the  law  profession  in  Worcester  and 
became  a  member  of  the  State  senate:  he  died  in  1817.  IV  6  (M),  Elizabeth  Augusta  Chandler. 
IV  7  (Consort's  F),  James  Barren,  of  Virginia  (1769-1851),  came  of  well-known  naval  stock,  and 
became  a  sailor  in  his  youth.  He  was  in  command  of  the  Chesapeake  when  she  was  boarded 
by  officers  from  the  Leopard  (1807)  and  he  was  suspended  from  the  navy  for  five  years  for  setting 
out  for  sea  unprepared.  IV  9,  George  Bancroft  (born  1800),  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
navy  and  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis;  he  also  acted  aa 
secretary  of  war;  was  United  States  minister  to  England,  to  Prussia,  and  the  German  Empire. 
He  is  noted  as  a  historian.  IV  10,  Henry  Bancroft  (1787-1817),  was  an  East  Indian  captain 
and  was  in  command  of  one  of  Commodore  MacDonough's  ships  on  Lake  Champlain  in  1814. 
IV  11,  John  Bancroft  (1789-1821),  an  East  Indian  captain.  IV  13,  Thomas  Bancroft  (born 
1877),  was  a  seafaring  man.  IV  14,  Jane  Putnam  Bancroft  (1798-1839).  IV  15,  Donati  Gherardi, 
a  teacher  of  Italian  in  the  Round  Hill  School,  Northampton,  Massachusetts.  IV  16,  Charles 
Bancroft,  born  and  died  in  1805. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Francis  Arthur  Blake  (1796-1814),  was  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  College  (1814).  V  2,  Juliana  Blake.  V  3,  Charles  C.  Tucker.  V  4,  Joseph  Gardiner 
Blake  (born  1800).  V  5,  Charlotte  Caldwell  Blake  (born  1804).  V  6,  Rev.  Thomas  R.  Sulli- 
van. V  7,  Elizabeth  Blake  (1806-1810).  V  8,  Dorothea  Ward  Blake.  V  9,  Oliver  Hunter 
Blood.  V  10  (Propositus)  GEORGE  SMITH  BLAKE.  V  11  (consort),  Mary  Allen  Barren.  V  12, 
Bancroft  Gherardi  (born  1832),  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  rear  admiral  in  the  United  States  navy. 

VI  1,  Charles  Follen  Blood,  changed  his  name  to  C.  F.  Blake.  After  being  graduated 
from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1861,  he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant;  and,  in  1866, 
was  lieutenant  commander  on  the  Brooklyn.  Child  of  Propositus:  VI  3,  Francis  Barron  Blake 
(born  1837),  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1857,  and  in  1861  was 
appointed  a  lieutenant  on  board  the  frigate  Colorado.  He  helped  destroy  the  privateer  Judith, 
while  she  was  moored  at  Pensacola  under  the  guns  of  the  navy  yard.  Later  he  was  attached  to 
the  steamer  Kennebec  and  was  on  her  during  her  attempted  passage  of  Forts  St.  Philip  and  Jackson, 
April  24,  1862.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  commander  in  1863,  but  resigned  in  1870,  when 
he  became  a  banker.  VI  4,  Walter  Gherardi,  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  navy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BLAKE,  F.  1871.  Memoir  of  George  Smith  Blake.  Cambridge  University  Press.  25  pp. 
CHANDLER,  G.  1883.  The  Chandler  family.  Worcester:  C.  Hamilton,  vi  (2)  1315  pp. 
DWIGHT,  B.  1874.  The  History  of  the  Descendants  of  John  Dwight.  New  York:  J.  Trow  and 

Son.    2  vols.  in  1.     xxix  +  1144  pp. 
SOMERBT,  H.    1881.    Record  of  Blakes  of  Somersetshire,  especially  in  the  line  of  William  Blake 

of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts.    Boston:   Privately  printed;  64  pp. 
STURGIS,  MRS.  E.    1904.   Sketch  of  the  Chandler  Family  in  Worcester,  Massachusetts.   Worcester : 

Press  of  C.  Hamilton.     33  pp. 


BLAKE.  47 

7.   ROBERT  BLAKE. 

ROBERT  BLAKE  was  born  at  Bridgewater,  in  Somersetshire,  September  1599. 
He  was  well  educated  and  had  a  taste  for  literature.  He  entered  Oxford  at 
16  years  of  age,  was  assiduous  in  books,  lectures,  and  devotions,  and  liked  fishing 
and  shooting.  His  course  at  the  university  was  unpaired  by  his  reputation  for 
Puritan  leanings  and  by  his  short  stature,  against  which  one  of  the  officials  had 
a  prejudice.  At  27  his  father  died  and  Robert  abandoned  his  scholarly  ambitions 
to  pay  his  father's  debts.  Having  now  become  a  pronounced  Puritan,  Blake  ran 
for  Parliament  (1640),  and  when  war  broke  out  with  the  King's  party,  in  1642, 
he  served  with  the  parliamentary  forces  under  Sir  John  Horner.  He  resisted  Roy- 
alist forces  in  southwestern  England  and  reentered  Parliament  from  Taunton  in 
1645.  In  1649  he  was  appointed,  with  two  others,  to  the  command  of  the  fleet. 
He  fought  three  great  campaigns.  The  first  was  against  the  royalist  fleet  under 
Prince  Rupert.  This  fleet  had  entered  the  harbor  of  Kinsale,  Ireland,  and 
there  Blake  blockaded  it.  Reduced  to  desperation,  Rupert's  fleet  tried,  suc- 
cessfully, to  break  the  blockade,  and  Blake  followed  it  to  the  Tagus  river  and 
blockaded  it  there.  Since  the  King  of  Portugal  refused  Blake's  demand  for  per- 
mission to  attack  the  enemy,  Blake  fell  on  the  Portuguese  merchant  fleet  return- 
ing from  Brazil  and  captured  seven  ships  as  prizes,  burning  three.  Prince  Rupert's 
fleet,  denied  further  refuge  at  the  Tagus,  fled  to  the  Mediterranean,  and  here,  in 
1650,  near  Cartagena,  Blake  destroyed  the  greater  part  of  it. 

The  second  campaign  began  in  1652  with  the  declaration  of  war  against  the 
Dutch.  In  May  Tromp's  fleet  of  45  ships  met  Blake's  of  20  ships  off  Dover,  and 
the  Dutch,  having  lost  2  ships,  withdrew  at  night.  Blake  captured  a  large  part 
of  the  Dutch  fishing  fleet  and  drove  off  the  Dutch  fleet  under  De  Ruyter  and 
De  Witt.  Again  the  Dutch  fleet  appeared  under  Tromp,  and  this  tune  Blake  was 
defeated  and  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  Thames.  He  fought  against  the  Dutch 
fleet  twice  more,  driving  them  off. 

The  third  campaign  was  in  the  south,  against  the  Moors  and  the  Spanish. 
The  former  were  forced  to  cease  their  piratical  attacks  on  the  British,  and  when 
Tunis  resisted  its  two  fortresses  were  destroyed.  Learning  that  the  Plate  fleet 
of  Spain  lay  at  anchor  in  the  bay  of  Santa  Cruz,  Teneriffe,  Blake  proceeded  there 
and  reduced  the  castle  and  forts  and  burned  the  ships,  losing  only  one  of  his  own. 
The  Spaniards  declared  that  they  had  to  fight  against  devils  and  not  men.  At  this 
time  a  new  principle  was  established,  that  naval  vessels  might  be  effective  against 
castles  and  land  fortifications.  Blake  died  in  1657. 

Robert  Blake  was  simple  in  tastes  and  habits,  dignified  and  refined.  A  pure 
patriot,  frank,  generous,  sincere,  modest,  magnanimous.  He  was  blunt  in  speech 
and  had  a  sense  of  humor. 

Robert  Blake  was  one  of  a  famous  fraternity.  Humphrey,  born  in  1600, 
was  tried  for  nonconformity  and  fled  to  Carolina;  later,  he  was  in  Robert's  fleet, 
but  the  latter  felt  he  did  not  do  his  duty  at  Teneriffe  and  sent  him  home  in  dis- 
grace. William,  born  in  1603,  became  a  learned  man,  a  doctor  of  laws  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Padua.  George  became  a  goldsmith  and  banker.  Samuel  was  a  farmer, 
joined  with  his  brothers  in  the  English  Civil  War,  and  was  killed;  his  son 
Robert  served  in  his  uncle's  fleet.  Nicholas,  like  his  father  and  grandfather, 
engaged  in  Spanish  trade.  Benjamin  went  to  sea  and  became  captain  in  the  navy. 
Alexander  was  probably  farmer. 


48  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

The  father  of  this  fraternity  was  Humphrey  Blake,  who  was  a  merchant 
engaged  in  Spanish  trade.  He  used  to  go  to  sea  on  his  own  vessels  and  would 
eat  and  sleep  on  deck.  He  had  many  tales  to  tell  his  children  of  pirates.  Although 
once  rich,  he  lost  much  money  in  later  life.  His  father,  Robert  Blake,  was  also 
a  merchant  in  Spanish  trade.  He  was  thrice  magistrate  of  his  town  of  Bridgewater 
and  left  it  by  will  £240  for  the  poor  and  for  highways. 

In  Robert  Blake's  fraternity  some  individuals  are  characterized  by  great 
learning,  others  by  finance  and  thrift  and  mercantile  life,  others  by  domesticity, 
and  others  by  nomadism  and  love  of  the  sea.  Robert  was  a  scholar,  but  also  a 
reformer  and  a  fighter.  Certain  traits  of  refinement  and  dignity  doubtless  come 
from  the  paternal  side.  Lack  of  knowledge  about  the  maternal  side  prevents  us 
from  deriving  the  origin  of  other  traits. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  ROBERT  BLAKE. 

II  (F  F)  Robert  Blake,  a  merchant  in  the 
Spanish  trade,  and  thrice  chief  magistrate  of 
Bridgewater.  I  2  (F  M),  Margaret  Symonds.  I  3 
(M  F),  Humphrey  Williams,  master  of  Plainfield, 
Somersetshire.  fl 

II  1  (F),  Humphrey  Blake,  a  merchant  in  ^^_^ 

the  Spanish  trade,  who  manned  his  own  ships  in  [i   |a    |s      4  Is  'je   I T  J3    1 9   UP JA* 

the  Moorish  pirate  days.  II  2  (M),  Sara  Williams,      ffl     H  D  D]O  3  B  S  1 1  LJ  ©Jl 
an  heiress. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:   III  1,  Humphrey 
Blake,  at  one  time  captain  of  a  ship-of-war;   non-     IV 
conformist.    Ill  2,  William  Blake,  a  learned  man. 

Ill  3,  George  Blake,  a  banker.  Ill  5,  Samuel  Blake,  a  farmer  and  fighter.  Ill  6,  Nicholas 
Blake,  in  the  Spanish  trade.  Ill  7,  Edward,  Benjamin,  and  John  Blake.  Ill  8,  Benjamin 
Blake,  a  captain  in  the  navy.  Ill  9,  Alexander  Blake.  Ill  11  (Propositus),  ROBERT  BLAKE. 

IV  1,  Benjamin  Blake,  who  had  a  taste  for  letters. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
DIXON,  H.    1852.    Robert  Blake,  Admiral  and  General  at  Sea.    London:  Chapman  and  Hall. 


BRENTON.  49 

8.   JAHLEEL  BRENTON. 

JAHLEEL  BRENTON  was  born  August  22, 1770,  in  Rhode  Island.  He  removed 
to  England  with  his  Loyalist  father  in  1780.  In  1781  he  embarked  as  midshipman 
in  the  armed  Queen,  of  which  his  father  was  then  commander,  and  in  1783-1785 
he  spent  two  years  in  a  maritime  school  at  Chelsea.  In  March  1790  he  passed 
his  examination  for  lieutenant  and,  seeing  no  chance  for  active  service  in  England, 
enlisted  in  the  Swedish  navy  against  the  Russians  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  return- 
ing to  England  in  November  of  the  same  year.  During  the  next  ten  years  he  won 
distinction  in  minor  actions.  His  most  brilliant  success  was  fought  with  a  flotilla 
of  Franco-Neapolitan  vessels  outside  of  Naples  in  May  1801.  Here  he  was  severely 
wounded.  Thenceforth,  unable  to  bear  sea  service,  he  did  shore  service  and  took 
an  active  part  in  philanthropic  work  in  association  with  his  brother,  Captain 
Edward  P.  Brenton,  a  writer  on  naval  and  military  history. 

Thalassophilia  is  a  family  trait.  The  propositus  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of 
11  years.  His  two  brothers  and  their  father  were  all  naval  officers,  respectively 
lieutenant  at  the  time  when  killed  in  action,  captain,  and  rear  admiral  in  the 
British  navy.  Jahleel's  son  Jervis  "from  his  infancy  expressed  a  wish  to  follow  " 
his  father's  profession  "and  had  appeared  confirmed  in  the  resolution";  he  went 
to  sea  with  his  father  at  the  age  of  11  years;  but  this  son  died  at  16  years.  The 
propositus,  after  being  wounded,  explored  (in  1817)  the  country  to  the  north  of 
the  Knyzna,  in  South  Africa. 

Brenton  was  a  good  administrator.  With  his  brother  Edward  he  organized 
a  reformatory  for  juvenile  delinquents.  Their  great-great-grandfather,  William 
Brenton,  was  governor  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  (1666-1669). 
William  Brenton's  sons  held  important  positions  in  the  colony. 

There  is  evidently  conservatism  rather  than  radicalism;  calmness  under  dis- 
appointment; capacity  for  enduring  hardships;  firmness  and  self-reliance.  "His 
taste  so  refined,  his  manners  so  gentle,  his  kindness  so  constant,  that  much  of  what 
the  world  calls  goodness  seemed  to  grow  up  in  him  spontaneously  and  cost  him 
nothing.  He  was  amiable  without  an  effort,  benevolent  without  reflection,  and 
habitually  thinking  more  of  others  than  himself."  Such  a  man  would  naturally 
take  an  interest  in  reforms.  Probably  it  was  this  same  conservatism  which  was  in 
his  father  and  led  him  to  refuse  the  proffers  of  high  rank  in  the  colonial  navy  and 
to  abandon  his  property  in  America  rather  than  his  allegiance  to  his  king. 

It  appears  that  Jahleel  was  an  artist  also,  and  as  a  youth  seriously  con- 
sidered becoming  a  painter,  especially  of  landscapes,  for  scenery  always  awakened 
an  esthetic  sense  in  him. 

FAMILY  HISTOBY  OF  SIR  JAHLEEL  BRENTON. 

II  (F  F  F  F),  William  Brenton,  settled  as  a  merchant  in  Boston  in  1634,  and  was  the 
following  year  chosen  a  deputy  of  the  general  court.  Later  he  removed  to  Rhode  Island,  of 
which  colony  he  was,  in  1667-1668,  governor.  He  died  in  1674.  I  2  (F  F  F  M),  Mary  Burton. 
13  (F  M  F  F),  John  Cranston,  born  in  England  about  1620,  came  to  Rhode  Island  and  was 
appointed  major  and  given  command  of  the  militia  during  King  Philip's  war.  He  served  as 
deputy  governor  and,  in  1678,  was  elected  governor,  serving  till  his  death  in  1680.  I  4  (F  M  F  M), 
Mary  Clarke.  I  5,  Walter  Clarke  (1640-1714),  was  colonial  governor  of  Rhode  Island  in  1676- 
1677,  1686,  1696-1698,  and  frequently  acted  as  deputy  governor. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F:  II  1,  Sarah  Brenton.  II  2,  Joseph  Eliot  (see  Foote  family).  II  3, 
Ebenezer  Brenton.  II  4,  Jahleel  Brenton,  collector,  surveyor,  and  searcher  of  the  customs 
within  the  colonies  of  New  England.  II  6  (F  F  F),  William  Brenton.  II  7  (F  F  M),  Martha 


50 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


Church.  II  8  (F  M  F),  Samuel  Cranston  (1659-1727),  after  his  marriage  went  to  sea  and  was 
captured  by  pirates.  He  held  the  military  office  of  major  for  the  islands  of  the  colony  and  in 
1698  succeeded  his  uncle  as  governor,  remaining  in  office  till  his  death.  With  him  "the  Quaker 
regime  went  out  and  that  of  'the  world'  came  in." 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  III  1,  Ebenezer  and  Benjamin  Brenton.  Ill  2  (F  F),  Jahleel  Brenton. 
Ill  3  (F  M),  Frances  Cranston.  Ill  4  (M  F),  Joseph  Cowley,  formerly  of  England.  Ill  5 
(MM),  Penelope  Pelham. 

IV  3  (F),  Jahleel  Brenton  (1729-1802),  very  early  in  life  entered  the  navy,  and  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  although  he  was  but  a  lieutenant,  he  was  offered  the  highest  naval 
rank  that  the  Congress  could  give.  But  he  left  Rhode  Island  secretly  and  joined  his  majesty's 
forces,  rising  to  the  rank  of  admiral.  IV  4  (M),  Henrietta  Cowley.  IV  5,  James  Brenton  (a  rela- 
tive), a  judge  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 


Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  3,  Edward  Pelham  Brenton  (1774-1839),  followed  the  sea 
and  held  the  rank  of  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy.  In  later  years  he  was  much  interested  in 
establishing  a  reformatory  for  juvenile  delinquents;  he  was  author  of  a  naval  history  of  Great 
Britain.  V  4,  James  Wallis  Brenton,  was  in  the  British  navy  and  was  killed  in  action  when 
first  lieutenant  of  H.  M.  S.  Petrel,  in  command  of  a  boat  expedition  in  chase  of  an  enemy's  vessel 
near  Barcelona.  V  5  (first  consort),  Isabella  Stewart,  of  Annapolis,  Maryland  (1771-1817). 
V  6  (Propositus}  SIR  JAHLEEL  BRENTON.  V  7  (second  consort),  Harriet  Brenton. 

Children  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  John  Jervis  Brenton  (1803-1817),  accompanied  his  father 
upon  a  voyage  in  1812  as  "he  had  from  infancy  expressed  a  wish  to  follow  his  father's  profes- 
sion." VI  2,  Isabella  Brenton,  born  1806.  VI  3,  Sir  Launcelot  Charles  Lee  Brenton  (born  1808), 
was  a  landsman;  he  had  no  artistic  taste;  was  a  nonconformist,  a  scholar,  and  a  critic.  He 
edited  his  father's  "Life."  VI  4,  Harriet  Mary  Brenton,  born  1823. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

RAIKES,  H.    1860.    Memoir  of  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Jahleel  Brenton.    Ed.  by  C.  Brenton.    London: 

Longman  and  Co.     cxxxv  +  521  pp. 
BRENTON,  E.  P.    1825.    The  Naval  History  of  Great  Britain.    London:  C.  Rice.    5  vols. 


BROWN.  51 

9.  MOSES  BROWN. 

MOSES  BROWN  was  born  at  Salisbury,  Massachusetts,  January  23,  1742. 
He  received  a  limited  education  and  at  15  years  of  age  was  apprenticed  to 
Captain  William  Coffin,  of  a  merchant  vessel.  Thereafter  his  life  was,  he  says, 
"a  single,  continuous,  uninterrupted  voyage."  In  his  second  year  at  sea  Captain 
Coffin  intrusted  him  to  sell  Coffin's  schooner  Sea  Flower  in  the  West  Indies,  and  the 
next  year  the  Sea  Nymph  at  St.  Christopher's.  During  1761,  in  the  schooner 
Phoebe,  he  fought  two  French  privateers  and  was  shot  in  the  arm.  He  continued 
his  mercantile  voyages  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  when,  being 
found  in  Venice,  he  made  a  pretended  sale  of  his  ship,  loaded  her  with  currants 
for  London,  and  sold  her  there  for  £800.  Sailing  for  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  he 
made  his  way  eventually  to  Philadelphia  and  overland  to  New  York,  where  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  navy.  He  sailed  for  the  West  Indies  in  April  1777,  in 
command  of  the  brig  Hannah,  but  he  was  captured  by  the  British  and  put  in  a 
prison-ship  in  Rhode  Island.  After  being  exchanged,  he  was  given  command  (in 
August  1777)  of  the  cruiser  General  Arnold.  He  had  various  adventures.  His 
crew  conspired  to  kill  him  and  take  the  ship  to  Halifax,  but  failed.  In  trying  out 
the  guns  one  burst  and  killed  and  injured  several  men.  He  fought  against  the  British 
ship  Gregson,  of  double  his  strength.  The  English  lost  18  men  in  the  battle,  but 
the  ship  got  away.  On  May  20  the  English  privateer  Nanny  was  sunk  by  him 
and  her  captain  sent  to  Cadiz,  while  Brown  escaped  in  sight  of  eight  British  ships- 
of-the-line  and  frigates.  Next  he  captured  the  George,  but  she  was  recaptured  by 
the  British,  and  a  little  later  the  General  Arnold  was  captured  by  the  English  ship 
Experiment,  50. guns,  and  Captain  Brown  was  placed  aboard  a  prison-ship  at 
Savannah,  Georgia,  from  which  he  was  exchanged  in  November.  From  1780 
to  1783  he  commanded  the  privateer  Intrepid  and  was  instructed  to  bring  dry  goods 
from  France,  which  he  did.  For  the  following  fifteen  years  he  was  captain  of 
various  merchant  craft.  Owing  to  an  extension  of  privateering,  a  national  navy 
was  established,  and  when  the  merchants  of  Newburyport  built  the  Merrimac  for 
the  government,  Captain  Brown  was  placed  in  command  of  her  and  during  the 
next  three  years  captured  four  French  vessels.  Upon  his  inauguration  Jefferson 
disposed  of  nearly  half  of  the  vessels  of  the  navy,  including  the  Merrimac,  and 
Brown  returned  to  merchant  ships.  He  died  of  apoplexy  at  sea  in  1804. 

Brown  was  first  of  all  a  born  sailor  —  a  lover  of  the  sea  and  doubtless  a 
nomad.  He  was  47  years  at  sea  and  made  65  voyages,  some  of  them  two  years  long. 
He  married  Sarah  Coffin,  of  Newburyport,  doubtless  of  maritime  stock,  and  his 
sons  William  and  Joseph  both  made  sea  voyages.  His  son  Moses  (like  William) 
was  lost  at  sea. 

Brown  was  a  brave  fighter,  like  his  father  who  was  in  the  French  War.  His 
courage  is  evinced  in  the  anecdote  that  while  a  prisoner  on  the  English  ship  Experi- 
ment he  toasted  George  Washington.  He  was  quietly  religious  like  his  mother 
(Dorothy  Pike),  was  fond  of  children  and  enjoyed  telling  stories  to  them.  He 
was  known  to  his  crew  as  "Gentleman  Brown";  he  maintained  good  discipline 
and  had  a  good  feeling  for  his  crew;  was  averse  to  flogging  and  kept  his  ship 
neat  and  his  men  temperate. 


52  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  MOSES  BROWN. 

I  1  (F  F),  Edward  Brown,  died  in  1737,  aged  57.    I  2  (F  M),  Sarah,  died  in  1737,  aged 
60  years.     I  3  (M  F),  Timothy  Pike,  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts. 

II  1  (F),  Edward  Brown  (1707-1775),  followed  the  trade  of  cooper  in  Salisbury;   later  he 
was  deputy  sheriff  and  had  care  of  the  prison  in  Newbury.    During  the  French  War  he  was  a 
captain.     II  2  (M),  Dorothy  Pike  (1710-1790). 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  Sarah  Brown  (1732-1817),  was  a  pleasant,  kind,  amiable, 
and  religious  woman.  Ill  2,  Dorothy  Brown  (1733-1770).  Ill  3,  Susanna  Brown  (1735-1805), 
had  a  taste  for  reading;  was  of  kindly  disposition  but  somewhat  depressed  before  her  death. 
Ill  4,  Edward  Brown  (1737-1815),  followed  the  sea  as  a  cooper  from  early  life.  In  the  old 
French  War  he  was  made  a  prisoner  and  confined  on  a  prison-ship  in  the  West  Indies.  From  the 
age  of  20  he  suffered  from  a  sort  of  chorea.  He  also  exhibited  marked  phobias  and  was  very 
punctilious  as  to  certain  trivial  or  senseless  performances.  He  was  regarded  as  "bewitched." 
Ill  5,  Esther  Brown  (1740-1824).  Ill  6,  Elizabeth  Brown  (1743-1791),  a  nurse.  Ill  7,  Mary 
Brown  (1745-1746).  Ill  8,  Anne  Greenough,  died  1774.  Ill  9,  Nicholas  Brown  (1747-1819). 
Ill  10,  Lucy  Lamprey  (born  1760).  Ill  11,  Mary  Brown  (1750-1834).  Ill  12  (Propositus) 
MOSES  BROWN.  Ill  13  (consort),  Sarah  Coffin,  of  Newburyport. 


I 

n 

in 


IV* 

IV  1,  Edward  Brown  (1771-1819),  was  a  cooper  and  employed  in  the  West  India  trade. 
Later  he  was  a  ferryman;  then,  inspector  of  provisions.  IV  2,  Ann  Greenough  Brown  (born 
1773).  IV  3,  Moses  Brown,  born  1778  and  lost  at  sea,  1818.  IV  4,  Anne  Brown,  born  1782. 
IV  5,  Alexander  McCulloch,  a  sailing-master  of  the  United  States  navy.  IV  6,  Abigail  Brown 
(born  1788).  IV  7,  Eliphalet  Woodbury,  a  seaman.  IV  8,  Nathan  Brown  (born  1795),  a  ship- 
master. IV  9,  Lucy  Brown,  born  1792.  IV  10,  Lawrence  Brown  (1790-1824),  a  shipmaster  who 
died  at  sea.  IV  11,  Ruth  Brown  (1799-1807).  IV  12,  Dorothy  Brown,  born  1797.  IV  13,  John 
Brown  (1802-1825),  a  shipmaster,  lost  at  sea.  IV  14,  Nicholas  Brown  (born  1784),  a  shipmaster. 
Children  of  Propositus:  IV  15,  William  Brown,  became  a  shipmaster  and  was  lost  at  sea  in  1799. 
IV  16,  Moses  Brown,  a  shipmaster  who  was  drowned  in  1797.  IV  17,  Joseph  Brown  (born 
1774),  went  on  his  first  voyage  as  a  cooper,  sailing  with  his  father  to  South  America  in  1794. 
IV  18,  James  Brown.  IV  19,  Sarah  Brown.  IV  20,  David  Reed. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MACLAY,  E.  S.    1904.    Moses  Brown,  captain  United  States  navy.    New  York:  The  Baker  and 

Taylor  Co.    220  pp. 
TENNEY,  S.     1913.     Genealogical  Data  concerning  the  family  of  Captain  Edward  Brown  of 

Newbury,  Massachusetts.     Millis,  Massachusetts:  W.  Tenney.     3  pp. 


BUCHANAN.  53 

10.   FRANKLIN  BUCHANAN. 

FRANKLIN  BUCHANAN  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Maryland,  September  17, 
1800.  He  was  appointed  midshipman  in  the  navy  January  1815,  lieutenant  in 
1825,  and  master  commandant  in  1841.  He  organized  and  was  the  first  super- 
intendent of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  serving  until  1847 ;  he  participated 
in  the  capture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  commanded  the  Susquehanna,  flagship  of  Perry's 
fleet,  on  the  expedition  to  Japan.  Made  captain  in  1855,  he  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  the  navy  yard  at  Washington  in  1859.  In  April  1861,  believing  that 
Maryland  was  about  to  secede,  he  resigned,  but  when  he  found  that  the  State 
was  to  remain  in  the  Union  he  desired  to  withdraw  his  resignation,  but  was  not 
reinstated.  So,  in  September  1861,  he  entered  the  Confederate  navy  as  captain. 
He  superintended  the  construction  of  the  ram  Merrimac  and  commanded  her  in 
her  destructive  work  in  Hampton  Roads,  but,  as  he  was  wounded,  he  could  not 
command  her  against  the  Monitor,  a  few  days  later.  In  1863  he  was  given 
command  of  the  naval  defenses  of  Mobile  and  built  the  ram  Tennessee.  He  com- 
manded her  against  Farragut's  fleet,  August  5,  1864,  was  compelled  to  surrender 
and  was  taken  prisoner.  After  the  war  he  was  president  of  the  Maryland  Agri- 
cultural College  and  agent  for  a  life-insurance  company.  He  died  in  1874. 

Of  his  fraternity  there  is  McKean  Buchanan,  who,  after  two  years  at  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  went  into  mercantile  life,  became  a  warrant  clerk 
in  the  Navy  Department,  and  in  1826  was  commissioned  purser  (later  paymaster) 
in  the  navy.  He  was  in  the  first  American  man-of-war  that  cruised  around  the 
world;  seven  times  he  rounded  Cape  Horn  and  once  went  around  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  He  gained  the  rank  of  commodore.  He  was  very  agreeable,  prompt, 
accurate,  and  responsible.  Another  brother,  George,  was  a  farmer  all  his  life; 
he  married  Sarah  G.  Miles,  daughter  of  Evan  Miles,  and  both  of  their  sons,  who 
grew  up,  were  killed  in  action  during  the  Civil  War;  one  as  captain  in  the  army 
and  one  as  a  lieutenant  commander  on  the  Mississippi.  A  sister,  Mary  Ann,  born 
in  1792,  married  Edward  J.  Coale,  in  the  diplomatic  service,  and  one  of  their 
sons  was  assistant  surgeon  in  the  navy. 

Franklin  Buchanan  married  Ann  Lloyd,  daughter  of  Governor  Edward 
Lloyd  of  Maryland,  a  gentleman  of  wealth.  Buchanan's  only  son,  Franklin 
(born  in  1827),  was  the  largest  rice-broker  in  Savannah.  The  latter's  sister,  Eliza- 
beth, had  a  son,  Franklin  Buchanan  Sullivan,  born  in  1871,  who  was  appointed  a 
naval  cadet  at  large  and  was  the  youngest  member  of  his  class  at  Annapolis,  being 
under  15  years  of  age  on  admission. 

Franklin  Buchanan's  father  was  George  Buchanan,  a  physician,  whose  father 
was  a  brigadier  general  of  the  Maryland  troops.  Franklin's  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  Thomas  McKean,  one  of  the  original  revolutionists  of  Delaware,  who, 
with  two  others,  drew  up  the  address  to  the  House  of  Commons  and  boldly 
denounced  the  chairman  when  he  refused  to  sign  it.  He  was  active  on  commit- 
tees, promoted  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  signed  it.  Then  he  led  a 
force,  of  which  he  was  colonel,  to  General  Washington  at  Perth  Amboy,  New 
Jersey,  and  took  part  in  several  skirmishes.  Returning,  he  framed  a  constitution 
for  Delaware  in  a  single  night  and  under  it  became  president  of  the  State  in  1777. 
From  1777  to  1799  he  was  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania  and  from  1799  to  1808 
was  governor  of  that  State.  He  died  in  1817.  Letitia  McKean's  mother's  father, 
Joseph  Borden  (born  in  1719),  was  not  less  notable.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
first  revolutionary  convention  that  met  at  New  Brunswick,  July  1774,  and  was 
active  in  the  inner  circles  until  war  broke  out,  when  he  became  a  colonel  of  the 


54 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


Burlington  militia  and  fought  in  most  of  the  battles  on  New  Jersey  soil.  His  son 
Joseph  was  a  gallant  cavalryman  and  quartermaster  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Another  daughter  of  Thomas  McKean  (besides  Letitia)  was  Anne,  who  married 
Andrew  Buchanan,  brother  of  Franklin  Buchanan's  father.  They  had  a  son, 
Thomas  McKean  Buchanan,  who  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy  in  1827.  He 
had  a  sister,  Anne,  who  married  Colonel  Richard  Wade  and  had  a  son,  Robert 
Buchanan  Wade,  a  captain  in  the  United  States  army  and  professor  of  military 
science  in  Missouri  State  College.  A  son  of  Thomas  McKean,  the  signer,  was 
Joseph  Borden  McKean,  who  became  an  associate  judge  of  the  district  court  of 
Philadelphia,  and  had  a  son,  William  Wister  McKean,  who  became  a  commodore 
in  command  of  a  part  of  the  Gulf  Squadron. 

Thus  Franklin  Buchanan's  family  abounded  in  administrative,  legislative, 
and  fighting  capacities,  and  in  an  attachment  to  the  sea. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  FRANKLIN  BUCHANAN. 

II  (F  F  F)  George  Buchanan,  born  in  Scotland  about  1680;  in  1723  came  to  Maryland, 
where  he  practiced  medicine.  In  1729  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  lay  out  the  city  of 
Baltimore;  in  1749  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  general  assembly  of  Maryland.  12  (F  F  M), 
Eleanor  Rogers,  daughter  of  Nicholas  Rogers.  I  3  (M  M  F),  Joseph  Borden  (1719-1791),  in  1765 


assumed  entire  control  of  the  stage  and  boat  line  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  and,  in  February  1775,  one  of  the  committee  of 
observation;  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress  that  met  in  Trenton;  one  of  the  committee  of 
safety;  was  also  a  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas.  He  was  a  colonel  of  the  First  regiment 
of  Burlington  (New  Jersey)  militia  and  in  1776  was  appointed  quartermaster.  I  4  (M  M  M), 
Elizabeth  Watson  (died  1807,  aged  81  years),  was  the  daughter  of  Marmaduke  Watson. 

II  1  (F  F),  Andrew  Buchanan  (1734-1786),  a  justice,  became,  in  1776,  brigadier  general  of 
the  Maryland  state  troops.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  in  1774 
and  of  the  committee  of  observation  in  1775.  II  2  (F  M),  Susan  Lawson.  II  3  (M  F),  Thomas 
McKean,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  was  born  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1734.  He  be- 
came speaker  of  the  general  assembly  of  Delaware.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress 
of  1765  and  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress  from  1774  to  1783,  and  signed  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  II  4,  Mary  Borden.  Fraternity  of  M  M:  II  5,  Joseph  Borden  (1755-1788) 
was  an  ardent  patriot  who  raised  and  commanded  the  Burlington  (New  Jersey)  troop  of  light 
horse;  he  was  also  quartermaster  of  the  militia.  II  6,  Ann  Borden.  II  7,  Francis  Hopkinson 
(1737-1791),  a  well-known  statesman  and  jurist  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
and  was  judge  of  the  admiralty  for  Pennsylvania. 

UI  1  (consort's  F),  Edward  Lloyd  (1779-1834),  governor  of  Maryland.  Ill  2  (consort's  M), 
Sallie  Scott  Murray.  Ill  3  (M),  Letitia  McKean  (1769-1845).  Ill  4  (F),  George  Buchanan 
(1763-1808),  took  his  medical  degree  in  Philadelphia  and  practiced.  Fraternity  of  F:  III  5, 
Andrew  Buchanan.  Fraternity  of  M :  III  6,  Anne  McKean  (born  in  1773).  Ill  7,  Robert  McKean 


BUCHANAN.  55 

(born  1766),  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia.  Ill  8,  Elizabeth  McKean  (born  1767).  Ill  9,  Mary 
McKean  (born  and  died  1781).  Ill  10,  Joseph  Borden  McKean  (1764-1845),  a  judge.  Ill  11, 
Hannah  Miles.  Ill  12,  Joseph  Hopkinson  (1770-1842),  a  prominent  jurist  of  Philadelphia  who 
is  better  remembered  as  the  author  of  "  Hail  Columbia."  Ill  13,  Emily  Miffiin,  of  Philadelphia. 

IV  1  (consort),  Ann  Lloyd.  IV  2  (Propositus),  FRANKLIN  BUCHANAN.  Fraternity  of 
Propositus:  IV  3,  Susanna  Buchanan  (1790-1795).  IV  4,  Thomas  (born  1791)  and  Andrew 
Buchanan  (1794-1796).  IV  5,  Rebecca  Susan  Buchanan  (born  1793).  IV  6,  Mary  Ann  Bu- 
chanan (1792-1866).  IV  7,  Edward  J.  Coale,  a  lawyer  who  became  consular  agent  of  Russia  for 
Maryland  and  vice  consul  of  Brazil.  IV  8,  George  Buchanan  (born  at  Baltimore,  1796),  after 
being  graduated  from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  turned  to  agricultural  pursuits.  IV  9, 
Sarah  G.  Miles  (1806-1844),  daughter  of  Evan  Miles.  IV  10,  McKean  Buchanan  (1798-1871), 
became  pay  director  of  the  navy  of  the  United  States,  with  the  rank  of  commodore.  IV  11, 
F.  Selina  Roberdeau.  IV  12,  Susan  (born  1798)  and  Mary  Buchanan  (born  1800).  IV  13, 
Thomas  McKean  Buchanan  (born  1802),  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy 
in  1818  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  1827;  died  unmarried.  IV  14,  Anne  McKean  Buchanan 
(born  1803).  IV  15,  Colonel  Richard  Wade,  United  States  army.  IV  16,  Mary  (born  1787), 
Catherine  (born  1788),  Elizabeth  (born  1794),  Ann  (1796-1800),  Letitia  (1798-1800),  Letitia 
(born  1802),  Caroline  (born  1805),  and  Adeline  McKean  (born  1809).  IV  17,  Thomas  McKean 
(1791-1792).  IV  18,  Samuel  McKean  (born  1789),  after  being  graduated  from  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  became  a  clerk  in  the  treasury  department.  IV  19,  Joseph  McKean  (born 
1792),  a  lawyer.  IV  20,  William  Wister  McKean  (1800-1865),  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in 
1814;  in  1821-1822  he  was  in  command  of  the  schooner  Alligator  in  Porter's  squadron  and  was 
active  in  suppressing  piracy  in  the  West  Indies.  In  1861  he  had  command  of  the  Gulf  squadron 
as  flag  officer.  As  commodore  he  was  placed  on  the  retired  list  in  1862.  IV  21,  Davis  Rosa 
Clark,  born  1806.  IV  22,  Thomas  Mifflin,  Francis  (died  1870),  George,  James,  and  Joseph 
Hopkinson.  IV  23,  James  and  John  Joseph  Hopkinson.  IV  24,  Elizabeth  and  Emily  Hopkin- 
eon.  IV  25,  Alexander  Hamilton  Hopkinson,  entered  the  United  States  navy  and  died  in 
1827  in  the  Mediterranean.  IV  26,  Oliver  Hopkinson,  was  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  First 
Regiment  Infantry,  Delaware  Volunteers,  in  the  Civil  War.  IV  27,  Edward  C.  Hopkinson,  a 
midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy,  was  killed  when  17  years  of  age. 

Children  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Sally  Lloyd  (born  1835),  Letitia  (born  1837),  Alice  L.  (born 
1839),  Rosa  (born  1840),  and  Ellen  (born  1841)  Buchanan.  V  2,  Nannie  Buchanan  (born  1841). 
V  3,  Lieut.  Julius  Meiere,  of  the  United  States  Marine  Corps.  V  4,  Elizabeth  Buchanan  (born 
1845).  V  5,  Felix  R.  Sullivan,  an  insurance  agent.  V  6,  Franklin  Buchanan  (born  1847),  was 
the  largest  rice  broker  in  Savannah.  V  9,  William  E.  Coale,  became  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the 
navy  in  1837.  V  10,  Evan  Miles  Buchanan  (1834-1864),  was  educated  as  a  civil  engineer.  In 
1860  he  accepted  the  position  of  captain's  clerk  offered  him  by  his  relative,  Commodore  McKean. 
On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  military  secretary  to  General  McClellan.  He  was 
captain  and  commissary  of  subsistence,  United  States  army,  in  March  1862,  and  then  chief  com- 
missary of  Third  Division,  Third  Army  Corps.  In  1864  he  was  captured  by  guerillas  and  shot. 
V  11,  Letitia  (born  1835)  and  Mary  (born  1844)  Buchanan.  V  12,  Thomas  McKean  Buchanan 
(1837-1863),  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1855;  rose  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  commander  in  the  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  was  killed  in  action.  V  13, 
George  (1839-1859)  and  John  Buchanan  (1841-1842).  V  14,  Roberdeau  Buchanan  (born  1839), 
mathematician  at  the  Nautical  Almanac  Office,  United  States  Naval  Observatory;  a  genealogist. 
V  15,  Robert  Buchanan  Wade  (born  1844),  was  appointed  a  cadet  in  July  1861  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  captain.  He  became  professor  of  military  science  in  Missouri  State  College,  Columbia, 
Missouri.  V  16,  Mary  and  Elizabeth  McKean.  V  17,  Joseph  Borden  McKean  (born  1827), 
a  farmer  in  Virginia.  V  18,  Franklin  Buchanan  McKean  (1830-1853),  entered  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman  in  September  1845,  but  resigned,  May  1847.  V  19,  Caroline,  Elizabeth  (born 
1836),  Catherine,  Mary  (born  1843),  Rosa,  and  Adeline  McKean.  V  20,  William  Buchanan 
McKean  (born  1840),  was  commissioned  in  the  United  States  Marine  Corps  in  1861  and  was 
promoted  to  captain  in  1869.  V  21,  Samuel  McKean,  a  farmer. 

Children  of  children  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  Franklin  Buchanan  Sullivan  (born  1871).  VI  2, 
Mary  and  Nannie  Sullivan.  VI  3,  Felix  Sullivan  (born  1874). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

McKEAN,  C.    1902.    McKean  Genealogies.    Des  Moines:  Kenyon  Printing  &  Mfg.  Co.    213  pp. 
SCHARF,  J.     1874.    The  Chronicles  of  Baltimore.    Baltimore:  Turnbull  Bros.    viii  +  756pp. 
WOODWARD,  E.,  and  J.  HAOEMAN.    1883.    History  of  Burlington  and  Mercer  Counties,  New 
Jersey.    Philadelphia:  Everts  and  Peck.    888  pp. 


56  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

11.   THOMAS  COCHRANE. 

THOMAS  COCHRANE  (tenth  Earl  of  Dundonald)  was  born  at  Annsfield,  in 
Lanarkshire,  December  14,  1775.  Provided  with  a  commission,  he  entered  the 
infantry  service,  although  he  had  been  put  on  the  books  of  a  man-of-war  while 
still  a  boy.  He  disliked  military  life  and  in  1793  went  to  sea  in  the  ship  of  which 
his  father's  brother  was  captain.  He  became  a  lieutenant  in  1796  and  was  court- 
martialed  on  account  of  a  quarrel  with  a  superior  officer.  Placed  in  command  of 
a  brig  in  1800,  "he  gained  a  great  and  deserved  reputation  as  a  daring  and  skillful 
officer."  He  captured  a  Spanish  frigate  in  1801,  by  an  act  of  unparalleled  audacity. 
Having  secured  an  election  to  Parliament,  "he  soon  made  his  mark  as  a  radical 
and  as  a  denouncer  of  naval  abuses."  Engaged  in  an  attack  on  the  French  squad- 
ron, April  1809,  under  Lord  Gambier,  his  own  work  was  brilliant,  but  he  brought 
on  a  court-martial  of  the  admiral  which  led  to  nothing  but  his  own  discomfiture. 
Meanwhile,  he  plunged  into  politics  and  speculations  on  the  stock  exchange  and 
was  dragged  down  by  the  peculations  of  an  uncle  and  imprisoned.  In  1817,  on 
the  invitation  of  the  Chilean  government,  he  commanded  its  naval  forces  against 
Spain  and  captured  a  Spanish  frigate  by  an  act  of  daring.  In  1823  he  helped 
Brazil  in  similar  fashion  to  independence,  but  by  1825  he  had  fallen  out  with  the 
Brazilians  and  returned  to  Europe.  He  then  helped  the  Greeks  for  a  time  in  their 
struggles  with  the  Turks.  Except  for  a  command  of  three  years  at  North  American 
and  West  Indian  stations  (1848  to  1851)  and  certain  relations  with  the  Crimean 
War,  he  spent  the  last  twenty-five  years  of  his  life  in  experiments  and  invention. 
He  took  out  patents  for  lamps  to  burn  oil  of  tar  (his  father  was  a  pioneer  inventor 
in  the  field  of  illuminating  gas),  for  the  propulsion  of  ships  at  sea,  for  facilitating 
excavation,  mining,  and  sinking,  and  for  rotary  steam-engines.  By  1843  he  was 
advocating  the  use  of  steam  and  the  screw  propeller  in  warships.  He  died  in 
October  1860,  and  was  buried  in  Westminister  Abbey. 

Lord  Dundonald  was  a  hyperkinetic.  He  possessed  abnormal  restlessness, 
insatiable  energy,  and  "a  passionate  though  unconscious  egotism."  He  was 
always  self-assertive,  frequently  insolent  to  his  superiors,  daring  as  a  naval  officer, 
"saturated  with  the  sense  of  his  superiority,  impatient  of  all  control."  "Never 
was  a  man  more  emphatically  a  man  of  action.  Action  was  the  breath  of  his 
nostrils.  Give  him  an  enemy  to  overcome  and  he  was  in  his  element;  force  him 
to  concentrate  his  whole  activity  on  that  enemy  and  he  was  safe."  "His  whole 
life  was  made  up  of  a  series  of  quarrels."  "To  his  combative  nature,  rejoicing  in 
its  strength,  a  new  enemy  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  unwelcome." 

This  hyperkinesis  is  also  shown  in  his  father,  who  entered  the  army  at  the 
age  of  16,  but  turned  to  the  navy  and  became  acting  lieutenant.  Ever  restless, 
he  left  the  navy  and  turned  to  physical  and  chemical  experimentation,  but  in  this 
he  showed  lack  of  balance.  He  established  manufactories  where  the  result  of  his 
researches  could  be  practically  applied,  but,  as  these  failed  to  bring  a  return,  he 
plunged  deeper  and  deeper  into  his  manufacturing  speculations.  This  father 
had  a  brother  who  was  a  colonel  in  the  army,  but  threw  up  the  service  in  disgust 
and  became  a  member  of  Parliament.  The  father's  father  and  father's  father's 
father  of  the  propositus  were  military  men,  but  details  as  to  their  temperament 
and  that  of  their  consorts  are  lacking.  One  generation  further  back  is  John 
Cochrane,  who  was  implicated  in  the  Rye  House  plot  in  1683,  and  was  compelled 
to  flee  for  his  life  to  Holland.  Two  years  later  he  returned  to  enter  into  the 
insurrection  of  Argyll.  He  was  always  turbulent  and  dissatisfied. 


COCHRANE. 


57 


Dundonald  had  great  inventive  capacity,  like  his  father;  but,  like  him,  too, 
he  did  not  have  pertinacity  enough  to  follow  up  and  improve  upon  his  inventions. 
He  was  suspicious  by  nature.  This  was  the  basis  of  most  of  his  quarrels.  As 
he  grew  older  this  grew  into  a  veritable  paranoia;  he  maintained  that  he  had  been 
shamefully  ill-treated  by  his  son.  "So  loudly  and  openly  did  he  complain  of  these 
imaginary  injuries  that  Cochrane  [his  son]  was  compelled  to  contradict  his  state- 
ments by  advertisements  in  the  newspapers."  The  earl's  autobiography  is  largely 
the  story  of  a  grievance. 


FAMILY  HISTOKY  OF  THOMAS  COCHRANE,  EARL  DUNDONALD. 

II  (FFFFFF),  Alexander  Blair,  took  the  name  of  Cochrane.  I  2  (F  F  F  F  F  M), 
Elizabeth  Cochrane. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F  F  F:  II  1,  Sir  John  Cochrane,  a  colonel  in  the  army  of  Charles  I.  II  3. 
Four  other  Cochranes  were  fighting  men  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.  II  5  (F  F  F  F  F),  Sir  Wil- 
liam Cochrane,  first  Earl  Dundonald.  II  6  (F  F  F  F  M),  Eupheme  Scott. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F  F:  III  1,  William,  Lord  Cochrane.  Ill  2  (F  F  F  F),  Sir  John  Coch- 
rane, in  1683  was  implicated  in  the  Rye  House  plot  and  was  compelled  to  flee  to  Holland;  two 
years  later  he  returned  to  enter  into  the  insurrection  of  Argyll,  and  was  ordered  to  be  hanged, 
but  his  father  secured  his  release.  Ill  2  (F  F  F  M),  Margaret  Strickland. 

IV  1  (F  F  F),  William  Cochrane.     IV  2  (F  F  M),  Lady  Mary  Bruce. 

V  3  (F  F),  Thomas  Cochrane,  eighth  Earl  of   Dundonald  (died  1778),  entered  the  army 
early,  but  retired  with  the  rank  of  major.     V  4  (F  M),  Jane  Stuart  (died  1808).    V  5,  Captain 
James  Gilchrist,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

Fraternity  of  F:  VI  2,  Charles  Cochrane  (1749-1781),  a  colonel  in  the  army  and  aide-de 
camp  to  Lord  Cornwallis,  was  killed  at  Yorktown  in  1781.  VI  3,  John  Cochrane,  deputy  com- 
missioner to  the  forces  in  North  America.  VI  4,  James  Cochrane  (1751-1823),  vicar  of  Mans- 
field. VI  5,  Basil  Cochrane  (1753-1826),  a  civil  servant  of  the  East  India  Company.  VI  6, 
Sir  Alexander  Forrester  Cochrane  (1758-1832),  a  distinguished  admiral  of  the  blue.  VI  7,  Maria 
Shaw.  VI  8,  George  Augustus  Cochrane  (born  1762),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.  VI  9, 


58  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Andrew  Cochrane-Johnstone  (1767-1834),  a  colonel  in  the  army;  became  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment. VI  10,  Elizabeth  Cochrane.  VI  11  (F),  Archibald  Cochrane,  ninth  Earl  of  Dundonald 
(1748-1831),  at  16  years  of  age  a  cornet  in  the  Third  Dragoons,  later  turned  to  the  navy,  but 
grew  weary  of  this  life,  for  his  bent  "lay  towards  natural  science."  VI  12,  Anne  Gilchrist. 

VII  1,  John  E.  Cornwallis  Rous,  second  Earl  of  Stradbroke  (1794-1886),  served  in  the  army 
with  distinction,  winning  a  medal  with  five  clasps.     VII  2,  Augusta  Musgrave.    VII  3,  Charles 
and  Andrew  Cochrane.    VII  4,  Sir  Thomas  John  Cochrane  (1789-1872),  G.  C.  B.  and  admiral 
of  the  fleet.     VII  5,  Rosetta  Cuffe.     VII  6,  Anna  Maria  and  Jane  Cochrane.     Fraternity  of 
Propositus:  VII  7,  Basil  Cochrane  (died  1816),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.     VII  8,  William 
Erskine  Cochrane  (died  1871),  a  major,  Fifteenth  Hussars;   served  in  Peninsular  war.     VII  9, 
Mary  Anne  Manson.    VII  10,   Edward  Fitzgerald,   a  lieutenant  colonel.     VII  12,  Archibald 
Cochrane  (1783-1829),  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.     VII  13,  Hannah  Jane  Mowbray.     VII 
14  (Propositus),  THOMAS  COCHRANE,  tenth  Earl  of   Dundonald.     VII  15  (consort),  Katherine 
Frances  Corbet  Barnes. 

VIII  1,  George  Edward  Rous,  third  Earl  of  Stradbroke  (born  1862),  vice  admiral  of  Suffolk. 
VIII  3,  Adela  Rous.    VIII  4,  Sir  Thomas  Belhaven  Cochrane  (born  1856),  admiral  of  the  fleet. 
VIII  5,  Francis  Arthur  Charles  Cochrane.     VIII  6,  Rosetta  and  Annette  Cochrane.     VIII  7, 
William  Marshall  Cochrane  (1817-1898),  a  colonel  in  the  army.    VIII  8,  Mary  Hussey.    VIII 
9,  John  Owen,  captain  Royal  Navy.     VIII  11,  Sally  C.  Fitzgerald.     VIII  12,  Basil  Edward 
Arthur  Cochrane  (1817-1895).     VIII  13,  Robert  Cochrane   (1816-1907).     VIII  14,  Archibald 
H.  (1819-1907),  and  Arthur  (born  1826)  Cochrane.     Children  of  Propositus:    VIII  16,  Thomas 
Cochrane,  eleventh  Earl  of  Dundonald  (1814-1885),  a  captain  in  the  army.     VIII  17,  Louisa 
Mackinnon.    VIII  18,   William   Horatio   Cochrane    (1818-1900),   in   the   army.     VIII  1  >,   Sir 
Arthur  A.  L.  P.  Cochrane  (1824-1905),  an  admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy  who  distinguished  himself 
at  Acre;   commanded  the  Niger,  and  was  wounded  at  the  destruction  of  the  Chinese  fleet,  1857. 
VIII  20,  Ernest  Grey  L.  Cochrane  (born  1834),  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy,  retired  and  became 
high  sheriff  of  Donegal.     VIII  21,  Elizabeth  K.  Cochrane  (died  1868).     VIII  22,  George  Boyle, 
sixth  Earl  of  Glasgow  (1825-1890),  Lord  Clerk  Register  of  Scotland.    VIII  23,  Hon.  Montagu 
Cromby. 

IX  1,  Thomas  B.  H.  Cochrane  (born  1856),  a  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Navy.     IX  2,  William 
Francis  Cochrane  (born  1847),  a  colonel  in  the  army.     IX  3,  Thomas  Erskine  Cochrane  (1849- 
1906),  a  commander  of  the  Royal  Navy.     IX  4,  John  Palmer  Cochrane  (born  1852),  a  captain 
in  the  army.     IX  5,  Arthur  H.  D.  Cochrane  (born  1856).     IX  6,  Caroline  Katherine  and  Edith 
Hamilton   Cochrane.     IX  7,   Cornelia  Ramsay  Owen.     IX  8,   Basil  Edward  Cochrane   (born 
1841),  a  vice  admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy.     Children's  children  of  Propositus:    IX  12,  Douglas 
Mackinnon  Baillie  Hamilton  Cochrane,  twelfth  Earl  of  Dundonald  (born  1852),  a  distinguished 
cavalry  officer  who  became  a  lieutenant  general  in  1907.     IX  14,  Thomas  Horatio  A.  E.  Cochrane 
(born  1857),  served  in  the  army  in  South  Africa;  was  under  secretary  of  state  for  the  home  depart- 
ment.   IX  15,  Lady  Gertrude  Boyle. 

X  1,  Archibald  Cochrane  (born  1874),  a  commander  of  the  Royal  Navy.    X  2,  Edward 
Owen  Cochrane  (born  1881),  a  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Navy.    X  3,  Grizel  and  Gwervyl  Cochrane. 
Children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:    X  4,  Thomas  George,  Ralph  Alexander,  and  Roger 
Cochrane.     X  5,  Archibald  Douglas  Cochrane  (born  1885),  a  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Navy. 
X  6,  Louisa,  Marjorie,  Katherine,  and  Dorothy  Cochrane. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.  1909.    A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and  Baronet- 
age.    London:    Harrison  and  Son.     2570  pp. 
FORTESCUE,  J.     1895.     Dundonald.     London:    Macmillan  &  Co.    ix  +  227  pp. 


COLLINGWOOD.  59 

12.  CUTHBERT  COLLINGWOOD. 

CUTHBERT  COLLINGWOOD  (Lord  Collingwood),  was  born  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne, 
in  September  1750.  He  was  put  on  board  the  Shannon  at  the  age  of  11  years, 
under  command  of  an  uncle,  Captain  (after  Admiral)  Brathwaite.  He  gained  his 
lieutenancy  in  the  naval  brigade  at  Boston,  1775,  and  four  years  later  was  made 
commander.  From  the  age  of  32  he  was  associated  with  Nelson  until  the  latter's 
death,  and  frequently  succeeded  the  older  man  when  promotions  occurred.  In 
1783  he,  with  Nelson,  commanded  at  the  West  Indies  to  prevent  the  United  States 
from  trading  there.  As  captain  of  the  Barfleur  he  displayed  judgment  and  courage 
in  the  naval  battle  of  June  1,  1794,  and  on  February  14,  1797,  under  Sir  John 
Jervis,  he  assisted  in  defeating  the  Spanish  fleet  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  gained 
great  fame  in  the  battle  by  his  vigorous  support  of  Nelson  at  a  time  when  the 
latter  was  suffering  for  his  bold  but  hazardous  stroke.  As  vice  admiral  he  was 
sent  in  1799  to  watch  the  naval  forces  of  France  and  Spain  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  in  1803  he  watched  the  French  fleet  off  Brest  and  later  at  Cadiz.  It  was  off 
the  latter  port  that  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  was  fought,  and  here,  as  leader  of  the 
first  attacking  column,  while  Nelson  led  the  second,  Collingwood  showed  consum- 
mate valor  and  skill  while  his  great  flagship  was  shot  almost  to  pieces.  Trafalgar 
was  won,  but  Nelson  was  killed  and  Collingwood  took  his  place.  He  was  raised  to 
the  peerage.  He  fought  no  more  naval  battles,  but  was  constantly  employed  in 
cruises  that  involved  good  sense  and  political  sagacity  until  he  died  at  sea,  1810. 

Collingwood  was  of  the  hypokinetic  type.  His  father  was  a  merchant  who 
was  rather  ineffective.  As  a  lad  Collingwood  was  diligent  at  school,  was  fond  of 
books,  and  exhibited  then,  as  he  always  retained,  the  art  of  writing  with  a  "polish, 
a  sweetness  of  language  and  archness  of  humor,  very  close  to  some  of  the  happiest 
compositions  of  Addison."  At  school  he  was  a  mild  boy  and  showed  no  brilliant 
talents.  He  was  reserved  from  boyhood;  he  was  considered  cold  in  his  bearing, 
rather  inaccessible,  firm,  and  resolute.  He  lacked  Nelson's  sociable  qualities. 
He  would  have  silent  moods  when  he  would  not  speak  a  word  for  a  day.  However, 
at  times  he  showed  temper;  but  he  was  never  known  to  swear  or  otherwise  forget 
himself  in  his  anger. 

Collingwood's  great  strength  lay  in  his  thoroughness,  good  judgment,  attach- 
ment to  reality,  self-reliance,  and  pertinacity.  His  thoroughness  and  good  judg- 
ment made  him  invaluable  in  blockade  and  in  watching  the  enemy's  ships.  "He 
deliberated  carefully,  weighing  every  contingency  which  his  sagacity  and  fore- 
thought presented  to  him,  and  never  overlooked  anything  of  importance  which  it 
was  possible  for  him  to  foresee."  "His  decisions  were  .  .  .  reached  by  thoughtful 
processes.  .  .  .  His  resolutions  formed,  they  were  as  good  as  accomplished;  he 
dispensed  with  self-questionings,  and  never  flinched  a  hair's  breadth  from  carry- 
ing them  out."  "His  resolution  was  adamant;  so  that  whoever  came  into  close 
opposition  to  it  must  give  way  or  be  crushed.  .  .  .  His  determination  to  be 
obeyed  was  absolute;  disobedience  meant  destruction.  Yet  he  rarely  flogged,  but 
preferred  as  punishment  watering  the  grog  and  extra  duty."  He  was  always 
perfectly  dignified  in  his  deportment  and  constantly  attended  to  his  religious 
duties.  Yet  he  was  not  without  features  of  the  hyperkinetic;  was  fond  of  society, 
joked  in  a  quiet  way,  mostly  by  puns,  and  interspersed  his  conversation  with 
humorous  remarks  and  anecdotes.  In  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  his  flagship  pene- 
trated into  the  very  center  of  the  enemy's  fleet  and  almost  alone  finished  the  Santa 


60  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Anna,    the  flagship  of  the  Spanish  Admiral  Alava;  but  he  showed  in  this  battle 
rather  the  devotion  to  duty  and  pertinacity  of  the  solid,  unexcitable  sort. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  Collingwood  had  a  special  longing  for  the  sea. 
Constantly  he  regrets  that  he  can  not  return  to  his  home.  During  his  brief  sojourn 
on  land  he  made  historical  studies  and  educated  his  two  daughters.  He  had  a 
brother,  Wilfred  Collingwood,  captain  of  the  Rattler  in  the  West  Indian  service, 
who  died  prematurely,  and  of  whom  the  Duke  of  Clarence  (later  William  IV)  said: 
"his  majesty  has  lost  a  faithful  servant  and  the  service  a  most  excellent  officer." 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  CUTHBERT  COLLING  WOOD.  i      fe      \s      * 

1 1  (F),  Cuthbert  Collingwood  (died  1775),  an  unsuccessful  merchant.     L—rp-'    vy~1 

1 2    (M),    Micah    Dobson.     Fraternity    of   M:     1 3, Dobson.     1 4,  ' , 

Admiral  Brathwaite  (died  1805,  aged  80  years). 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  II  2,  Wilfred  Collingwood  (died  1787), 
captain  of  a  naval  vessel  in  the  West  Indian  service.  II  4  (Propositus), 
CUTHBERT  COLLINGWOOD.  II  5  (consort),  Miss  Blackett,  of  naval  stock. 

Children  of  Propositus:  I  1,  Sarah  (born  1792)  and  2,  Mary  Patience 
(born  1793)  Collingwood. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
DAVTES,  W.    1875.    A  Fine  Old  English  Gentleman,  exemplified  in  the  life  and  character  of 

Lord  Collingwood.     London:   Sampson,  Low,  Marston  and  Searle.     263  pp. 
RUSSELL,  W.  C.    1891.    Collingwood.    London:  Methuen  &  Co.    271  pp. 

13.  WILLIAM  BARKER  GUSHING. 

WILLIAM  BARKER  GUSHING  was  born  at  Delafield,  Waukesha  county,  Wis- 
consin, November  1842.  He  was  appointed  to  the  Naval  Academy  in  1857,  and 
resigned  under  pressure,  without  having  distinguished  himself  in  his  studies,  in 
March  1861.  In  May  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  master's  mate,  attached 
to  the  frigate  Minnesota,  one  of  the  blockading  squadron.  Having  shown  great 
spirit,  Gushing  was  appointed  a  lieutenant  in  July  and  in  October  was  put  in  charge 
of  a  gunboat  and  ordered  to  capture  Jacksonville,  North  Carolina,  and  seize  any 
vessels  found  on  the  New  river.  He  captured  the  city  and  three  schooners,  but 
on  the  return  trip  his  gunboat  ran  aground.  Sending  off  all  its  contents  by  one  of 
the  prize  vessels,  he  fought  the  enemy  as  best  he  could  on  its  arrival,  then  set  fire 
to  the  gunboat  and  escaped  in  a  skiff.  For  two  years  more  Gushing  played  the 
part  of  a  blockader  with  skill,  vigilance,  and  energy.  In  October  1864,  the  Con- 
federate ironclad  ram  Albemarle  sank  Federal  naval  vessels  and  threatened  to  regain 
control  of  Albemarle  sound.  Gushing  had  a  plan  for  her  destruction.  He  brought 
from  New  York  an  open  launch  provided  with  a  boom  to  carry  and  direct  a  tor- 
pedo. At  night  he  approached  the  Albemarle  (lying  in  the  Roanoke  river),  which 
opened  fire  upon  him.  As  she  was  encircled  by  logs  to  ward  off  torpedoes,  Gushing 
drove  his  launch  through  the  cordon  of  logs  and  right  up  to  the  hull  of  the 
Albemarle;  by  lines  attached  to  his  body  he  aimed  the  torpedo,  which  exploded 
under  the  Albemarle' s  hull  and  sank  it.  At  the  same  moment  his  launch  was 
sunk  by  the  enemy's  fire,  and  out  of  the  entire  party  only  two,  including  Gushing, 
escaped.  By  swimming  and  rowing  he  made  his  way  into  Albemarle  sound  and 
to  the  Federal  fleet;  for  this  exploit  he  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  commander. 
In  similar  daring  fashion  he  attacked  and  reduced  Fort  Fisher.  After  the  war 
he  commanded  the  Maumee  and  was  advanced  to  the  grade  of  commander.  He 
died  of  brain  fever,  December  1874,  at  the  age  of  32  years. 


GUSHING.  61 

The  prevailing  trait  of  William  Gushing  was  love  of  adventure.  As  a  lad 
he  was  never  happier  than  when  playing  some  joke  upon  one  of  his  elder  brothers. 
Once  he  followed  one  of  his  brothers  and  a  young  lady  to  prayer-meeting  and, 
sitting  behind  them,  sang  improvised  personalities  until  sent  out  in  disgrace  by 
a  church  official.  The  father  had  died  and  his  mother's  cousin,  Commodore 
(afterward  Admiral)  Joseph  Smith,  had  him  entered  at  the  Naval  Academy.  Here 
his  pranks  and  " sheer  deviltry"  continued  and  culminated  towards  the  close  of 
the  winter  of  1861,  when  he  fixed  a  bucket  of  water  over  the  door  through  which 
his  teacher  of  Spanish  was  to  pass  on  his  way  to  an  evening  party;  the  teacher 
was  deluged  and  the  lad  was  permitted  to  resign.  On  one  occasion  during  the  war 
he  wore  General  Hooker's  new  uniform  coat  to  the  theater.  His  naval  exploits 
in  the  war  partook  largely  of  the  nature  of  adventures. 

Another  trait  was  fearlessness,  well  illustrated  by  his  aiming  the  torpedo 
accurately  while  only  a  few  feet  from  the  Albemarle's  guns.  He  was  a  pronounced 
hyperkinetic.  He  was  animated  and  enthusiastic  in  conversation.  He  spoke 
fluently,  wrote  easily  and  charmingly.  He  was  generous  and  expressed  his  emo- 
tions fully.  He  would  fight  any  man  without  the  slightest  hesitation,  and  was 
quick  to  resent  an  insult. 

Gushing  belonged  to  fighting  stock,  as  the  history  of  his  three  brothers  shows. 
They  were: 

Milton,  born  in  1837,  became  a  paymaster  in  the  United  States  navy  and  was 
promoted  to  paymaster  of  the  fleet,  then  in  the  Mediterranean.  He  was  retired 
for  disability  and  died,  without  issue,  January  1886. 

Howard  B.,  born  in  1838,  at  14  years  of  age  became  a  printer's  "devil" 
in  a  weekly  newspaper  office  at  Fredonia,  New  York;  later  he  became  a  pressman 
in  Boston,  and  then  a  type-setter  in  Chicago.  In  1861  he  raised  a  company  of 
newspaper  men  in  Chicago,  but  their  services  were  not  required.  In  1862  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  an  Illinois  volunteer  artillery  regiment.  In  1863  he  was 
promoted  to  a  lieutenancy  in  the  regular  artillery.  In  1867  he  was  lieutenant  of 
Troop  F,  Third  Cavalry,  and  was  engaged  in  Indian  warfare  in  Arizona  and  Texas. 
He  was  spare,  active  as  a  cat,  and  famous  all  over  the  southwestern  border  for  cool- 
ness and  energy.  He  was  killed  in  May  1871,  by  the  Apache  Indians. 

Alonzo,  born  in  January  1841,  was  appointed  cadet  at  West  Point.  Here 
he  showed  "himself  modest  in  demeanor,  but  always  efficient  in  his  work  and 
kindly  toward  under-classmen."  He  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  artil- 
lery on  graduating  in  June  1861,  and  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  the  same 
day.  In  Washington  he  drilled  artillerymen,  became  ordnance  officer,  and  later 
acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  Sumner  in  charge  of  topographical  work.  He  advanced 
rapidly  as  topographical  engineer  through  the  grades  to  lieutenant  colonel,  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  in  battle,  July  3,  1863.  Elements  contributing  to  his  success 
were  faithfulness  in  the  discharge  of  every  duty  and  thoroughness  in  its  perform- 
ance. "Possessed  of  mental  and  physical  vigor,  joined  to  the  kindest  of  hearts,  he 
commanded  the  love  and  respect  of  all  who  knew  him.  His  fearlessness  and  resolu- 
tion displayed  in  many  actions  were  unsurpassed."  One  says  of  him,  he  "looked 
more  like  a  school  girl  than  a  warrior,  but  he  was  the  best  fighting  man  I  ever  saw." 

The  father  of  this  fraternity,  Dr.  Milton  B.  Gushing  (born  in  1800),  was  a 
restless  man  (see  legend),  but  one  of  great  personal  attractiveness  and  sympathetic 
for  the  higher  side  of  public  questions.  He  suffered  from  ill  health  and  left  his 
family  unprovided  for.  His  father,  Zattu  Gushing,  superintended  the  construction 
of  a  ship  on  an  island  opposite  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  an  upright,  dignified, 
clear-headed  man,  and  was  for  years  a  county  judge. 


62  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

The  mother,  Mary  Butler  Smith,  married  in  1836,  when  she  was  29  years  of 
age.  She  had  a  splendid  physical  and  mental  constitution  and  was  "  fortunately 
endowed  with  a  passionate  love  for  life  in  an  open,  free  atmosphere,  as  near  as 
practicable  to  nature  itself.  She  had  been  reared  among  the  most  highly  cultivated 
people  of  Boston,  and  was  related  to  such  distinguished  families  as  the  Adamses, 
Hancocks,  and  Phillipses."  Just  before  the  birth  of  her  second  son  she  was  a  bit 
gloomy  and  homesick.  After  the  death  of  her  husband  she  went  to  Fredonia, 
where  she  established  a  school. 

Mary  Smith's  father's  brother  Albert's  son,  Commodore  Joseph  Smith  of 
the  navy,  afterwards  rear  admiral,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1790.  He  became  mid- 
shipman in  1809  and  lieutenant  in  1813.  As  first  lieutenant  of  the  brig  Eagle 
he  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  in  September  1814, 
and  was  wounded.  For  his  services  he  was  voted  a  silver  medal  by  Congress. 
In  1815  he  participated  in  the  war  against  Algiers;  in  1827  he  was  commissioned 
commander.  In  1837  he  became  captain;  during  1846-1869  he  was  chief  of  the 
bureau  of  yards  and  docks,  becoming  rear  admiral  hi  1862.  From  1869  to  1871 
he  was  president  of  the  examination  board  for  the  promotion  of  officers,  and  died 
at  Washington  in  1877.  His  son,  Joseph  B.  Smith,  made  a  midshipman  hi  1841, 
had  a  reputation  for  rare  courage.  He  became  a  lieutenant  in  1855  and  in  1862 
was  killed  on  the  Congress  in  battle  with  the  Merrimac  in  Hampton  Roads. 

Mary  Smith  had  a  sister,  Elizabeth  Winkle  Smith,  who  married  John  Oilman 
Pillsbury.  Their  son  was  John  Elliott  Pillsbury,  born  December  1846,  at  Lowell, 
Massachusetts.  Through  the  influence  of  the  Hon.  Albert  Smith,  he  was  made 
a  page  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  1859.  At  the  request  of  Admiral  Joseph 
Smith  he  was  appointed  midshipman  in  September  1862.  He  was  graduated  from 
the  Naval  Academy  and  was  sent  to  the  North  Pacific  squadron.  In  1869  he 
was  stationed  at  the  Boston  navy  yard.  He  joined  the  Colorado  (Admiral  John 
Rodgers)  for  a  cruise  in  Asiatic  waters;  in  1875  he  was  on  the  Blake  for  deep-sea 
soundings.  He  was  assigned  in  1879  to  the  Kearsarge,  North  Atlantic  squadron, 
and  in  1884  to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey.  Put  in  command  of  the  Blake, 
he  devised  instruments  to  measure  currents  at  various  depths.  He  published 
"Dangers  of  the  South  Pacific,"  "Atlantic  Local  Coast  Pilot  Sub-division  19, 
1885,"  and  "The  Gulf  Stream."  He  married,  in  1877,  Florence  Greenwood,  and 
had  one  daughter,  Elsie,  born  in  1877. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  WILLIAM  B.  GUSHING. 

Fraternity  of  M  M  F:    II, Bass,  one  of  the  "Boston  Tea  Party."     12  (M  M  F), 

Moses  Belcher  Bass.  I  3  (M  M  M),  Margaret  Sprague.  I  4  (M  F  F),  Josiah  Smith.  I  5  (M 
F  M),  Mary  Barker,  her  consort's  second  cousin.  I  6,  Captain  Robert  L.  Eells.  I  7,  Ruth 
Copeland. 

II  1  (F  F),  Zattu  Gushing  (born  about  1771),  left  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  in  1791  and 
went  to  Ballston  Spa,  New  York.     In  1799  he  superintended  the  construction  of  a  ship  on  an 
island  opposite  Erie,  Pennsylvania;   in  1805  he  settled  in  Fredonia,  New  York,  where  he  was 

a  judge  for  14  years.     Fraternity  of  M  M:   II  3, Bass,  a  youth  of  great  promise  who  died 

at  25  years  of  age  on  a  voyage  to  England  for  his  health.     II  4  (M  M),  Mary  Butler  Bass.     II 
5  (M  F),  Elisha  Smith.     Fraternity  of  M.  F.:    II  7,  Bosen  Smith.     II  8,  Mary  Barker.     II  9, 
Josiah  Smith,  a  shipbuilder.     II  10,  Albert  Smith,  a  captain  who  commanded  large  ships.     II 
11,  Anne  Lenthal  Eells. 

III  1  (F),  Milton  Gushing  (born  1800),  studied  at  what  is  now  Colgate  University  and 
practiced  medicine;  removed  to  Zanesville,  Ohio,  where  he  was  a  local  merchant,  then  to  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  and  in  1837  to  Wisconsin,  where  he  was  appointed  justice  of  the  peace.     In  1844  he 
went  to  Chicago  and  practiced  medicine  and  in  1847  went  back  to  Ohio,  where  he  died.     Ill  2 
(M),  Mary  Butler  Smith.    Fraternity  of  M:  III  3,  Cordelia  Miller  Smith.    Ill  4,  William  Robert 


GUSHING. 


63 


Pearman.  Ill  5,  Joseph  Bass  Smith  (born  1810),  was  lost  or  died  at  sea.  Ill  6,  Margaret 
Sprague  Smith,  an  author  of  prose  and  verse.  Ill  7,  Joshua  Loring  Banker.  Ill  8,  Elizabeth 
W.  Smith.  Ill  9,  John  G.  Pillsbury,  a  printer.  Ill  10,  Jane  Read  Smith.  Ill  11,  John  Henry 
Batchelder.  Ill  12,  Sir  Albert  Jones  Smith,  a  naval  commander.  Ill  14,  Joseph  Smith,  a 
rear  admiral  of  the  United  States  navy.  Ill  16,  Albert  Smith,  a  lawyer.  Ill  17,  Elizabeth 
Smith.  Ill  18,  Sarah  Barker  Smith.  Ill  19,  Joseph  Eells. 


Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Milton  Gushing  (1837-1886),  became  a  paymaster  of  the 
fleet.  IV  2,  Ellen  Grosvenor.  IV  3,  Howard  B.  Gushing  (1838-1871).  IV  4,  Alonzo  Gushing 
(1841-1863).  IV  5  (Propositus),  WILLIAM  B.  GUSHING.  IV  6  (consort),  Kate  L.  Forbes.  IV 
7,  Walter  and  Mary  R.  Gushing.  IV  8,  Eli  Bouton.  IV  9,  Mary  Isabel  Gushing  (born  1847).  IV 
10,  Edward  F.  Gayle.  IV  11,  John  Elliott  Pillsbury  (born  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  1846). 
IV  12,  Joseph  B.  Smith,  appointed  a  midshipman  in  1841,  became  a  lieutenant  in  1855,  and  was 
killed  in  1862  on  the  Congress  in  the  conflict  with  the  Merrimac  at  Hampton  Roads.  IV  13,  Albert 
Smith,  became  a  captain  in  the  army  and  died  from  the  effects  of  service  during  Civil  War. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

GUSHING.  J.  S.  1905.  Genealogy  of  the  Gushing  Family.  Montreal:  Perrault  Printing  Co. 
Ixx  +  596  pp. 

HAIGHT,  T.     1910.     Three  Wisconsin  Cushings.     Wisconsin  History  Commission,    xiv  +  109  pp. 

SMITH,  S.  1895.  Memorial  of  Rev.  Thomas  Smith  (second  minister  of  Pembroke,  Massachu- 
setts) and  his  descendants.  Plymouth.  147  pp. 


64  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

14.  JOHN  ADOLF  DAHLGREN. 

JOHN  ADOLF  DAHLGREN  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  Novem- 
ber 13,  1809.  He  was  forced  by  the  early  death  of  his  father  to  earn  a  living  at 
the  age  of  15.  Having  only  one  strong  taste,  he  applied  for  admittance  to  the  navy 
as  midshipman,  but  was  not  successful  until  February  1,  1826.  After  six  years 
of  service  he  successfully  passed  his  examination.  On  account  of  his  proficiency 
in  mathematics  he  was  detailed,  in  1834,  to  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  under 
Hassler,  and  entered  upon  triangulation  work,  particularly  the  measurement  of 
the  base  on  Long  Island.  In  1836  Dahlgren  was  made  second  assistant  of  the 
survey,  with  direction  of  a  triangulation  party.  On  account  of  eye-strain,  Lieu- 
tenant Dahlgren  visited  France  for  relief  and  was  obliged  to  retire  to  a  farm  from 
1838  to  1842,  but  during  this  period  he  reported  on  the  rocket-firing  system  of  the 
French  army.  For  a  year  or  two  he  resumed  active  service  in  the  navy  and  on  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  with  Mexico  he  was  assigned  to  ordnance  duty,  especially 
in  the  rocket  department.  Having  by  experimentation  proved  the  defects  in  the 
naval  guns  then  in  use,  he  devised  first,  in  1850,  a  light  howitzer  for  small-boat  use 
and  then  his  9-inch  and  11-inch  shell-guns,  which  introduced  new  principles  into 
naval  armament.  He  published  technical  books  on  ordnance  and  brought  the  ord- 
nance department  of  the  navy  to  great  system  and  perfection.  In  1857  he  was 
given  charge  of  the  sloop  of  war  Plymouth,  of  less  than  1,500  tons,  with  permission 
to  arm  and  equip  her  as  he  thought  best.  With  her  battery  of  4.7-inch  and 
1.9-inch  guns  she  became  the  most  formidable  craft  afloat.  In  his  voyage  with  the 
Plymouth,  Commander  Dahlgren  was  able  to  settle  various  diplomatic  difficulties 
with  other  countries.  Dahlgren  experimented  next  on  rifled  cannon  and  urged 
the  construction  of  ironclads,  but  his  recommendations  led  to  no  response  from  an 
unprogressive  naval  board,  and  the  Civil  War  found  the  government  unprepared. 
Dahlgren's  guns,  nevertheless,  won  many  important  victories  in  the  years  that 
followed.  Dahlgren  was  tremendously  active  on  the  Chesapeake  and  Patriotic;  he 
was  appointed  chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  with  rank  of  captain  in  July  1862, 
and  armed  and  equipped  ironclads.  As  rear  admiral  from  February  1863,  he  closed 
the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  Confederacy.  From  1868  to  1870  he  was  again  chief  of  the 
ordnance  bureau,  and  a  few  months  before  his  death  was  appointed,  for  the  second 
time,  commandant  of  the  Washington  navy  yard.  He  died  in  July  1870. 

The  most  striking  trait  shown  by  Dahlgren  was  a  desire  to  go  into  the  navy. 
This  is  quite  possibly  a  nomadic  trait;  certainly  there  is  an  appeal  of  the  sea, 
as  such.  In  the  letter  sent  with  his  application  for  admission  to  the  navy,  at  15 
years  of  age,  occur  such  phrases  as:  "The  decided  wishes  of  John  are  for  the 
navy  and  a  seafaring  life  and  no  other  object  has  any  temptation  for  him."  Again, 
"He  is  ...  so  passionately  bent  on  the  destination  of  the  navy  of  the  United 
States  that  he  can  not  be  diverted  from  it,"  and  he  himself  writes:  "Having  long 
been  anxious  to  adopt  as  a  profession  the  naval  service  of  my  country  ..."  This 
desire  for  the  navy  was  seen  in  his  younger  brother  William,  who,  owing  to  a  mis- 
understanding with  John,  vowed  he  would  never  be  known  as  Dahlgren  again; 
so  he  assumed  his  mother's  name  and  thereafter  was  called  William  de  Rohan. 
The  National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography  (V,  24)  states  of  William: 

"He  went  to  Europe,  where  his  family  connections  and  ample  means  brought 
him  into  intimacy  with  persons  of  the  highest  rank  in  life,  including  Admiral  Hobart 
(Pasha),  with  whom  he  took  service  under  the  Sultan,  with  the  rank  of  captain. 
Leaving  the  Turks,  he  went  to  the  Argentine  Republic  with  Garibaldi  and  com- 


DAHLGREN.  65 

manded  the  naval  forces  of  that  country  that  brought  about  independence  (1846). 
After  that,  when  Garibaldi  came  to  the  United  States,  De  Rohan  went  to  Chile 
and  became  admiral  of  the  Chilean  navy.  He  took  an  active  part  with  Gari- 
baldi in  the  unification  and  independence  of  Italy.  At  this  period  he  was  not  only 
made  admiral  of  the  Italian  navy,  but  furnished  money  to  buy  3  steamers, 
the  nucleus  of  the  Italian  fleet.  During  the  siege  of  Rome,  De  Rohan  commanded 
the  marine  division  and  supervised  the  artillery  fire.  He  spent  many  years  in 
England,  where  he  became  interested  in  the  workings  of  the  British  naval  reserve, 
in  which  he  was  commissioned  a  commander  by  the  admiralty.  He  was  anxious 
to  fight  for  the  Union  in  the  American  Civil  War,  but  was  restrained  by  fear  of 
being  brought  under  the  command  of  his  brother.  He  was  possessed  of  a  large 
fortune  when  he  entered  the  Italian  navy,  but  lost  it  all  because  the  Italian  gov- 
ernment refused  to  reimburse  him.  He  sought  redress  in  diplomatic  circles,  but 
all  to  no  purpose,  and  he  died  in  Philadelphia,  the  city  of  his  birth,  a  poor  man,  in 
April  1891." 

The  trait  of  nomadism  was  in  the  father  also,  Bernard  Ulrik  Dahlgren, 
born  in  1784.  He  was  graduated  from  Upsala  and  was  an  adventuresome  traveler 
at  an  early  age,  making  frequent  expeditions  to  hyperborean  regions.  At  the  age 
of  20,  having  become  involved  in  an  attempt  to  disseminate  republican  principles 
at  Gefle,  he  was  obliged  to  flee  from  Sweden  and  his  property  was  confiscated  by 
the  Crown.  After  traveling  extensively  and  incurring  much  hazard,  he  finally 
embarked  from  Spain  for  New  York,  where  he  landed  December  1806.  He  was 
made  Swedish  consul  at  Philadelphia  and  held  that  post  until  his  death.  He  was 
well  known  as  a  merchant  of  ability  and  great  integrity.  His  judgment  was  clear 
and  impartial,  so  that  it  commanded  great  confidence,  and  his  arbitration  was 
accepted  as  conclusive.  He  was  a  man  of  herculean  stature  and  strength,  being 
6  feet  4  inches  tall  and  well  proportioned. 

Father's  brother,  Sir  Carl  Adolf,  was  graduated  at  Upsala  and  was  made 
a  subphysician  in  the  Royal  Navy  hi  1797.  He  left  the  navy  in  1800,  but  upon 
the  outbreak  of  war  in  1808  he  offered  his  services  to  the  government.  He  was 
appointed  staff  surgeon  to  the  army  of  Finland,  in  which  capacity  he  served  until 
the  close  of  the  war.  Thereupon  he  reentered  the  navy  and  thereafter  held  posi- 
tions as  court  physician  and  field  surgeon  in  chief  to  the  army.  He  was  created 
a  knight  of  Wasa  in  recognition  of  his  long  and  eminent  service.  He  died  at  Stock- 
holm hi  1844.  His  son,  Sir  Johan  Adolf,  was  the  author  of  various  dissertations 
on  chemistry  and  medicinal  botany  and  a  "discoverer  in  the  domain  of  practical 
chemistry."  He  also  was  created  a  knight  of  Wasa  in  recognition  of  prolonged 
and  useful  service.  In  1871  he  resigned  the  directorship  of  the  Royal  Military 
Hospital  in  Stockholm  and  after  that  led  a  retired  Me  until  his  death  in  1876. 

Father's  father,  Johan  Adolf  Dahlgren,  born  at  Norrkoping  in  1744,  was 
educated  by  private  tutors.  He  then  studied  chemistry  and  pharmacy  and  became 
a  protege*  and  friend  of  Linnseus.  He  matriculated  (1764)  at  the  University  of 
Upsala  and  was  graduated  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  activity,  a  skillful  physician,  and  a  voluminous  writer  on  medical  subjects. 
In  1789  he  was  named  chief  physician  of  the  province  of  Finland.  He  died  in  1797. 

Mother,  Martha  Rowan,  was  "richly  endowed  with  the  best  qualities  of  head 
and  heart."  She  had  a  special  taste  for  designing,  and  her  son  often  said  that  he 
inherited  from  her  his  inventive  faculty. 

Mother's  father,  James  Rowan,  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  who  served 
as  commissary  in  General  Lacy's  brigade  and  sustained  heavy  losses  in  his  support 


66  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

of  the  war.  It  is  probable  that  he  was  related  in  some  degree  to  Stephen  Clegg 
Rowan,  born  near  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1808,  who,  when  a  child,  came  with  his  parents 
to  the  United  States,  was  appointed  midshipman  in  1826,  fought  gallantly  on  land 
in  Mexico,  during  the  Civil  War  played  an  important  part  in  blockading  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina,  and  eventually  gained  the  rank  of  rear  admiral,  commandant 
of  the  Norfolk  navy  yard,  commander  in  chief  of  the  Asiatic  squadron  hi  1870, 
superintendent  of  the  Naval  Observatory,  and  chairman  of  the  lighthouse  board 
in  1883.  He  died  in  Washington  in  1890. 

John  A.  Dahlgren  as  a  young  student  was  good  in  mathematics,  as  well  as  in 
Latin  and  Spanish.  His  teacher  says:  "He  has  received  more  honors  than  any 
other  individual  in  my  classes  in  the  same  time."  At  the  age  of  10  or  11  "he  was 
continually  occupied  in  reading  universal  history,  particularly  that  of  Greece  and 
Rome."  As  midshipman,  John  Dahlgren's  "mathematical  training  and  pro- 
ficiency and  some  knowledge  of  the  use  of  instruments  speedily  attracted  the 
attention  of  the  learned  chief  of  the  Survey,  Mr.  Hassler." 

Dahlgren  had  a  keen  sense  of  form.  He  had  a  fondness  for  birds  —  speaks 
of  one  that  is  hopping  about  in  his  cabin,  resting  on  his  knee  at  times.  His  manu- 
script books  are  "a  marvel  of  painstaking  care.  Every  letter  and  figure  is  drawn 
with  the  incisive  clearness  of  a  steel  engraving,  and  no  sign  of  weariness  or  haste 
is  anywhere  indicated." 

John  Dahlgren  was  enthusiastic  in  talking,  affectionate  in  nature,  and  felt 
keenly  the  loss  of  each  of  such  of  his  children  as  died.  He  is  said  to  have  been 
a  man  of  severe  nature.  "To  remain  idle  was  not  in  his  nature." 

Dahlgren  married  twice:  first,  Mary  Clement  Bunker,  a  bright,  joyous, 
generous,  unselfish  woman,  a  free  spender,  of  gentle,  affectionate  nature  and  rare 
conversational  powers.  By  her  he  had  three  children : 

1.  Charles  Bunker  Dahlgren,  born  in  October  1839,  near  Philadelphia.    He 
was  educated  at  Rittenhouse  Academy,  Washington,  and  was  graduated  in  1857. 
He  then  studied  ordnance  and  steam  engineering  at  the  West  Point  foundry, 
entered  the  engineer  corps,  United  States  navy,  and  was  graduated  at  the  head 
of  a  large  class,  but  was  transferred  from  the  engineers  corps  to  the  line  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war.    In  1863  he  participated  in  the  naval  siege  and  capture  of 
Vicksburg  and  was  so  efficiently  active  that  he  received  a  command.    After  three 
months  in  the  hospital,  he  served  under  his  father  in  front  of  Charleston  and  was 
in  the  bloody  assault  on  Fort  Fisher.    After  the  war  he  practiced  civil  engineering, 
wrote  a  book  on  Mexico's  historic  mines,  and  participated  on  the  Resolute  in  the 
Spanish-American  war.    He  married  in  1867,  Augusta,  daughter  of  William  A. 
Smith.     One  of  his  sons  is  Ulric  Dahlgren,  born  in  1870,  professor  of  biology  at 
Princeton,  and  author  of  memoirs  on  production  of  light  and  electricity  by  animals. 

2.  Ulric  Dahlgren,  born  in  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  1842,  was  educated 
in  Washington  and  was  studying  law  at  the  outbreak  of  the  early  war.    He  was 
commissioned  as  captain  and  placed  a  battery  of  Dahlgren  guns  at  Harper's  Ferry 
in  a  difficult  position.    He  made  a  daring  and  successful  raid  with  one  company 
into  Fredericksburg  and  held  the  town  against  the  opposition  of  a  large  force  of 
the  enemy's  cavalry,  and  also  served  as  aide  to  Generals  Sigel,  Burnside,  Fremont, 
Hooker,  and  Pope.     "At  Chancellorsville  he  stayed  the  Confederate  advance  by  a 
desperate  charge."     At  the  second  Bull  Run  he  was  chief  of  artillery  and  prevented 
a  disaster  to  the  disorganized  Union  troops.     In  the  Gettysburg  campaign  he 
destroyed  179  wagons  of  Lee's  train,  lost  a  leg,  and  won  a  colonelcy.     He  lost  his 
life  in  a  daring  attempt  to  liberate  Federal  prisoners  at  Libby  Prison  and  Belle  Isle. 


DAHLGREN. 


67 


3.  Paul  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  army,  who  resigned  in  1873  and  was  appointed 
United  States  consul  at  Rome,  where  he  died  in  1874. 

John  A.  Dahlgren's  second  wife  was  Mrs.  Madeleine  Vinton  Goddard,  the 
daughter  of  Hon.  Samuel  F.  Vinton  of  Ohio,  who  for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century 
was  a  conspicuous  member  of  Congress.  On  account  of  his  knowledge  of  "the 
rules,  great  prudence,  and  sound  judgment,"  he  was  "perhaps  the  most  prominent 
leader  on  the  Whig  side."  Her  mother's  father  was  Pierre  Bureau,  who  immi- 
grated to  Ohio  in  1792,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  state  senators.  Samuel  Vin- 
ton's  grandfather  was  Abiathar  Vinton,  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Of  their  children,  John  Vinton  Dahlgren  (born  at  Valparaiso,  Chile,  in  April 
1868)  was  graduated  from  Georgetown  University,  Washington,  D.  C.,  at  the  head  of 
his  class,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1892,  and  began  the  practice  of  law  in  New  York 
in  1894.  In  1895  he  became  attorney  for  the  department  of  buildings.  In  1896  his 
eyesight  began  to  fail  (as  had  his  father's)  and  he  resigned.  In  1898  the  governor 
nominated  him  to  the  State  Board  of  Charities.  He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
the  banker,  Joseph  W.  Drexel,  and  died  at  Colorado  Springs,  Colorado,  1899. 

Another  son,  Eric  Dahlgren,  who  was  graduated  from  Harvard  College  in 
1889,  married  Lucy  Drexel,  sister  of  Elizabeth.  They  had  7  children.  Even- 
tually they  were  divorced,  as  he  appeared  to  be  inadequately  endowed  with  inhi- 
bitions. He  was  affectionate  by  nature.  One  of  the  daughters,  Katherine  Drexel 
Dahlgren,  has  a  love  of  speeding  in  high-powered  motor  cars;  another  entered  a 
Roman  Catholic  sisterhood. 

FAMILY  HISTOBY  OF  JOHN  ADOLPH  DAHLGREN. 

I  1  (consort's  F  F  F),  Abiathar  Vinton,  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 

II  1  (F  F),  John  Adolf  Dahlgren  (born  in  Norrkoping,  Sweden,  in  1744),  a  leading  Swedish 
man  of  science.     II  3  (M  F),  James  Rowan,  a  Revolutionary  soldier.     II  7  (consort's  M  F), 
Pierre  Bureau,  emigrated  to  Ohio  in  1792,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  state  senators. 

Fraternity  of  F:    III  1,  Sir  Carl  Adolf 
Dahlgren,    a    pre-eminent   government  phy-    i 
sician  (see  text).     Ill  3  (F),  Bernard   Ulrik 
Dahlgren  (1784-1824),  a  traveler  and  political 
refugee     (see    text).     Ill  4     (M),     Martha   n 
Rowan.     Ill  5    (first    consort's    F),    Nathan 
Bunker,    an   influential   merchant   of   Phila- 
delphia.    Ill  7  (second  consort's  F),  Samuel 
Vinton,  a  conspicuous  member  of  Congress 
from  Ohio. 

IV  1,    William    A.    Smith.    IV  3,    Sir 
Johan  Adolph  Dahlgren,  was  the  author  of 
various  dissertations  on  chemistry  and  medi- 
cinal botany  and  a  "discoverer  in  the  domain 
of  practical  chemistry";    he  was  director  of 
the  Royal  Military  Hospital  in  Stockholm. 
Fraternity  of  Propositus:   IV  4,  William  Dahl- 
gren (1819-1891),  changed  his  name  to  William 

De  Rohan,  because  of  family  disagreements.  He  was  a  soldier  of  fortune  (see  text).  IV  6 
(first  consort),  Mary  Clement  Bunker  (died  1855).  IV  7  (Propositus),  JOHN  ADOLPH  DAHLGREN. 
IV  8  (second  consort),  Madeleine  Vinton.  IV  9,  Hon.  Daniel  Convers  Goddard.  IV  10,  Joseph 
W.  Drexel  (born  at  Philadelphia  in  1831),  a  banker  of  eminence.  IV  11,  Lucy  Wharton,  an 
art  and  book  collector. 

V  1,  Augusta  Smith.     V  2,  Charles  Bunker  Dahlgren    (born  1839),  entered  the  engineer 
corps,  United  States  navy.     He  participated  in  the  naval  siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg  and 
received  a  command.     After  the  war  he  practiced  civil  engineering.     V  3,  Elizabeth  Dahlgren 
(1840-1858),  died  of  consumption.     V  4,  Ulric  Dahlgren  (1842-1864),  was  a  volunteer  militiaman 
of  national  reputation  in  the  Civil  War,  and  lost  his  life  in  a  daring  attempt  to  liberate  Federal 


68  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

prisoners  at  Libby  Prison  and  Belle  Isle.  V  5,  John  Dahlgren  (born  1844).  V  6,  Paul  Dahlgren 
(1846-1874)  (see  text).  V  7,  Lawrence  Dahlgren,  died  young  in  1851.  V  8,  Eva  Dahlgren,  died 
in  1870.  V  9,  Eric  Dahlgren,  of  St.  Paul  and  New  York.  V  10,  Mary  Drexel.  V  11,  Elizabeth 
Drexel.  V  12,  John  Vinton  Dahlgren  (1868-1899),  a  brilliant  lawyer  who  died  prematurely. 

VI 1,  John  A.  Dahlgren.  VI 2,  Ulric  Dahlgren  (born  1870),  professor  of  biology  at  Princeton 
since  1911.  VI  3,  Katherine  Drexel  Dahlgren.  VI  4,  Lucy  Dahlgren,  entered  a  Roman  Catholic 
sisterhood.  VI  5,  Madeleine,  Ulrica,  and  Olga  Dahlgren.  VI  6,  Joseph  and  Eric  Dahlgren. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DAHLGREN,  M.  V.    1882.    Memoir  of  John  A.  Dahlgren.    Boston:    J.  Osgood  and  Co.    xi 
+  3  +  660  pp. 

15.  STEPHEN  DECATUR. 

STEPHEN  DECATUR  was  born  January  5,  1779,  at  Sinepuxent,  Worcester 
county,  Maryland.  He  went  on  a  cruise  with  his  father  at  8  years  of  age,  and 
"was  thus  early  introduced  to  the  sea,  toward  which  his  inclination  and  ancestry 
ever  urged  him."  He  went  to  school  until  he  was  17  years  of  age,  when  he  entered 
the  counting-house  of  a  firm  of  ship-owners,  but,  at  the  beginning  of  the  war 
with  France,  he  showed  such  desire  for  naval  service  that  he  was  taken  by  Com- 
modore Barry  on  his  ship  United  States  as  midshipman,  1798,  and  the  next  year 
was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant.  In  1801  war  had  broken  out  with  the  Barbary 
States,  and  hi  1802  Decatur  sailed  as  first  lieutenant  for  the  Mediterranean,  but 
was  sent  home  for  arranging  a  fatal  duel  between  two  young  naval  officers.  He, 
however,  soon  returned  to  the  Mediterranean  fleet,  under  Commodore  Preble, 
and  was  given  command  of  the  schooner  Enterprise.  In  this  he  captured  a  Tri- 
politan  ketch  which  was  renamed  the  Intrepid.  The  American  frigate  Philadelphia 
having  been  captured,  with  all  on  board,  by  the  Tripolitans,  Decatur  volunteered 
to  "cut  her  out"  with  the  Intrepid  and  was  instructed  by  Preble  to  do  so.  The 
Philadelphia  lay  at  anchor  under  the  batteries  (200  guns)  of  Tripoli,  surrounded 
by  25  of  the  enemy's  war  vessels,  and  protected  by  nearly  30,000  men  ashore  and 
afloat.  To  oppose  this  force  Decatur  had  one  small  (50-ton)  ketch  filled  with 
combustibles  and  84  armed  men.  At  night  he  and  his  men,  mistaken  for  traders, 
were  allowed  to  come  alongside  of  the  Philadelphia  to  moor.  They  boarded  the 
ship,  killed  20  men,  and  routed  the  rest,  without  the  wounding  of  a  single  American. 
They  then  set  fire  to  the  Philadelphia  and  rowed  away  just  as  the  shore  batteries 
began  to  fire  upon  them,  but  they  were  soon  out  of  range  (February  1804).  Five 
months  later  Preble  set  sail  to  destroy  the  fleet  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli.  Decatur 
was  in  command  of  one  division  of  three  gunboats  and  had  to  face,  almost  alone 
at  first,  the  much  more  numerous  fleet  and  the  shore  batteries  of  Tripoli.  Stephen 
Decatur  captured  one  gunboat  by  boarding  her  in  a  desperate  encounter.  His 
brother  James  had  been  treacherously  killed  while  attempting  to  take  a  gunboat 
that  had  surrendered  to  him,  and  Stephen,  learning  of  this,  set  out  for  the  gunboat 
with  11  men,  and  killed  and  wounded  so  many  of  the  officers  and  crew  that  the 
boat  surrendered.  The  Tripolitans  did  not,  thereafter,  venture  into  a  hand-to- 
hand  encounter.  Decatur  was  made  captain  at  the  age  of  25. 

In  the  War  of  1812  Decatur  was  given  command  of  the  famous  United  States 
to  hunt  for  English  vessels.  On  October  25,  1812,  he  came  upon  the  Macedonian, 
a  new  frigate  somewhat  inferior  in  fighting  strength  to  the  United  States,  as  5  to  7, 
and  captured  her  with  a  loss  only  one-ninth  that  of  his  opponent.  Returning 
to  New  York,  he  was  transferred  to  the  frigate  President.  In  January  1815  he 
decided  to  run  the  blockade.  The  President  grounded,  on  running  out  in  a  half 


DECATUR.  69 

gale  of  wind,  and  was  badly  strained  in  getting  off;  also  five  British  men-of-war 
chased  her.  One  of  these,  the  Endymion,  he  defeated;  but  the  others  coming 
up  captured  him  and  the  President.  Peace  was  signed  shortly  afterwards,  and 
Decatur  returned  to  his  country.  He  was  again,  in  charge  of  a  squadron,  sent  to 
the  Mediterranean  against  the  Moors.  He  captured  the  Meshouda,  46  guns,  and 
forced  treaties  at  Algiers  and  at  Tripoli.  Returning  to  America,  he  was  appointed 
to  serve  with  Commodores  Rogers  and  Porter  on  the  board  of  naval  commissioners. 
He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Commodore  James  Barren,  March  1820. 

Decatur  possessed  from  boyhood  a  "love  of  the  sea."  This  was  recognized 
at  the  age  of  8  years.  It  is  said  to  have  led  him  to  oppose  his  mother's  wish  that 
he  should  become  a  priest  and  induced  Commodore  Barry  to  appoint  him  mid- 
shipman. He  was,  throughout  life,  averse  to  anything  sedentary.  His  father 
and  father's  father  were  seamen.  Little  is  known  about  the  family  of  his  mother, 
Anna  Pine,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  daughter  of  an  "Irish  gentleman." 

Decatur  had  a  fighting  instinct  that  could  be  completely  set  into  action. 
As  a  child  his  nature  was  considered  fiery.  His  undertaking  to  burn  the  Phila- 
delphia was  a  desperate  one  which  succeeded  by  its  pure  audacity.  When  the 
President  was  discovered  and  chased  by  the  British  fleet  he  fought  the  swiftest  of 
his  opponents  until  she  was  helpless,  until  24  on  his  ship  were  killed  and  55  wounded, 
and  until  he  was  surrounded  by  three  fresh,  powerful  enemy  vessels.  He  fought  two 
duels  and  was  killed  in  one.  It  is  said  of  him:  "The  high  temper  with  which  he 
had  been  born  was  kept  under  control,  except  in  rare  instances,  when  he  was  excited 
by  injustice,  deceit,  or  oppression."  His  brother  James  was  a  similar  fighter. 

He  was  tenacious,  as  in  his  hopeless  battle  with  the  Endymion.  After  he 
had  suffered  terrible  slaughter  he  still  kept  on  until  every  sail  had  been  stripped 
from  her  yards  and  her  battery  had  been  completely  silenced. 

He  was  quick  in  decision,  as  when  he  jumped  into  the  sea  to  rescue  a  man  who 
had  fallen  overboard,  and  when,  having  learned  of  his  brother's  death  by  treachery, 
he  chased  and  defeated  the  Tripolitan  gunboat  that  had  caused  James's  death. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  STEPHEN  DECATTTK. 

I  1  (F  F),  Etienne  Decatur,  of  French  and  Dutch  ancestry,  became  a  citizen  of  Rhode  Island 
in  1753.  He  was  a  sailor  and  a  bold  privateersman.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  leaving  his  family 
in  straitened  circumstances. 

I  2  (F  M),  Mrs.  Priscilla  (George)  Hill.     I  3  (M  F), Pine,  an  Irish  gentleman. 

II  1   (F),   Stephen  Decatur   (born   1752),  commanded 
merchant  ships  and  privateers  with  brilliant  success  during 
the  Revolution.     After  the  war  he  entered  into  partnership 
with  a  Philadelphia  firm  and  made  many  voyages  to  France. 
In  1798  he  was  commissioned  a  captain  of   the  navy.     II  2 
(M),  Anna  Pine,  hoped  that  the  propositus  would  be  a  clergy- 

'  Fraternity  of  Propositus:     III  1, Decatur.     Ill  2, 

James  Decatur,  as  lieutenant,  had  command  of  a  gunboat  off 
Tripoli  and  was  mortally  wounded  in  boarding  a  Tripolitan.    ,,,-       i-U  i-J^  43  JU 
III  3,  John  P.  Decatur.     Ill  5,  Captain  James  M'Knight,  Ld  LJ  U  Cf; 

of  the  marine  corps.  Ill  6, Decatur.  Ill  7,  Dr.  Hurst,  of  Philadelphia.  Ill  8,  (Pro- 
positus), STEPHEN  DECATUR. 

Children  of  brother:  IV  1,  Stephen  Decatur,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy.  IV  2,  John  P.  Deca- 
tur, a  midshipman. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BRADY,  C.     1900.     Stephen  Decatur.     Boston:   Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     xviii  +  142  pp. 
MACKENZIE,  A.    1846.    Life  of  Stephen  Decatur.    Boston:   C.  Little  &  J.  Brown,    xi  +443  pp. 


70  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

16.  GEORGE  DEWEY. 

GEORGE  DEWEY  was  born  at  Montpelier,  Vermont,  December  26,  1837. 
He  attended  schools  in  Montpelier  and  Johnson,  Vermont,  and  in  1851  he  was 
admitted  to  the  military  academy  at  Norwich,  Vermont.  He  decided  to  enter  the 
Naval  Academy,  to  which  he  was  admitted  hi  1854  and  from  which  he  was  grad- 
uated in  1858.  He  was  active  in  the  naval  operations  of  the  Civil  War,  especially 
as  executive  officer  on  the  Mississippi,  and  was  commissioned  lieutenant  com- 
mander for  meritorious  conduct  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Fisher.  He  taught  in  the 
Naval  Academy,  1868  to  1870;  was  with  the  Pacific  Survey;  was  on  the  lighthouse 
board;  was  at  the  European  station  in  command  of  a  ship,  and  eventually  of  the 
flagship,  1884  to  1888.  Commissioned  commodore,  he  was,  in  1898,  given  com- 
mand of  the  Asiatic  station.  When  war  with  Spain  broke  out,  Dewey,  at  Hong 
Kong,  was  cabled  to  operate  against  the  Spanish  fleet  at  the  Philippine  Islands. 
He  steered  his  small  fleet  of  6  vessels  at  night  through  the  narrow  and  mined 
entrance  into  Manila  bay.  At  daybreak  he  destroyed  the  entire  Spanish  fleet 
of  12  vessels,  his  casualties  being  only  7  wounded.  In  the  ensuing  days  and  weeks 
he  met  such  dangerous  situations  as  the  acts  of  the  German  admiral  at  Manila 
bay  and  the  resistance  of  Aguinaldo  with  such  judgment  that  the  grade  of  ad- 
miral (previously  held  only  by  Farragut  and  David  D.  Porter)  was  revived  in  his 
favor.  From  1900  until  his  death  Dewey  was  president  of  the  general  board 
of  the  navy.  He  died  at  Washington  of  arteriosclerosis,  January  16,  1917. 
The  traits  that  determined  Dewey's  career  were: 
Love  of  adventure.  —  Of  his  life  at  the  district  school  he  says: 

"I  was  full  of  animal  spirits  and  I  liked  things  to  happen  wherever  I  was. 
Probably  I  had  a  gift  for  stirring  up  other  boys  to  help  me  in  my  enterprises.  A 
life  of  Hannibal  which  I  received  as  a  present  fired  my  imagination.  In  winter 
it  was  easy  to  make  believe  that  in  storming  a  neighboring  hill  I  was  making  the 
passage  of  the  Alps.  If  there  were  no  other  soldiers  to  follow  me,  I  might  draft 
my  sister  Mary,  who  was  2  years  my  junior.  .  .  . 

"One  of  my  favorite  deeds  of  bravado  was  descending  the  old  State  House 
steps  blindfolded,  with  the  onlookers  wondering  whether  I  would  slip  on  the  way 
and  take  the  rest  of  the  flight  head  first." 

On  one  occasion  he  thought  it  would  be  a  great  exploit  to  drive  a  horse  and 
wagon  across  the  swollen  river;  he  escaped  only  by  abandoning  the  wagon  and 
climbing  upon  the  horse's  neck.  To  break  his  father's  punishment  he  said:  "You 
ought  to  be  glad  that  I  am  alive!"  At  the  Norwich  Academy,  when  17  years  of 
age,  he  was  disciplined  for  breaking  up  a  service  of  hymns  by  standing  outside  and 
singing  rival  melodies.  Even  at  Annapolis  the  "old  faculty  of  making  things 
happen  had  given  me  113  demerit  marks."  Two  hundred  meant  dismissal. 

Dewey  was  excellent  at  mathematics,  good  in  French  and  Spanish,  but  poor 
in  history.  "My  weakness  in  history  I  overcame  later  in  life,  when  I  grew  fond 
of  reading." 

He  was  quick  in  response.  "A  cadet  who  sat  opposite  me  called  me  a  name 
at  mess  which  no  man  can  hear  without  redress.  I  did  not  lose  a  second,  and 
springing  around  the  table,  I  went  for  him  and  beat  him  down  under  the  table 
before  we  were  separated."  When,  at  Annapolis,  a  Southern  cadet  challenged  him 
to  a  duel  he  accepted  with  alacrity.  Rear  Admiral  Aaron  Ward  says  of  him: 


DEWEY.  71 

"  Dewey  was  a  generous  commander  and  made  allowances  for  our  greenness  and 
was  disposed  to  be  indulgent  with  the  average  'middy's'  prank.  .  .  .  But  this 
does  not  mean  he  was  not  a  disciplinarian.  .  .  .  Slackness  in  work,  untidiness, 
tardiness,  and  other  shortcomings  were  abhorrent  to  him  and  he  would  not  tolerate 
them." 

He  was  always  extremely  prompt  and  Farragut  was  his  beau  ideal.  In  any 
difficult  situation  he  asked  himself:  "What  would  Farragut  do?"  "I  was  think- 
ing of  him  the  night  we  entered  Manila  bay." 

Brave  and  cool,  he  took  the  Mississippi  (of  Farragut's  West  Gulf  squadron) 
through  the  river  by  the  batteries  of  St.  Philip  and  Jackson  and  stood  intrepid 
on  the  bridge  while  the  forts  belched  at  him.  When  a  Confederate  ram  suddenly 
appeared,  he  had  the  entire  starboard  broadside  fired  at  her  and  sank  her.  The 
Mississippi  lost  her  bearings  in  the  smoke  of  battle  and  ran  aground.  She  was 
burned  and  abandoned.  Dewey  was  about  the  last  person  to  leave,  and  while 
swimming  to  shore  he  saved  a  sailor  from  drowning  at  the  risk  of  his  own  life.  On 
opening  the  battle  of  Manila  bay,  he  impressed  all  with  his  coolness  as  he  com- 
manded: "You  may  fire  when  you  are  ready,  Gridley."  He  was  a  quick  thinker, 
a  sharp  fighter,  a  precisian  in  courtesy  and  always  neatly  dressed.  Like  many  other 
naval  officers,  he  considered  recognition  of  his  own  achievement  as  very  important. 
He  showed  consideration  for  others,  and  relied  on  those  he  felt  he  could  trust. 

George  Dewey's  father  was  Julius  Yeomans  Dewey,  a  doctor  of  medicine 
of  the  University  of  Vermont;  he  was  a  man  of  vigorous  constitution  and  active 
temperament,  and  a  natural  leader  to  whom  men  turned  for  advice,  and  who  was 
very  fixed  in  his  ideas  of  right  and  wrong.  The  father's  father  of  Dr.  Julius  Y. 
Dewey  was  Captain  William  Dewey,  who  was  active  in  the  Revolutionary  war. 
He  had  a  brother,  Ensign  Simeon  Dewey,  who  accompanied  Ethan  Allen  when 
he  demanded  the  keys  to  the  fortress  at  Ticonderoga.  Dr.  Julius  Y.  Dewey's 
father's  father's  mother  was  Mercy  Saxton,  a  daughter's  daughter  of  Captain  George 
Denison,  the  "Miles  Standish"  of  the  Roxbury  settlements.  He  was,  except,  per- 
haps, Captain  John  Mason,  without  equal  in  the  colonies  for  conducting  war  against 
the  Indians.  He  reminds  us  of  the  border  men  of  Scotland.  From  him  is  descended 
also  Minerva  Denison,  the  mother  of  Rear  Admiral  John  Rodgers  (1812-1882). 

On  the  mother's  side  we  find  that  Admiral  Dewey's  mother's  mother's  father 
was  a  captain  in  the  Revolution  and  the  mother's  mother's  mother's  father  was 
the  son  of  Captain  Charles  Maudsley,  a  lieutenant  in  King  Philip's  war. 

Thus  there  are  lines  on  both  sides  reaching  back  to  fighters  and  a  connection, 
through  the  Denisons,  with  Rear  Admiral  John  Rodgers. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  GEOHGE  DEWEY. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F  F  F  F  F:  II,  Jedediah  Dewey  (born  1647).  12,  Sarah  Orton.  13 
(F  F  F  F  F  F  F),  Josiah  Dewey  (1641-1731),  was  a  carpenter  and  an  influential  and  active  citizen. 
I4(FFFFFF  M),  Hepzibah  Lyman.  I5(FFFFMM  M),  Bridget,  who  died  in  America. 
I  6  (F  F  F  F  M  M  F),  George  Denison  (ca.  1618-1694),  came  to  New  England  about  1631,  but 
in  1643  returned  to  England,  where  he  served  in  the  army  under  Cromwell  and  was  wounded  at 
Naseby.  Afterwards  he  returned  to  America  and  finally  settled  in  Stonington,  Connecticut. 
He  is  considered  as  great  and  brilliant  a  soldier  as  Miles  Standish.  "Our  early  history  presents 
no  character  of  bolder  and  more  active  spirit  than  Captain  Denison.  He  reminds  us  of  the 
border  men  of  Scotland."  I  7,  Ann  Borodell,  of  Irish  ancestry,  married  Captain  Denison  soon 
after  the  battle  of  Naseby.  From  this  marriage  descended  Minerva  Denison,  who  married 
Commodore  John  Rodgers. 


72 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


II  1,  Jedediah  Dewey  (born  1670),  a  sergeant.    II  3  (F  F  F  F  F  F),  Josiah  Dewey  (born 
1666),  a  farmer.     II  4  (F  F  F  F  F  M),  Mehitable  Miller.    II  5  (F  F  F  F  M  F),  Captain  Joseph 
Saxton.    II  6  (F  F  F  F  M  M),  Hannah  Denison. 

III  1,  Jedediah  Dewey  (1714-1778),  was  a  man  of  independent  views  who  separated  from 
the  church  and  became  a  preacher,  settling   in   Bennington,  Vermont.     He  was  one  of   the 
leaders  in  the  efforts  of  the  Vermont  settlers  to  maintain  their  land  titles.     He  preached  to  his 
people  to  take  arms  and  go  out  to  fight.     Tradition  has  it  that  he  adjourned  church  service  to 
go  to  fight  the  British  at  the  battle  of  Bennington,  whence  his  name  of  "fighting  parson."     Ill 
2,   Mindwell  Hayden.    III3(FFFFF),  William  Dewey  (born  1692).    Ill  4  (FFFFM), 
Mercy  Saxton.    Ill  5  (M  M  F  M  F),  Captain  John  Moseley. 


VHI 


DC 


IV  1,  Elijah  Dewey  (1744-1818),  was  a  private  in  the  first  military  company  formed  in 
Bennington,  Vermont,  in  1764.  He  was  captain  of  a  company  in  the  early  days  of  the  Revolution 
and  was  at  Ticonderoga,  at  the  battle  of  Bennington,  and  at  Saratoga.  IV  2  (F  F  F  F),  Simeon 
Dewey  (1770-1863),  a  farmer.  IV  3  (F  F  F  M),  Anna  Phelps.  Fraternity  of  M  M  F  F:  IV  4, 
Elizur  Talcott  (born  1709),  from  whom  are  descended  George  Talcott  (born  1786),  a  brigadier 
general  in  the  United  States  army,  and  other  men  of  military  and  engineering  fame.  IV  5  (M  M  F 
F),  Captain  Samuel  Talcott  (born  Glastonbury,  Connecticut),  1708.  IV  6  (M  M  F  M),  Hannah 
Moseley. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F:  V  1,  Simeon  Dewey  (1745-1830),  a  blacksmith  and  gunsmith,  was 
with  Ethan  Allen  at  Ticonderoga.  V  2  (F  F  F),  William  Dewey  (1746-1813),  in  1776  moved 
to  New  Hampshire,  where  he  farmed  and  did  the  work  of  a  mechanic.  He  served  as  a  corporal 
upon  the  Lexington  alarm  of  1775.  V  3  (F  F  M),  Rebecca  Carrier  (1746-1837).  V  4  (M  M  F), 
Samuel  Talcott  (born  1733).  V  5  (M  M  M),  Mary  Smith. 

VI  1  (F  F),  Simeon  Dewey  (1770-1863),  was  a  farmer  who  filled  various  town  offices. 
VI  2  (F  M),  Prudence  Yeomans,  of  Norwich,  Vermont  (1772-1844).  VI  3  (M  F),  Zachariah 
Perrin  (1748-1838).  VI  4  (MM),  Mary  Talcott  (1758-1828).  Fraternity  of  MM:  VIS, 


DEWEY.  73 

Samuel  Talcott   (1765-1839).  VI  6,  Abigail  Hooker.    VI  7,  Nehemiah  Talcott   (1766-1848). 

VI  8,  Hannah  Talcott  (1759-1848).     VI  9,  Epaphras  Hills. 

VII  1  (consort's  F),  Ichabod  Goodwin  (1796-1882),  was  a  shipmaster  who,  as  governor  of 
New  Hampshire  during  the  Civil  War,  was  known  as  the  "Fighting  Governor."     VII  2  (con- 
sort's M),  Sarah  Parker  Rice.     VII  3  (F),  Julius  Yeomans  Dewey,  M.D.  (1801-1877),  practiced 
in  Montpelier,  Vermont.     He  was  surgeon  of  the  first  regiment  of  the  state  militia,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  National  Life  Insurance  Company.     VII  4  (M),  Mary  Perrin  (1799-1843),  was  edu- 
cated in  private  school;  was  fond  of  books;  she  came  from  cultured  stock.     Fraternity  of  M: 

VII  5,  Polly  Perrin  (1781-1798).     VII  6,  Betsey  Perrin  (born  1783).     VII  7,  Rev.  James  Hobart. 
VII  8,  Pamela  Pen-in  (1787-1813).     VII  9,  Deacon  David  Nye.    VII  10,  Porter  (1790-1871) 
and  Samuel   (1785-1844)   Perrin.     VII  11,  Truman  Perrin   (1796-1822),  was  graduated  from 
Dartmouth  College  and  became  a  clergyman.     VII  12,  Proncy  Tyndal,  of  Alabama.     VII  13, 
William  Perrin  (1792-1824),  a  clergyman  of  South  Carolina.     VII  14,  Sophia  Perrin  (born  1801). 

VII  15,  Captain  Joseph  Somerby,  removed  to  Michigan.    VII  17,  Elizur  Hills  (born  1782), 
was  lost  at  sea. 

VIII  1  (first  consort),  Susie  B.  Goodwin  (died  1872).   VIII  2  (Propositus),  GEORGE  DEWEY. 

VIII  3  (second  consort),  Mildred  (McLean)  Hazen.     Fraternity  of  Proposilus:   VIII  4,  Charles 
Dewey  (born  1826),  became  president  of  the  National  Life  Insurance  Company;  was  elected  state 
senator  three  terms  and  appointed  state  inspector  of  finance.    VIII  5,  Betsey  Tarbox.     VIII 
6,  Edward  Dewey  (born  1829),  became  a  director  of  the  family  firm.     In  1864  he  entered  the 
United  States  militia  as  quartermaster  of  the  Eighth  Vermont  Volunteers;  in  1865  was  promoted 
to  captain  and  assistant  quartermaster  in  the  staff  department  of  the  United  States  Volunteers. 
VIII  7,  Susan  Griggs  Lilley.    VIII  8,  Mary  Perrin  Dewey  (born  1839),  of  a  modest,  retiring 
disposition.     VIII  9,  George  Preston  Greeley,  a  surgeon  in  the  army. 

Child  of  Propositus:  IX  1,  George  Goodwin  Dewey  (born  1872),  after  being  graduated 
from  Princeton  College,  became  a  traveling  salesman.  Children  of  sibs:  IX  2,  William  Tarbox 
Dewey  (born  1852),  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  Vermont  National  Guard;  was  director  of  the 
Vermont  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company.  IX  3,  Theodore  Gibbs  Dewey  (born  1859),  was 
graduated  from  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis.  In  1882  he  was  appointed  midshipman  on 
the  United  States  Coast  Survey;  in  1897  he  was  promoted  to  lieutenant. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BALDWIN,  J.,  and  C.    1881.    A  Record  of  the  Descendants  of  Captain  George  Denison  of 

Stonington,  Connecticut.    Worcester:   Tyler  and  Seagrave.     423  pp. 
BARNBTT,  J.     1899.     Admiral  George  Dewey.     New  York:   Harper's.    280  pp. 
CATJLKINS,  F.    1852.    History  of  New  London,  Connecticut.    New  London:    Press  of  Case, 

Tiffany  &  Co.     xi  +  670  pp. 
DEWEY,  A.    1899.    The  Life  and  Letters  of  Admiral  Dewey.    New  York:   The  Woolfall  Co. 

559  pp. 
DEWEY,  G.     1913.    Autobiography  of  George  Dewey.    New  York:    C.  Scribners'  Sons,    xii 

+  337  pp. 
DEWEY,  L.    1898.    Life  of  George  Dewey,  Rear  Admiral  United  States  Navy  and  Dewey  Family 

History.     Westfield:   Dewey  Publishing  Co.     1117pp. 
TALCOTT,  S.  V.     1876.    Talcott  Pedigree  in  England  and  America.    Albany:    Weed,  Parsons 

&  Co.    316  pp. 


74  HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

17.  ADAM  DUNCAN. 

ADAM  DUNCAN  was  born  July  1,  1731,  at  Lundie,  Forfarshire,  Scotland. 
After  receiving  the  rudiments  of  an  education  at  Dundee,  he  went  to  sea  in  1746, 
under  his  mother's  brother's  son,  Captain  James  Haldane.  In  1755  he  was  lieu- 
tenant on  the  Norwich,  one  of  the  fleet  under  Admiral  Keppel,  which  convoyed 
General  Braddock's  forces  to  America.  In  1780,  as  captain  in  the  Monarch, 
under  Sir  George  Rodney,  he  was  the  first  to  engage  the  Spanish  enemy  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent.  In  May  1797,  as  rear  admiral,  he  took  his  station  off  the  Texel, 
where  lay  the  Dutch  squadron  of  15  sail  under  De  Winter.  Owing  to  the  wide- 
spread mutiny  in  the  British  fleet,  he  had  only  two  ships.  From  tune  to  time  he 
caused  signals  to  be  made,  as  if  to  the  main  body  of  his  fleet  in  the  offing,  and  by 
this  ruse  prevented  an  attack  on  his  helpless  ships  until,  the  mutiny  quelled,  he 
became  heavily  reinforced.  On  October  11  the  enemy  put  to  sea  and  he  attacked 
them  with  a  slightly  superior  force,  capturing  11  of  the  19  Dutch  vessels.  The 
water  was  shoal,  the  shore  near,  and  a  gale  coming  on;  so  he  ceased  action  and  took 
his  battered  prizes  homeward,  one  sinking  en  route.  For  this  victory  he  was  created 
Viscount  Duncan  of  Camperdown.  He  died  1804. 

Duncan  was  a  fighter  of  fighting  stock.  He  declined  a  preferred  command 
hi  order  to  watch  and  defeat  the  Dutch  off  the  Texel.  He  married  Henrietta 
Dundee,  whose  half-brother  was  a  general  in  the  army  and  the  governor  of  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Duncan's  brother  Alexander,  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army,  saw 
service  in  Canada  and  was  the  Major  Duncan  of  Fenimore  Cooper's  "The  Path- 
finder." Another  brother,  John,  was  in  the  employ  of  the  East  India  Company. 
Adam's  son  Henry  (V  13)  was  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy,  and  another  son, 
Alexander,  was  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  Coldstream  Guards.  Four  second  cousins 
of  these  sons  (children  of  Captain  James  Haldane)  gained  some  distinction  in  the 
navy.  The  first  was  Robert  (1764-1842),  who  was  under  Adam  Duncan  on  the 
Monarch  and  gained  distinction;  but  in  1783  he  left  the  navy  to  organize  religious 
movements,  in  which  he  was  somewhat  successful.  With  others  he  organized  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  at  Home.  The  other  son  was  James 
Alexander  (1768-1851),  who  at  17  became  a  midshipman,  and  eventually  a  captain. 
During  a  long  detention  of  his  ship  he  began  the  study  of  the  Bible,  abruptly 
quitted  the  naval  service,  began  open-air  preaching,  and  made  repeated  missionary 
journeys.  He  helped  his  brother  organize  the  Propagandist  Society  and  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  a  large  independent  congregation.  The  scanty  available  genea- 
logical data  does  not  disclose  the  source  of  this  family  tendency  to  piety  late  in  life. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  ADAM  DUNCAN,  FIRST  VISCOUNT  DUNCAN. 

I  1  (consort's  F  F  F),  Robert  Dundas,  Lord  Arniston,  an  eminent  lawyer;  member  of 
Parliament.  I  2  (consort's  F  F  M),  Margaret  Sinclair.  I  3  (F  F  F),  Alexander  Duncan,  provost 
of  Dundee,  1682-1685.  He  defended  Dundee  when  John  Graham  tried  to  seize  its  municipal 
charters.  I  5  (F  M  F),  Sir  Patrick  Murray.  I  6  (F  M  M),  Margaret  Haldane,  daughter  of 
Mungo  Haldane,  of  Gleneagles  county,  Perth. 

II  1,  Anne  Gordon.  II  2  (consort's  F  F),  Robert  Dundas  (1685-1753),  was  solicitor-general, 
1717,  and  lord  advocate  of  Scotland,  1720;  a  judge  of  session  and,  in  1748,  president  of  the  court. 
II  3  (consort's  F  M),  Elizabeth  Watson.  II  4  (F  F),  Alexander  Duncan  (died  1719),  provost, 
1717.  II  5  (F  M),  Isabella  Murray.  II  6  (M  F),  John  Haldane  of  Gleneagles,  member  of 
Parliament. 

Ill  1,  Henry  Dundas,  first  Viscount  Melville  (1742-1811),  became  solicitor-general  to 
Scotland  and  then  lord  advocate.  In  1791  he  was  home  secretary;  1794-1801,  secretary  of  war; 
in  1804  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  of  which  he  was  treasurer  between  1782  and  1800.  Ill  2, 


DUNCAN. 


75 


IV 


V 


VI 


Elizabeth  Rennie.     Ill  4  (second   consort  of  consort's  F),  Jean   Grant.     Ill  5    (consort's  F), 
Robert  Dundas    (1713-1787),  solicitor-general  of   Scotland,  lord   advocate  and   lord  president. 

III  6  (consort's  M),  Henrietta  Carmichael  (died  1755).     Fraternity  of  F:  III  7,  Sir  William  Dun- 
can (died  1774),  was  physician  in  ordinary  to  George  III.     Ill  8  (F),  Alexander  Duncan,  provost 
of  Dundee  (1744-1746).     Ill  9  (M),  Helen  Haldane. 

IV  1,  Elizabeth  Dundas  (died  1852).  Half  Fraternity  of  Consort:  IV  2,  Robert  Dundas, 
(born  1753),  was  lord  chief  baron  of  the  court  of  exchequer  in  Scotland  and  later  solicitor-general 
and  lord  advocate.  IV  3,  Francis  Dundas,  lieutenant  general  and  governor  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  IV  4,  William  Dundas,  privy  councilor  and  secretary  of  war,  1804.  IV  5,  Philip  Dundas, 
governor  of  Prince  of  Wales  Island.  Fraternity  of  consort:  VI  7,  Margaret  and  Anne  Dundas. 

IV  8,  Elizabeth  Dundas.     IV  9,  Sir  John  Lockhart  Ross  (1721-1790),  a  gallant  and  highly  dis- 
tinguished naval  officer.     IV  10  (consort),  Henrietta  Dundas  (died  1832).     IV  11  (Proposilus), 
ADAM  DUNCAN,  first  Viscount  Duncan.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  12,    Margaret   Duncan 
(died  1818).     IV  13,  William  Tait.     IV  14,  Alexander  Duncan,  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army. 
IV  16,  John  Duncan.     IV  17,  Katherine  Duncan  (died  1774).     IV  18,  James  Haldane,  a  captain 
in  the  navy.     IV  19,  Daniel  Rutherford,  a  professor. 


V  1,  Robert  (born  1797)  and  William  Pitt  Dundas.  V  2,  Henry  Dundas,  a  vice  admiral 
of  the  Royal  Navy.  V  4,  Charles  Lockhart-Ross,  a  colonel  in  the  army.  V  5,  James  Lockhart- 
Ross  Farquharson,  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.  V  6,  George  Lockhart-Ross  (born  1775), 
an  advocate  and  judge.  V  7,  John  Lockhart-Ross,  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army,  who  was 
killed  in  1809.  V  8,  Robert  Lockhart-Ross,  a  colonel  in  the  army.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  9, 
William  Duncan  (died  at  9  years  of  age).  V  10,  Robert  Duncan,  second  Viscount  Duncan  and 
first  Earl  of  Camperdown  (1785-1859);  assumed  the  name  of  Haldane.  V  11,  Janet  Dalrymple- 
Hamilton.  V  12,  Alexander  Duncan  (died  1803),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.  V  13,  Sir 
Henry  Duncan  (1786-1835),  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy,  C.  B.,  K.  C.  H.  V  14,  Jane  Duncan 
(died  1852).  V  15,  Sir  Hew  Dalrymple-Hamilton.  V  16,  Henrietta  Duncan  (died  1850). 
V  17,  Sir  James  Fergusson.  V  18,  Adamina  Duncan  (died  1857).  V  19,  John  Hamilton,  Earl 
of  Stair.  V  20,  Mary  Tufton  Duncan  (died  1867).  V  21,  James  Dundas  of  Dundas.  V  22, 
Catherine  Duncan  (died  1833).  V  23,  Robert  Haldane  (1764-1842),  served  in  the  navy,  but 
became  a  missionary  (see  text).  V  26,  James  Alexander  Haldane  (1768-1851),  served  in  the  navy, 
but  took  up  missionary  work  (see  text).  V  27, Rutherford. 

Son's  son  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  Adam  Haldane  Duncan,  second  Earl  of  Camperdown  (1812- 
1867),  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  VI  2,  Juliana  Philips.  VI  3,  Robert  Haldane,  a  writer  to 
the  signet.  VI  4,  Mary  Elizabeth  Burdon-Sanderson.  VI  5,  John  Scott  Burdon-Sanderson 
(1828-1905),  a  well-known  physiologist.  VI  6,  Daniel  Rutherford  Haldane  (1824-1887),  a  prom- 
inent Scotch  physician  and  president  of  Edinburgh  College  of  Physicians. 

Son's  son's  son  of  Propositus :  VII  1,  Robert  Adam  Philips  Haldane-Duncan,  third  Earl 
of  Camperdown  (born  1841),  was  lord  of  the  admiralty,  1870-1874.  He  is  the  author  of  "Ad- 
miral Duncan."  VII  2,  Elizabeth  Sanderson  Haldane,  was  a  member  of  the  arbitration  board 
under  the  board  of  trade,  of  Scottish  universities  committee,  and  of  the  school  board;  vice  chair- 


76  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

man  of  territorial  nursing  service.  In  cooperation  she  has  translated  Hegel's  "History  of  Philos- 
ophy" and  is  a  writer  of  biography.  VII  3,  John  Scott  Haldane  (born  1860),  a  physiologist, 
is  joint  editor  and  founder  of  the  Journal  of  Hygiene.  VII  4,  Hon.  Richard  Burdon  Haldane 
(born  1856),  a  British  statesman  who  became  secretary  of  state  for  war  in  1905.  He  took  first 
class  honors  in  philosophy  at  Edinburgh  University.  VII  5,  William  Stowell  Haldane  (born 
1864),  author.  VII  7,  James  Aylmer  Lowthorpe  Haldane  (born  1862),  is  now  a  brigadier  general 
in  the  army  and  has  served  with  distinction  in  India  and  South  Africa,  winning  medals  and  clasps. 
He  has  written,  "How  we  Escaped  from  Pretoria." 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
BURKE,  SIB  B.,  and  A.  1909.      A  Genealogical   and   Heraldic   History  of  the   Peerage   and 

Baronetage.     London:   Harrison  and  Son.     2570  pp. 
CAMPERDOWN,  EARL  OF.    1898.    Admiral  Duncan.    London:    Green  and  Co. 

18.  GEORGE  KEITH  ELPHINSTONE. 

GEORGE  KEITH  ELPHINSTONE  was  born  near  Stirling,  Scotland,  January  7, 
1746.  He  went  to  sea  at  the  age  of  15  years  (1761),  sailing  on  the  Gosport,  44  guns, 
under  Captain  Jervis.  Later  he  sailed  on  other  naval  vessels  and  then,  since 
prevailing  peace  gave  no  chance  for  advancement,  together  with  his  brother  he 
went  into  the  East  India  Company,  in  whose  service  he  was  commissioned  a  lieu- 
tenant in  1767.  Reentering  the  navy,  he  was  assigned  to  the  Mediterranean. 
Finding  English  deserters  in  Nice,  he  demanded  that  the  authorities  deliver  them, 
and  when  they  did  not  he  took  up  his  position  off  port  until  he  got  them.  When, 
on  entering  the  Bay  of  Naples  in  command  of  a  small  naval  vessel,  he  was  not 
officially  received,  he  threatened  to  turn  back  no  slaves  that  escaped  to  his  ship. 
In  1775,  as  post  captain  in  command  of  the  Romney,  he  participated  in  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  taking  American  and  French  ships  as  prizes.  He  took  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  seizure  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  were  captured 
4,000  Americans,  numerous  weapons,  and  four  war  vessels.  Sent  back  to  England 
with  dispatches,  he  was  elected  to  Parliament  and  later  returned  to  North  America, 
where  he  helped  fight  two  French  vessels  off  Delaware  bay.  In  1787  he  married 
a  Miss  Mercer,  an  heiress,  and  in  1788  a  daughter  was  born,  the  only  child  of  this 
union.  In  1793,  as  captain  of  the  Robust  (74  guns),  he  joined  the  Mediterranean 
fleet  to  fight  against  the  French  revolutionists.  At  Toulon  he  was  sent  to  support 
the  land  forces,  and  seized  the  shore  forts.  When  Toulon  was  finally  evacuated 
by  the  English,  Elphinstone  distinguished  himself  by  getting  away  all  the  soldiers 
and  thousands  of  the  refugees.  He  was  now  made  rear  admiral  and  in  1795  com- 
mander in  chief  in  Indian  waters.  He  went  to  Cape  Town  and  participated  in 
the  siege  and  capture  of  the  Cape  territory.  As  the  French  were  now  intriguing 
in  India,  Elphinstone,  after  organizing  a  naval  station  at  Cape  Town,  made  his 
way  to  Madras,  where  he  was  very  ill.  Learning  that  the  combined  French  and 
Dutch  fleets  threatened  Cape  Town,  he  returned  thither  despite  his  illness,  found 
the  fleets  hi  Saldanha  bay,  cut  off  all  means  of  retreat  for  them,  and  caused  them 
all  to  surrender  without  battle  (August  1796).  He  then  took  the  ships  to  Cape 
Town,  turned  them  into  English  ships  of  war,  and  returned  to  England,  where  he 
was  created  Baron  Keith.  When  the  mutiny  of  the  Nore  broke  out,  1797,  Keith 
investigated  it  and  was  soon  able  to  restore  order;  and  he  was  similarly  successful 
at  Plymouth.  In  1798  Keith  was  sent  as  second  in  command  to  Jervis,  Earl 
St.  Vincent.  Owing  to  lack  of  harmony  among  the  officers  of  the  fleet,  the  French 
squadron  at  Brest  escaped,  and  though  forced  by  bad  weather  to  return,  none  of 
the  squadron  was  captured.  St.  Vincent's  illness  now  left  Keith  in  supreme  com- 


ELPHINSTONE.  77 

mand.  In  1800  he  was  ordered  to  Egypt  to  recover  it  from  the  French.  He  made 
an  admirable  landing  at  Aboukir  and  captured  Cairo  and  Alexandria  in  1801. 
Returning  to  England  in  1803,  Keith  was  given  command  of  the  meager  North 
Sea  fleet  and  had  to  plan  the  coast  defenses  of  England  against  France.  His 
attempt  to  destroy  French  ships  off  Brest  by  means  of  fire-ships  failed.  In  1810 
he  was  appointed  admiral  of  the  red  and  commander  of  the  Channel  fleet;  as  such 
he  directed  measures  to  meet  the  threatened  invasion.  When  Bonaparte  sur- 
rendered, Keith  had  to  manage  his  care  and  keeping  and  expressed  to  the  Emperor 
the  decision  of  the  government.  Keith  now  retired  to  the  estates  that  he  was  able 
to  purchase  with  his  great  wealth.  He  built  a  large  house  at  Kincardine-on- 
Forth,  and  planned  piers,  embankments,  and  reclamation  walls.  He  was  fond 
of  society,  but  eschewed  politics.  He  died  in  1823.  "Lord  Keith  was  an  accom- 
plished and  gallant  officer,  methodical,  attentive,  and  correct;  but  otherwise  he 
rose  little  above  the  commonplace."  (Mahan,  1899,  p.  364.) 

Keith  was  a  fighter  of  fighting  stock,  especially  on  his  mother's  side.  Her 
mother's  brother  Francis  (1696-1758)  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  Edin- 
burgh, and  early  showed  a  decided  preference  for  a  soldier's  career;  but  as  a  Jacobite 
he  and  his  brother  George  had  to  flee  England  (1715).  He  obtained  a  colonelcy 
in  the  Spanish  army  (1726-1727),  later  took  command  of  a  regiment  in  Russia 
(1728),  and  gained  a  high  reputation.  In  1747  he  offered  his  services  to  Frederick 
II  of  Prussia,  who  made  him  field  marshal  and  gave  him  and  his  brother  George 
evidences  of  high  personal  regard.  In  1756,  when  the  Seven  Years'  War  broke  out, 
Francis  Keith  was  given  high  command  and  gained  still  higher  reputation  for  "res- 
olution and  promptitude  of  action  as  well  as  care  and  skill."  After  repeated  engage- 
ments he  was  killed  in  1758  at  the  battle  of  Hochkirch.  Francis's  brother  George  was 
less  of  a  fighter  and  more  of  a  diplomat;  and  having  conveyed  valuable  information 
to  Lord  Chatham  he  was  pardoned  by  George  II  and  returned  to  Scotland  in  1759. 

Lord  Keith  had  a  brother,  William  (IV  7),  who  entered  the  Royal  Navy, 
but  later  became  connected  with  the  East  India  Company  and  eventually  became 
a  director  of  it.  Another  brother,  John  (IV  5),  entered  the  army  and  was  later 
lieutenant  governor  of  Edinburgh  Castle;  his  son,  Montstuart  Elphinstone  (1779- 
1859),  received  a  civil  appointment  in  the  East  India  Company,  through  his  uncle 
William,  became  attached  as  diplomatist  to  the  mission  of  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley 
to  the  Mahrattas,  and,  though  a  civilian,  acted  virtually  as  Wellesley's  aide-de- 
camp. At  the  battle  of  Assaye  he  displayed  such  military  knowledge  and  insight 
that  Wellesley  told  him  he  should  have  been  a  soldier.  Appointed  resident  at 
Poona,  he  suspected  treachery  under  the  friendly  mask  of  the  peshwa  and  when 
that  mask  was  thrown  aside  and  war  was  declared  Elphinstone  assumed  command 
of  the  British  troops  at  a  crisis  in  the  battle  of  Kirkee  and  defeated  the  peshwa. 
Of  his  later  career  it  is  stated  (Encyl.  Britt.,  llth  ed.) :  "He  may  fairly  be  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  the  system  of  state  education  in  India."  He  twice  refused 
the  governor-generalship  of  India.  He  published  a  great  history  of  India  (1841). 
Still  another  brother  of  Keith  was  Charles  (IV  6),  who  was  also  in  the  navy  and 
who  died  on  the  Prince  George  when  she  took  fire  off  Ushant  Island  in  1757. 

The  quality  of  diplomacy  was  marked  in  George  also  and  had  to  be  exercised 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  as  well  as  in  his  relations  with  the  captured  Napoleon. 
George  Lord  Keith  believed  in  obeying  orders,  however,  and  adhered  to  discipline 
even  when  his  obedience  of  St.  Vincent's  orders  lost  him  the  capture  of  Bruix's  fleet. 
He  was  just,  considerate,  and  merciful,  and  was  even  reproved  by  the  admiralty 
for  furnishing  a  better  diet  to  the  sick  than  was  prescribed  by  that  authority. 


78 


HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


V 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  GEORGE  KEITH  ELPHINSTONE,  VISCOUNT  KEITH. 

I  1  (M  M  F),  William  Keith,  ninth  Earl  Marischal  of  Scotland. 

Fraternity  of  M  M:  II  1,  George  Keith,  tenth  Earl  Marischal  (1693-1778),  served  under 
Marlborough  and  was  a  zealous  Jacobite,  taking  part  in  the  uprising  of  1715,  after  which  he 
escaped  to  the  Continent.  He  lived  for  many  years  in  Spain;  then  in  1745  he  went  to  Prussia, 
where  he  held  various  diplomatic  posts.  II  2,  Francis  Edward  James  Keith  (1696-1758),  received 
a  careful  education  under  a  relative,  Robert  Keith,  Bishop  of  Fife,  during  which  he  "acquired 
that  taste  for  literature  which  afterwards  secured  him  the  esteem  of  the  most  distinguished  savants 
of  Europe";  a  field  marshal  in  Russia.  II  3  (M  M),  Lady  Mary  Keith  (died  1799).  II  4  (M  F), 
John  Fleming,  sixth  Earl  Wigtoun.  II  5  (F  F),  Charles  Elphinstone,  ninth  Lord  Elphinstone. 
II  6  (F  M),  Elizabeth  Primrose. 

III  1,    James,    third    Lord 
Ruthven.  Ill  2,  Anne  Stuart.   Ill 
3    (M),    Clementine    Fleming,  a 
woman  of  great  beauty  and  en- 
ergy.  Ill  4,  Charles  Elphinstone, 
tenth  Lord  Elphinstone.  Fraternity 
ofF:  III  5,  James  and  John  Elphin- 
stone. Ill  6,    Archibald    Elphin- 
stone, an  officer  in  the  army.     Ill 

7,  Grizel  and    Primrose    Elphin-  IV 
stone. 

IV  1,  Cornelius  Elliot.  IV  3, 
John  Ruthven  (died  1771),  a  cap- 
tain of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  4,  Anne 
Ruthven.  Fraternity  of  Propositus: 

IV  5,  John  Elphinstone,  eleventh  VI 
Lord  Elphinstone  (1737-1794).  IV 

6,  Charles  Elphinstone,  of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  7,  William  Fullerton-Elphinstone,  an  East 
India  director  and  previously  commander  of  an  Indianman.  IV  8,  Elizabeth  Fullerton.  IV 
9,  Mary,  Eleanor,  Primrose,  and  Clementina  Elphinstone.  IV  11,  Sir  Edward  Buller,  an  admiral 
of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  13  (first  consort),  James  Mercer  (died  1789).  IV  14  (Propositus), 
GEORGE  KEITH  ELPHINSTONE,  Viscount  Keith.  IV  14  (second  consort),  Hester  Maria  Thrale. 

V  1,  Janet  (Elliot)  Hyndford.     V  2,  John  Elphinstone,  twelfth  Lord  Elphinstone  (died  1813), 
a  lieutenant  general  in  the  army.    V  3,  Charles  Elphinstone  Fleming  (born  1774),  an  admiral 
in  the  navy  and  governor  of  Greenwich  Hospital.     V  4,  Donna  Catalina  Alessandro,  a  Spanish 
lady.     V  5,  James  Elphinstone  (died  1828)  of  Bengal,  India.     V  6,  Mountstuart  Elphinstone 
(1779-1859),  a  commissioner  hi  India  and  governor  of  Bombay;   one  of  the  most  able  and  dis- 
tinguished men  of  his  tune  in  India.     V  7,  Anne,  Clementina,  Elizabeth,  and  Keith  Elphinstone. 

V  8,  John  Elphinstone  (died  1854),  lived  in  India.     V  9,  Charles  Elphinstone  (born  1784)  was 
in  the  Royal  Navy  and  lost  on  the  Blenheim.    V  10,  William  George  Keith  Elphinstone,  a  major 
general  hi  the  army;  died  in  command  in  India,  1842.     V  11,  James  Buller-Fullerton-Elphinstone 
(1788-1857),  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  army.     V  12,  Anna  Maria  Buller.     Children  of  Propositus: 

V  14,  Margaret  Mercer  Elphinstone,  Baroness  Keith.     V  15,  Georgiana  A.  H.  Elphinstone. 

VI  1,  John  Elphinstone,  thirteenth  Lord  Elphinstone  (1807-1860),  a  captain  in  the  army; 
governor  of  Madras  and  later  of  Bombay;    created  Baron  Elphinstone  in  1859.     VI  2,  John 
Elphinstone  Fleming,  fourteenth  Lord  Elphinstone  (1819-1861),  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army. 

VI  4,  William  Buller  Fullerton,  fifteenth  Lord  Elphinstone  (1828-1893),  a  captain  in  the  Royal 
Navy.    VI  5,  Edward  Charles  Buller  Fullerton  (born  1832),  a  captain  in  the  army.    V  16, 
John  Frederick  Buller  Fullerton  (1837-1874),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.     VI  7,  George 
James  Buller  Fullerton  (1841-1879). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ALLARDYCE,  A.  1882.  Memoir  of  the  Hon.  George  Keith  Elphinstone,  Viscount  Keith,  Ad- 
miral of  the  Red.  Edinburgh  and  London:  W.  Blackwood  and  Sons. 

BURKE,  Sir  B.,  and  A.  1909.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and 
Baronetage.  London:  Harrison  and  Son.  2570  pp. 


FARRAGUT.  79 

19.  DAVID  GLASGOW  FARRAGUT. 

DAVID  GLASGOW  FARRAGUT  was  born  at  Campbell's  Station,  near  Knox- 
ville,  Tennessee,  on  July  5,  1801.  He  spent  a  hardy  and  adventurous  boyhood, 
first  in  Tennessee  and  then  near  New  Orleans.  An  intimate  friendship  sprang 
up  between  the  Farragut  family  and  Commander  David  Porter,  and  the  latter 
adopted  young  Farragut,  since  at  the  age  of  8  years  and  shortly  after  the  death 
of  his  mother  he  seemed  to  want  to  go  to  sea.  He  quickly  became  "fond  of  this 
adventurous  sort  of  life. "  (Farragut,  L.,  1879,  p.  11.)  After  a  year  of  study  in  the 
East  he  received  a  midshipman's  commission,  December  1810.  His  first  voyage 
was  made  on  the  Essex,  of  which  his  foster-father  was  captain,  and  he  served  on 
that  ship  during  her  romantic  and  fateful  cruise  in  the  Pacific  in  the  War  of  1812. 
He  was  in  the  bloody  battle  off  Valparaiso  when  the  ship  was  lost.  Returning 
to  the  United  States  under  parole,  he  studied  for  some  months  and  in  April  1815 
sailed  to  Algiers.  He  soon  returned  to  America,  but  in  the  spring  of  1816  he  sailed 
again  for  the  Mediterranean,  where  he  remained  until  1820,  becoming  lieutenant 
at  the  end  of  that  same  year.  He  distinguished  himself  in  encounters  with  pirates 
in  the  West  Indies  and  showed  decided  ability  and  originality  as  a  teacher  on  a 
receiving-ship.  He  served  as  an  officer  at  the  Norfolk  navy  yard  and  was  execu- 
tive officer  of  the  Pennsylvania  during  the  Mexican  war.  To  him  was  assigned, 
in  1854,  the  establishment  of  the  Mare  Island  navy  yard,  California.  He  was  in 
San  Francisco  bay  during  the  activities  of  the  vigilance  committee  and  steered 
a  course  of  wisdom  that  tended  to  calm  an  excited  population.  After  a  year  or 
two  of  service  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  watching  a  revolution  in  Mexico,  he  returned 
to  Norfolk,  where  he  was  stationed  when  Virginia  seceded.  He  remained  loyal. 
In  1862  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Western  Gulf  blockading  squad- 
ron, whose  secret  purpose  was  to  open  up  the  Mississippi  from  the  gulf.  He  ran 
his  fleet  by  the  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip,  in  the  face  of  a  terrific  fire  and 
with  relatively  slight  loss.  A  few  weeks  later  he  carried  his  flotilla  past  the  bat- 
teries at  Vicksburg.  He  was  now  commissioned  rear  admiral.  In  March  1863 
he  passed  the  strongly  placed  batteries  at  Port  Hudson  in  his  flagship  Hartford, 
but,  with  the  exception  of  one  gunboat,  the  remainder  of  the  squadron  was  unable 
to  follow.  He  remained  between  Port  Hudson  and  Vicksburg,  blockading  the 
mouth  of  the  Red  river,  until  the  fall  of  Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson  in  July  1863. 
After  a  few  months  in  New  York  for  recuperation  and  the  repair  of  his  ships,  he 
departed,  in  January  1864,  on  the  Hartford,  to  blockade  Mobile.  On  August  5, 
1864,  he  entered  Mobile  bay,  despite  strong  fortifications  and  mines  and  the  power- 
ful ironclad  Tennessee.  A  torpedo  sunk  the  Federal  monitor  Tecumseh,  which  was  in 
the  van,  and  Farragut  unhesitatingly  seized  the  line  at  the  critical  moment;  lashed 
to  the  mast,  he  ordered  his  flagship  at  full  speed,  taking  the  lead.  The  mines 
failed  to  explode  and  the  bay  was  safely  entered,  though  at  the  loss  of  many  men, 
especially  on  the  flagship.  The  British  Army  and  Navy  Gazette  called  him  "the 
first  naval  officer  of  his  day,  as  far  as  actual  reputation,  won  by  skill,  courage,  and 
hard  fighting,  goes."  In  the  battle  of  Mobile  bay  shells  were  freely  used  instead 
of  solid  shot.  A  few  days  later  all  the  forts  were  surrendered,  with  hundreds  of 
men  and  scores  of  guns. 

After  the  war  Farragut  had  command  for  a  time  of  the  European  squadron; 
he  was  voted  the  rank  of  admiral  by  Congress  in  1866,  and  then  retired  from 
active  service.  He  died  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  in  1870. 


80  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Farragut  had  "moral  courage  in  assuming  responsibility."  At  the  age  of 
12,  on  the  Essex,  he  was  given  command  by  Porter  of  the  recaptured  American 
ship  Barclay,  which  had  been  seized  by  the  British.  The  captain  of  the  Barclay 
was  furious  at  being  superseded  by  such  a  lad,  and  when  Porter's  flagship  had  set 
sail  this  captain  went  for  his  pistols  to  prevent  the  seamen  from  executing  Far- 
ragut's  orders.  Says  Farragut,  of  this  incident: 

"I  called  my  right-hand  man  of  the  crew  and  told  him  my  situation.  I 
also  informed  him  that  I  wanted  the  main  topsail  filled.  He  answered  with  a  clear, 
'Ay,  ay,  sir! '  in  a  manner  which  was  not  to  be  misunderstood,  and  my  confidence 
was  perfectly  restored.  From  that  moment  I  became  master  of  the  vessel,  and 
immediately  gave  all  necessary  orders  for  making  sail,  notifying  the  captain  not  to 
come  on  deck  with  his  pistols  unless  he  wished  to  go  overboard,  for  I  would  really 
have  had  very  little  trouble  in  having  such  an  order  obeyed." 

When  Farragut  later  reported  to  his  superior,  Captain  Downes,  the  Barclay's 
captain's  behavior,  the  latter  insisted  that  he  only  tried  to  frighten  the  lad.  "I 
replied  by  requesting  Captain  Downes  to  ask  him  how  he  succeeded."  (Mahan, 
1892,  p.  26.) 

When  12  years  and  9  months  of  age  he  was  on  board  the  Essex  in  her  final 
battle  off  Valparaiso,  in  which  only  75  of  her  crew  of  225  were  uninjured.  When 
Captain  Porter  was  told  that  a  gunner  had  deserted  his  post,  Porter  ordered  Far- 
ragut to  do  his  duty  and  the  boy  seized  a  pistol  and  went  in  pursuit  of  the  fellow, 
but  he  had  already  left  the  ship  in  a  boat.  Of  his  gallantry  in  this  engagement 
Porter  made  special  mention  in  his  dispatches.  Of  his  activities  during  the  ter- 
rible naval  battle  young  Farragut  says:  "I  performed  the  duties  of  captain's  aid, 
quarter  gunner,  powder  boy,  and  in  fact  did  everything  that  was  required  of  me." 
When,  after  the  battle,  Captain  Hillyar,  of  the  victorious  English  ship,  saw  Far- 
ragut's  discomfiture,  he  spoke  kindly,  saying:  "Never  mind,  my  little  fellow, 
it  will  be  your  turn  next  perhaps";  to  which,  says  Farragut,  "I  replied  I  hoped 
so,  and  left  the  captain  to  hide  my  emotion."  (Mahan,  1892,  p.  49.) 

Before  he  was  18  years  of  age  Farragut,  as  acting  lieutenant,  was  given  com- 
mand of  a  brig.  He  says  of  this  circumstance:  "I  consider  it  a  great  advantage 
to  obtain  command  young,  having  observed,  as  a  general  rule,  that  persons  who 
come  into  authority  late  in  life  shrink  from  responsibility  and  often  break  down 
under  its  weight."  (Mahan,  1892,  pp.  60-61.) 

When  the  passage  of  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  was  proposed  to  Farragut 
he  showed  "delight  and  enthusiasm,"  so  that  the  secretary  of  the  navy  doubted 
for  a  moment  if  he  were  not  too  enthusiastic.  The  secretary  soon  "saw  that  in 
modest  self-reliance  he  considered  himself  equal  to  the  emergency  and  the  expec- 
tation of  the  government." 

Later,  at  the  forts,  Farragut  decided  to  pass  them  without  waiting  to  reduce 
them,  as  his  orders  from  the  navy  department  strictly  implied.  In  this  action 
he  was  opposed  by  Commander  David  D.  Porter.  Later  Farragut  passed  the 
powerful  forts  at  Port  Hudson  on  his  own  responsibility.  At  the  entrance  to 
Mobile  bay,  when  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  go  in,  the  warning  cry  came  that 
there  were  torpedoes  ahead.  "Damn  the  torpedoes,"  shouted  the  admiral  in  the 
exaltation  of  his  high  purpose.  "Four  bells  [high  speed],  Captain  Drayton,  go 
ahead!"  and  none  of  the  torpedoes  exploded.  Says  Mahan  (1892,  pp.  318,  319): 


FARRAGUT.  81 

"One  of  the  greatest  of  naval  commanders,  whose  experience  with  men 
extended  through  an  unusually  long  and  varied  career  —  Earl  St.  Vincent  —  has 
declared  that  the  true  test  of  a  man's  courage  is  his  power  to  bear  responsibility; 
and  Farragut's  fearlessness  of  responsibility  in  order  to  accomplish  necessary- 
ends,  while  yet  captain  of  a  single  ship,  was  the  subject  of  admiring  comment 
among  his  subordinates,  who  are  not  usually  prone  to  recognize  that  quality  in 
their  commanders.  'I  have  as  much  pleasure  in  running  into  port  in  a  gale  of 
wind,'  he  wrote,  'as  ever  a  boy  did  in  a  feat  of  skill.'  The  same  characteristic 
was  markedly  shown  under  the  weight  of  far  greater  issues  in  his  determination 
to  pass  the  river  forts,  in  spite  of  remonstrances  from  his  most  able  lieutenant, 
of  cautious  suggestions  from  other  commanding  officers,  and  with  only  the  ambig- 
uous instructions  of  the  navy  department  to  justify  his  action.  It  was  not  that  the 
objections  raised  were  trivial.  They  were  of  the  most  weighty  and  valid  character, 
and  in  disregarding  them  Farragut  showed  not  only  the  admirable  insight  which 
fastened  upon  the  true  military  solution,  but  also  the  courage  which  dared  to  accept 
on  his  sole  responsibility  the  immense  risks  of  disaster  which  had  to  be  taken. 

"For  the  power  to  take  these  momentous  decisions,  Farragut  was  indebted 
to  nature.  He  indeed  justified  them  and  his  general  course  of  action  by  good 
and  sufficient  reasons,  but  the  reasons  carried  instant  conviction  to  him  because 
they  struck  a  kindred  chord  in  his  breast.  He  once  said:  'My  motto  in  action 
is  (quoting  Danton),  L'audace,  et  encore  de  1'audace,  et  toujours  de  1'audace.'" 

Farragut  had  a  love  of  the  sea,  though  he  was  born  far  inland.  It  is  said  that 
the  vast  internal  tracts  and  mountain  slopes  that  he  was  free  to  roam  over  did  not 
satisfy  his  craving.  We  have  seen  that,  at  a  very  early  age,  he  had  a  love  of  adven- 
ture, a  quality  that  marked  his  father. 

Farragut  as  a  lad,  "while  by  no  means  insensible  to  the  natural  temptations 
of  youth,  .  .  .  was  ever  more  attracted  to  and  influenced  by  the  good  than  by  the 
evil  around  him."  He  fortunately  fell  into  good  hands,  and  says:  "Never  having 
had  any  real  love  for  dissipation,  I  easily  got  rid  of  the  bad  influences  that  had 
assailed  me  in  the  John  Adams"  (Mahan,  1892,  p.  53.) 

Strategic  insight  was  shown  in  his  method  of  passing  forts,  without  reducing 
them,  and  depending  for  their  fall  upon  their  loss  of  communications,  as  at  New 
Orleans  and  Mobile  bay. 

The  temperament  of  Farragut  was  complex.  He  was  subject  to  depressions, 
like  Nelson,  only  less  so.  Bad  news  from  Galveston,  in  January  1863,  while  he  was 
in  the  lower  Mississippi,  depressed  him  greatly.  But  on  the  whole,  especially  in 
battle,  he  was  very  active.  His  temperament  was  of  the  kind  that  reacted  strongly 
to  insult.  "At  the  age  of  8  years,  knowledge  that  a  British  naval  vessel  had 
fired  into  an  American  brig  caused  him  to  feel  that  the  news  was  an  insult  to  be  paid 
in  kind,  and  he  was  anxious  to  discharge  the  debt  with  interest." 

Father.  —  George  Farragut  was  born  September  29,  1755,  and  "was  sent  to 
school  at  Barcelona,  but  was  seized  with  the  spirit  of  adventure  and  emigrated 
to  America  at  an  early  age.  .  .  .  He  arrived  in  1776,  promptly  sided  with  the 
colonists,  and  served  gallantly  in  their  struggle  for  independence,  as  also  in  the 
War  of  1812."  In  the  mountains  of  eastern  Tennessee  he  engaged  in  surveying. 
About  1802  "George  Farragut  moved  to  Louisiana,  where  he  soon  after  entered 
the  naval  service  and  had  charge  of  a  gunboat  on  the  Mississippi."  "He  was 
engaged  in  establishing  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to  the  eastern  Louisiana 
seacoast,  occupied  in  part  by  the  Spanish  authorities."  In  1811  he  was  "sailing 
master."  Thus  an  official  of  the  new  territory  reports:  "At  the  special  request 


82  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

of  the  inhabitants  of  Pascagoula,  by  whom  he  is  greatly  beloved,  I  prevailed  on 
Sailing  Master  George  Farragut  to  accept  the  commission  of  magistrate."  He 
served  with  General  Jackson  in  the  Indian  campaigns.  Of  him  the  admiral  says: 
"a  restless  disposition  and  a  mind  filled  with  enterprise,  courage,  and  a  desire 
for  novelty."  He  was  for  a  time  major  of  cavalry  in  the  State  of  Tennessee. 
(Loyall  Farragut,  1879,  pp.  4-7.)  He  died  in  Louisiana  in  1817.  He  was  during 
his  life  sailor,  soldier,  explorer,  pioneer,  and  planter. 

George  Farragut  was  a  man  of  great  energy  and  daring,  as  the  following 
statements  of  his  son  show: 

"The  most  daring  enterprise  that  my  father  ever  performed  by  water  was 
in  going  from  New  Orleans  to  Havana  in  a  pirogue,  a  species  of  canoe  made  of  two 
pieces  of  wood  instead  of  one.  .  .  .  This  fondness  for  the  sea  was  very  strong  with 
him,  but  his  health  was  not  sufficiently  good,  at  that  period  of  his  life,  to  endure 
the  hardships  of  actual  service,  or  to  indulge  in  the  pleasures  of  an  extended  cruise; 
so  he  contented  himself  with  making  frequent  trips  across  the  Lake  (Pontchar- 
train),  with  his  children,  hi  the  yawl;  a  practice  he  kept  up  until  the  day  of  his 
death.  When  the  weather  was  bad  we  usually  slept  on  the  beach  of  one  of  the 
numerous  islands  of  the  lake,  or  else  on  the  shore  of  the  mainland,  wrapped  in 
the  boat  sail,  and,  if  the  weather  was  cold,  we  generally  half  buried  ourselves  in 
the  dry  sand."  (L.  Farragut,  1879,  pp.  9,  10.) 

Mother.  —  Elizabeth  Shine,  of  North  Carolina,  was  "of  the  good  old  Scotch 
family  of  Mclven."  The  admiral  writes: 

"I  remember  that  on  one  occasion,  during  my  father's  absence,  a  party  of 
Indians  came  to  our  house,  which  was  somewhat  isolated.  My  mother,  who  was 
a  brave  and  energetic  woman,  barred  the  door  in  the  most  effectual  manner,  and 
sent  all  of  us  trembling  little  ones  up  into  the  loft  of  the  barn,  while  she  guarded 
the  entrance  with  an  axe.  The  savages  attempted  to  parley  with  her,  but  she  kept 
them  at  bay."  (L.  Farragut,  1879,  p.  8.) 

It  is  said  of  Farragut  that  from  his  Scotch  ancestry  came  his  canny  judgment, 
his  keen  sense  of  humor,  his  coolness  in  danger,  and  his  deeply  religious  nature. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  DAVID  G.  FARRAGTJT. 

II  (F  F)  Antonio  Ferragut,  born  in  Majorca,  a  son  of  Jorge  Ferragut  and  Ursula  Guitart. 
12  (F  M),  Juana  Mesquida,  daughter  of  Juan  Mesquite  and 
Juana  Bagur.  13  (M  F),  John  Shine,  was  in  western  North 
Carolina  in  the  middle  third  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and 
was  thus  a  pioneer.  14  (MM),  Ellenor  Mclven  ("the  good 
old  Scotch  family  of  Mclven."  — L.  Farragut,  1879,  p.  6). 

II  1  (F),  George  Farragut,  born  at  Minorca,  Balearic 
Islands,  1755.  "In  his  veins  flowed  the  blood  of  a  large  line 
of  soldiers,  sailors,  and  adventurers."  He  was  for  a  time 
engaged  in  seafaring  pursuits.  He  went  to  America  in  1776, 
and  fought  with  the  colonial  army.  II  2  (M),  Elizabeth 
Shine.  II  2,  Jordan  Merchant,  of  Norfolk,  Virginia.  II  5, 
William  Loyall,  esq.,  of  Norfolk,  Virginia. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  William  Farragut,  procured  an  appointment  in  the  navy 
through  his  father  before  1808.  He  joined  his  brother  David  in  a  cruise  against  the  pirates  of 
the  West  Indies  in  the  spring  of  1823;  he  became  crippled  with  rheumatism  while  on  duty  in  the 
West  Indies  and  died  at  New  Orleans  in  1859.  Ill  3,  George  A.  Farragut  (born  1805),  was 
drowned  by  falling  overboard  from  a  boat  that  was  being  towed  by  a  schooner,  1815.  Ill  4 
(consort),  Susan  C.  Marchant,  married  Farragut,  September  24,  1823,  at  Norfolk,  Virginia. 
She  suffered  from  neuralgia  for  many  years  and  had  to  be  carried  about  like  a  child;  she  died 


FARRAGUT  —  FLINDERS.  83 

in  1839.  Ill  5  (Propositus),  DAVID  G.  FARRAOUT.  Ill  6  (consort),  Virginia  Loyall,  married 
Farragut,  December  26,  1843.  When  the  war  broke  out  she  decided  to  leave  her  family  and  go 
with  her  husband. 

Child  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Loyall  Farragut,  joined  his  father  at  Pensacola,  October  1862, 
and  was  present  with  his  father  at  the  passing  of  Port  Hudson,  March  J863,  where  he  showed 
great  bravery  and  coolness;  "he  wanted  to  be  stationed  on  deck  and  see  the  fight,"  though  urged 
to  go  below.  He  was  cool  under  fire  (Farragut,  1879,  p.  343).  He  wrote  a  life  of  his  father  in 
1879. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BARNES,  J.     1899.     David  G.  Farragut.     Boston:   Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     xviii  +  132  pp. 
CHOATE,  J.  H.     1911.     American  Addresses,  pp.  27-50.     New  York:    The  Century  Co. 
FARRAGUT,  L.     1879.     The   life  of  David  Glasgow  Farragut.     New  York:    D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

vi  +  586  pp. 
HAYWOOD,  M.     1903.     Major  George  Farragut.      (In:  The  Gulf  States  Historical  Magazine, 

Vol.  II,  No.  2,  pp.  90-98.) 
HEADLEY,  P.  C.     1865.     Life  and  Naval  Career  of  Vice  Admiral  David  Glasgow  Farragut. 

New  York:    W.  Appleton.     7-342  pp. 
MAHAN,  A.  T.     1892.    Admiral  Farragut.    New  York:   D.  Appleton  &  Co.    333  pp. 


20.  MATTHEW  FLINDERS. 

MATTHEW  FLINDERS  was  born,  March  16,  1774,  at  Donington,  England. 
He  studied  in  the  high  school,  from  his  twelfth  to  his  fifteenth  year,  Latin,  Greek, 
and  mathematics.  He  then  entered  on  a  naval  vessel,  October  1789,  and  was  made 
midshipman,  July  1790,  being  assigned  first  to  the  Bellerophon.  The  next  year 
he  went  under  Captain  William  Bligh,  on  the  Providence,  to  Tahiti,  whence  500 
young  breadfruit  trees  were  brought  to  St.  Vincent  and  500  to  Jamaica,  West 
Indies,  the  return  route  lying  through  Torres  Strait.  Upon  his  return  to  England 
Flinders  was  made  aide-de-camp  to  Pasley  on  the  Bellerophon  and  was  hi  a  battle 
off  Brest  in  which  Pasley  lost  a  leg.  In  1794  plans  were  made  to  send  a  new  gov- 
ernor (Hunter)  to  Australia  and  Matthew  Flinders  and  his  brother  Samuel  Ward, 
who  desired  to  go  also,  received  appointments  on  the  expedition.  They  left 
Plymouth  in  February  1795  and  arrived  at  Port  Jackson  in  September.  He  and 
another  officer,  Bass,  at  once  set  out  to  explore  the  coast  in  a  boat  8  feet  long 
with  5-foot  beam  and  a  sail.  They  went  south  to  Botany  Bay  and  beyond  to  Port 
Hacking.  After  spending  some  time  on  shore  duty,  Flinders,  in  February  1798, 
went  in  the  schooner  Francis  on  a  trip  to  rescue  some  marooned  sailors  at  the  east 
end  of  Bass  Strait  and  on  this  trip  made  extensive  observations  on  the  birds  and 
mammals  of  the  islands.  Later  in  the  year  Flinders  set  out,  accompanied  by 
Bass,  in  command  of  a  25-ton  sloop,  the  Norfolk,  and  circumnavigated  Tasmania, 
thus  making  the  first  passage  of  Bass  Strait.  Returning  to  Sydney,  Flinders  sailed 
north  along  the  Queensland  coast  looking  in  vain  for  large  river-mouths.  In 
March  1800  he  returned  to  England  with  the  ship  that  brought  him.  In  the 
spring  of  1801  while  he  was  negotiating  to  be  sent  on  an  exploring  and  surveying 
trip  to  Australia,  he  married  Ann  Chappell,  a  sailor's  daughter;  and  his  plans 
to  take  his  wife  along  were  frustrated  after  they  had  nearly  defeated  his  plans  of 
the  expedition.  He  finally  sailed,  July  18,  1801,  in  the  334-ton  sloop  Investigator 
with  a  company  of  80,  including  John  Franklin  as  midshipman  and  a  number 
of  other  young,  scientifically  trained  men.  They  made  Cape  Leeuwin,  southwest 
Australia,  in  December  1801. 

Flinders  now  carefully  surveyed  the  south  coast  of  Australia,  particularly 
from  King  George's  Sound  eastward,  so  that  many  of  his  determinations  and  most 


84  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

of  his  names  serve  to-day.  He  was  the  first  white  man  to  enter  Spencer's  Gulf 
and  Gulf  of  St.  Vincent,  on  which  Adelaide  now  stands.  He  reached  Port  Jack- 
son, May  8,  1802,  pushed  on  and  completed  the  circumnavigation  of  the  continent 
in  June  1803,  the  trip  having  been  hastened  because  of  the  rottenness  of  the  planks 
of  his  ship.  Flinders  now  determined  to  go  to  England  to  carry  his  report  to  the 
admiralty  and  secure  a  better  vessel  in  which  to  continue  his  explorations.  On 
the  return  voyage  he  was  wrecked  on  the  Great  Barrier  Reef,  but  practically  all 
of  the  company  were  landed  on  a  sandy  island.  Flinders  and  an  assistant  rowed 
in  an  eight-oar  cutter  with  12  sailors  back  to  Port  Sydney,  700  miles.  He  returned 
with  three  vessels,  by  which  the  party  was  sent,  some  to  Sydney,  some  to  Canton, 
and  a  few  with  himself  to  England,  via  Torres  Strait  and  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
In  his  29-ton  schooner  Flinders  was  forced  to  stop  at  Mauritius,  where  the  governor 
detained  him  from  December  1803  to  June  1810.  Upon  his  return  to  England  he 
set  himself  to  prepare  his  charts  and  his  book,  "A  Voyage  to  Terra  Australis." 
As  the  book  was  passing  through  the  press,  Flinders  died,  at  the  age  of  39,  of  some 
"constitutional  internal  trouble"  which  had  caused  him  pain  at  Mauritius. 

Flinders  was  a  nomad  with  intellectual  curiosity.  He  had  a  love  of  dis- 
covery. "As  a  child,  he  was  one  day  lost  for  hours.  He  was  ultimately  found  in 
the  middle  of  one  of  the  sea  marshes,  his  pockets  stuffed  with  pebbles,  tracing 
the  rivulets  of  water,  so  that  by  following  them  up  he  might  find  out  whence 
they  came."  Asked  in  later  life  for  juvenile  anecdotes  illustrative  of  personal 
character,  he  replied,  that  he  was  "induced  to  go  to  sea  against  the  wishes  of  friends 
from  reading  Robinson  Crusoe."  But  the  book  merely  afforded  the  stimulus  to 
which  the  mind  and  temperament  of  the  reader  determined  the  reaction.  "The 
call  of  the  sea  was  strong  within  him."  The  trip  to  Tahiti  stimulated  his  "passion 
for  exploring  new  countries,"  as  Flinders  says. 

Whence  this  trait  came  is  not  clear  from  the  biography;  the  father  was  a  surgeon 
and  so  was  the  father's  father.  However,  the  father's  brother,  John,  was  in  the 
navy,  but  did  not  altogether  like  it  and  was  not  successful  in  it.  We  naturally 
look  for  this  nomadism  among  the  male  relatives  of  the  mother,  but  about  them 
we  have  no  data.  We  know  only  that  the  mother's  name  was  "Susannah  Ward 
(1752-1783)." 

The  younger  brother,  Samuel  Ward  Flinders,  desired  to  accompany  his 
brother  to  Australia  on  two  trips  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Navy. 
Most  interesting  is  the  fact  that  Flinders's  daughter  Anne,  who  married  a  William 
Petrie,  had  a  son,  William  Matthews  Flinders  Petrie,  born  1863,  who  is  the  leading 
British  Egyptologist,  professor  of  Egyptology  in  the  University  College,  London  - 
as  great  a  discoverer  in  his  field  as  his  mother's  father  was  in  another. 

Flinders  was  a  visualist.  This  shows  itself  hi  his  neat,  beautiful  hand- 
handwriting,  in  his  careful,  neat  maps,  in  the  appeal  made  upon  him  by  organic 
as  well  as  topographic  forms.  Indeed,  it  was  largely  the  desire  to  see  new  things 
that  lay  at  the  basis  of  his  love  of  discovery.  Perhaps,  as  is  often  the  case,  his 
paternal  ancestors  were  surgeons  because  of  an  appeal  of  form. 

Flinders  was  intrepid.  He  started  out  in  a  8-foot  boat  to  explore  the  rugged 
shores  of  Australia.  He  pushed  on  around  Australia  in  a  sloop  whose  unseaworthi- 
ness was  demonstrated  shortly  after  the  start  on  the  voyage.  He  crossed  the 
Indian  Ocean  in  a  schooner  of  29  tons  that  leaked  almost  to  the  capacity  of  the 
pumps  working  night  and  day.  He  rowed  in  an  open  cutter  700  miles  from  Wreck 
Reef  to  Sydney  along  the  coast  of  Australia. 


FLINDERS. 


85 


He  was  industrious  and  conscientious.  He  was  just;  he  opposed  in  naval 
court  the  sentencing  of  a  man  whom  he  believed  to  be  wronged.  He  was  haughty, 
and  refused  his  captor's  invitation  to  dinner  —  a  refusal  that  brought  him  7  years 
of  internment.  He  was  dogged;  else  he  could  never  have  succeeded  with  small  or 
rotten  ships  and  where  the  elements  were  arrayed  against  him. 

Like  most  hyperkinetics  (of  which  he  was  a  mild  representative),  he  was, 
when  relaxed,  a  lively  companion,  a  warm  friend,  and  an  entertaining  conversa- 
tionalist. He  attracted  men  to  him.  He  was  generous  to  others,  including  other 
geographical  discoverers  on  his  own  ground. 

He  was  scholarly.  He  wrote  a  theory  of  tides,  a  paper  on  the  magnetism 
of  the  globe,  and  a  treatise  on  spherical  trigonometry.  Flinders  was  careful, 
conscientious,  and  accurate.  "The  excellence  of  his  charts  was  such  that  to  this 
day  the  Admiralty  charts  for  those  portions  of  the  Australian  coast  where  he  did 
his  original  work  bear  upon  them"  his  name. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  MATTHEW  FLINDERS. 

I  1  (F  F),  John  Flinders  (born  1737),  a  surgeon. 

II  1  (consort's  F), Chappell,  a  shipmaster.     Fraternity 

of  F:    II  3,  John  Flinders  (1766-1793),  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Navy.    II  4  (F),  Matthew  Flinders,  a  surgeon  of  excellent  reputa- 
tion who   read   a    clinical  paper  before  the  Medical  Society  of 
London.    II  5  (M),  Susannah  Ward  (1752-1783). 

III  1    (consort),    Ann    Chappell    (1770-1852).      Ill  2   (Pro- 
positus)    MATTHEW   FLINDERS.    Fraternity   of  Propositus:    III  3, 
Samuel    Ward   Flinders   (1782-1842),  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal 
Navy. 

Child  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Ann  Flinders.  IV  2,  William  Petrie. 

Child  of  child  of  Propositus:  V  1,  William  Matthew  Flinders 
Petrie  (born  1863),  the  leading  British  Egyptologist  and  Professor 
of  Egyptology  in  the  University  College,  London. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

SCOTT,  E.    1914.    The  Life  of  Captain  Matthew  Flinders,  R.  N.    Sydney:  Angus  and  Robertson, 
xviii  +  492  pp. 


IV 


86  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

21.  ANDREW  HULL  FOOTE. 

ANDREW  HULL  FOOTE  was  born  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  September  12, 
1806.  He  was  a  lively  boy,  indisposed  to  study  or  routine  of  any  kind,  and,  though 
he  had  no  bad  traits,  he  loved  freedom  and  fun.  He  led  his  brothers  in  pranks. 
Once,  as  a  young  lad,  while  crossing  a  field  with  his  younger  brother,  Augustus, 
who  was  dressed  in  a  red  frock,  he  encountered  an  excited  ram,  which  charged 
on  the  red  frock.  Andrew  bravely  threw  himself  in  the  way  and  received  the  shock 
of  the  ram,  and  this  he  did  several  tunes,  until  they  had  reached  the  fence  in 
safety.  He  was  ready  to  fight  on  occasion.  At  one  time  as  a  lad  he  entered  a 
shoemaker's  shop  in  the  winter  and  neglected  to  close  the  door.  One  of  the 
workmen  ordered  him  peremptorily  to  shut  the  door.  Not  liking  the  tone  of  the 
order,  Andrew  refused  to  shut  the  door  unless  asked  civilly.  The  workman  replied 
that  if  he  did  not  shut  the  door  he  would  thrash  him;  Andrew,  now  aroused, 
knocked  the  workman  down.  "As  a  boy  he  was  full  of  fun  and  frolic,  a  real  boy, 
but  he  was  genial,  kind,  and  popular." 

At  Cheshire  Academy  he  was  not  a  good  student,  but  was  noted  for  his 
amiability  and  tact  in  getting  out  of  the  difficulties  which  his  frolicsome  dispo- 
sition plunged  him  into.  He  early  declared  his  intention  of  going  to  sea.  His 
father  compromised  by  entering  him  at  West  Point,  but  a  few  months  later,  at  16, 
he  was  transferred  to  the  navy. 

His  first  service  in  the  navy  was  on  the  schooner  Grampus,  which  was  sent 
to  exterminate  the  pirates  around  the  West  Indies.  In  March  1824  he  started 
for  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  served  there  for  two  years  on  the  frigate  United  States, 
the  flagship  of  Commodore  Isaac  Hull.  During  this  voyage,  at  the  age  of  about 
18  years,  he  became  "converted."  He  was  commissioned  lieutenant  in  May 
1830  and  cruised  for  some  years  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  1837  he  was  assigned 
to  the  East  India  squadron  and  circumnavigated  the  globe  in  the  John  Adams. 
While  at  Honolulu  he  was  a  leading  spirit  in  preparing  and  publishing  a  letter 
which  corrected  unfortunate  misjudgments  concerning  American  missionaries  and 
maintained  the  principle  that  American  missionaries  everywhere  are  under  the 
protection  of  the  American  flag. 

In  1841  he  was  appointed  to  the  Naval  Asylum  in  Philadelphia  and  shortly 
after  was  put  in  full  charge.  At  that  time  the  asylum  combined  the  functions 
of  hospital  and  school  and  was  the  parent  of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 
Lieutenant  Foote  directed  the  care  and  education  of  the  midshipmen.  He  also 
introduced  the  reform  of  no  grog  for  the  old  seamen  and  supplied  them  all  with 
Bibles.  Foote  was  now  sent  in  the  brig  Perry  to  the  coast  of  Africa,  to  suppress 
the  slave  trade.  Here  he  filled  a  difficult  position  with  energy  and  clearheadedness. 
His  relations  with  the  English  slave-ship  hunters  were  cordial,  but  he  could  not 
consent  to  permit  the  British  commander  to  board  any  vessel  flying  an  American 
flag  except  on  his  own  responsibility.  In  this  he  showed  much  diplomatic  skill 
and  secured  British  adherence  to  his  main  contention.  His  largest  capture  was 
the  slaver  Martha,  whose  captain  denied  having  papers,  but,  on  an  examination 
of  something  floating  near  by,  the  captain's  desk  was  discovered  with  information 
that  resulted  in  the  captain  and  crew  going  in  irons  to  New  York,  where  the  ship 
was  condemned  as  a  slaver.  She  had  planned  to  carry  1,800  slaves.  The  loss  of 
the  Martha,  and  slightly  later  of  the  slaver  Chatsworth,  did  much  to  check  the  slave- 
trade.  During  four  years  ashore  (1852-1856),  Foote  wrote  a  book,  "Africa  and 


FOOTE.  87 

the  American  Flag";  also,  he  delivered  lectures  on  temperance,  on  Liberia,  and 
on  Christian  missions.  He  served  on  the  Naval  Efficiency  Board  at  Washington. 

In  April  1856  Commander  Foote  was  ordered  to  the  East  India  station  to 
join  Commodore  Armstrong's  fleet  in  the  Portsmouth,  a  sloop-of-war  provided  with 
Dahlgren  guns.  He  was  sent  to  the  river  at  Canton,  China,  to  protect  Americans 
there.  The  Chinese  and  British  were  at  war  and  Foote  maintained  an  armed  neu- 
trality. On  one  occasion  his  boat  was  fired  upon  by  the  Chinese,  without  provo- 
cation. It  was  determined  to  prevent  a  recurrence  of  such  an  attack  and  all 
four  forts  guarding  the  river  were  captured,  partly  by  fire  from  the  ships  and  partly 
by  storming,  with  a  loss  to  the  Americans  of  7  killed  and  22  wounded  and  to  the 
Chinese  of  200  to  500.  This  action  made  the  American  flag  respected  and  paved 
the  way  for  the  advantageous  treaties  of  Mr.  Reed  and  Mr.  Burlingame. 

Upon  his  return  to  Atlantic  waters  Foote  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Brooklyn  Navy  Yard.  Here  his  energy  and  executive  talent  led  to  improved 
discipline  and  to  his  frequent  appointment  as  president  of  courts-martial.  He  also 
put  in  force  his  progressive  ideas  as  to  scientific  as  well  as  technical  training  for 
naval  men. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Foote  was  placed  in  command  of  naval  opera- 
tions on  the  "western  rivers,"  meaning  the  rivers  about  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio. 
Nine  iron-clad  gunboats  and  numerous  mortar-boats  were  being  built  and  three 
wooden  vessels  had  been  purchased.  By  tremendous  activity  Foote  got  most  of 
them  ready  for  action  before  February  6,  1862,  on  which  day  he  cooperated  with 
Grant's  troops  in  the  attack  on  Fort  Henry.  Steaming  his  ironclads  close  up  to 
the  fort,  they  were  fought,  following  his  careful  orders,  with  such  vigor  and  accuracy 
that  the  fort  was  surrendered  in  a  few  hours,  with  a  Union  loss  of  only  2  men 
killed. 

A  few  days  later  Foote  cooperated  again  with  Grant  before  Fort  Donelson. 
This  fort  was  placed  partly  on  a  high  bluff  and  partly  at  the  water's  edge  and  was 
much  stronger  than  Fort  Henry.  Foote  planned  to  destroy  the  lower  battery 
and  then,  ascending  the  river  still  farther,  enfilade  the  front  of  the  fort  with  broad- 
sides. The  fortifications  were  badly  damaged,  but  the  fleet  had  suffered  so  from 
the  fire  of  the  land  guns  that  the  boats  had  to  retire  just  as  the  fort  was  about  to 
fall.  It  was  abandoned  the  following  night.  Foote  was  wounded  in  the  foot 
and  leg.  This  dangerous  wound  was  eventually  the  cause  of  his  death.  Foote 
was  for  pushing  the  advantage  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Donelson  by  advancing  up  the 
river,  but  he  was  prevented  from  doing  so  fully  by  the  military  arm  of  the  service. 
He  was  now  directed  to  proceed  toward  Fort  Columbus,  on  the  Mississippi  River. 
It  occupied  a  powerful  position,  but  the  fall  of  the  other  river  forts  and  the 
appearance  of  Foote's  reinforced  fleet  in  the  river  led  his  enemy  to  seek  a  parley 
under  a  flag  of  truce.  Foote's  curt  replies  still  further  shook  their  confidence  and 
the  fort  was  evacuated.  Island  No.  10,  farther  down  the  river,  was  passed  at 
night  by  two  gunboats  which  brought  land  forces  across  to  the  rear  of  its  batteries. 
The  batteries  were  thereupon  abandoned  and  the  island  itself  soon  surrendered 
(April  7,  1862).  The  admiral  had  now  to  demand  relief  from  service  on  account 
of  his  wound.  He  died  June  26,  1863. 

Andrew  Hull  Foote  was  self-reliant  and  adventurous,  even  audacious.  His 
father  once  said  that  he  had  succeeded  pretty  well  in  controlling  all  of  his  boys 
except  Andrew;  him  he  had  attempted  only  to  guide.  It  was  because  he  was  so 
self-reliant  and  adventuresome  that  he  succeeded  in  destroying  the  barrier  forts 


88  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

in  the  Canton  river  and  the  forts  in  the  Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers.  Naval 
vessels  are  not  ordinarily  able  to  reduce  strong  land  fortifications,  as  Nelson  found 
to  his  sorrow  at  Teneriffe.  It  was  highly  audacious  for  Foote  to  bring  his  small 
fleet  close  to  such  strong  fortifications;  he  succeeded  because  his  vessels  were 
the  first  naval  ironclads  in  action.  There  was  a  good  deal  of  this  same  self-reliance 
combined  with  pertinacity  in  his  father,  Samuel  A.  Foote,  who  was  speaker  of  the 
Connecticut  legislature,  1825-1826,  and  a  member  of  Congress  for  three  terms.  He 
then  was  sent  to  the  United  States  Senate,  where  he  introduced  the  resolution  as 
to  the  sale  of  public  lands  that  was  intended  to  raise  the  nullification  doctrine  and 
which  led  to  the  famous  debate  between  Hayne  and  Webster.  He  forced  the  states' 
rights  men  to  "show  their  colors."  He  became  governor  of  Connecticut  in  1834. 

Foote  was  a  fighter,  even  as  a  boy,  as  we  have  seen.  His  mother's  father, 
Andrew  Hull  (1758-1827),  became  brigadier  general  of  the  Connecticut  militia  and 
was  a  distinctly  efficient  officer.  At  his  death  he  was  marshal  of  Connecticut. 

Foote  early  declared  his  intention  of  going  to  sea,  and  at  the  age  of  16  entered 
the  navy.  His  mother's  father,  General  Andrew  Hull,  was  a  merchant  in  the 
West  India  trade;  he  owned,  among  others,  the  brig  Trenton,  which  was  lost  at 
sea.  In  those  days  many  merchants  went  themselves  to  sea,  as  supercargo,  to 
sell  their  merchandise  and  buy  in  exchange.  Hull  probably  had  a  liking  for  the 
sea.  Andrew's  father  was  also  in  the  West  India  trade  for  a  time  with  his  father- 
in-law  and  occasionally  made  voyages.  Another  grandson  of  General  Andrew 
Hull  was  in  the  navy  for  a  time  —  William  Augustus  Hitchcock,  a  son  of  Mary 
Hull  and  William  R.  Hitchcock. 

General  Andrew  Hull  had  a  second  cousin,  Joseph  Hull,  who  during  the 
Revolutionary  war  commanded  a  flotilla  on  Long  Island  Sound  and  later  engaged 
in  the  whale  fishery.  His  son,  Isaac  Hull  (1773-1843),  was  born  in  Derby,  Con- 
necticut; with  an  "unconquerable  passion  for  the  sea,"  he  became  a  cabin-boy  on 
a  merchant  ship  at  the  age  of  14  years.  It  is  related  that,  when  the  vessel  was 
shipwrecked  some  two  years  later,  young  Hull  saved  the  captain's  life  by  sup- 
porting him  in  the  water  until  they  reached  shore.  Given  command  of  a  ship 
sailing  to  the  West  Indies,  he  gained  such  a  reputation  as  a  skillful  mariner  that, 
on  the  organization  of  the  United  States  navy  in  1798,  he  was  commissioned  a 
lieutenant  and  assigned  to  the  Constitution.  Sent  by  his  captain,  in  1799,  to 
"cut  out"  the  French  letter-of -marque  Sandwich  at  Puerto  Plata,  he  boarded 
her  successfully  and  spiked  the  guns  of  the  land  battery;  but  the  illegal  order  and 
its  consequences  cost  the  Government  dearly.  Hull  commanded  a  ship  in  Preble's 
squadron  that  was  sent  against  the  Barbary  States.  In  1811  he  commanded 
the  Constitution,  which  came  near  to  an  action  with  the  British.  During  the  war  of 
1812  the  Constitution  destroyed  the  Guerriere.  After  the  war  Hull  served  on  the 
Navy  Board  and  in  charge  of  navy  yards.  He  died  in  Philadelphia  at  the  age  of  70. 

Foote  loved  fun  from  boyhood  up,  as  we  have  seen.  His  brother,  John 
Alfred  Foote  (1803-1891),  was  also  especially  fond  of  fun.  Of  his  father  it  is  said: 
"There  was  a  vein  of  kindly  humor  in  his  make-up." 

Foote  was  markedly  pious,  as  shown  repeatedly  in  the  above  history.  His 
father,  too,  was  a  pious  man  and  both  the  father's  father  and  the  father's  mother's 
father  became  pastors  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Cheshire,  Connecticut. 

The  father  of  the  propositus,  Governor  Samuel  Augustus  Foote,  had  a 
remarkably  good  heredity,  especially  on  the  mother's  side.  His  mother's  father, 
Samuel  Hall  (1695-1776),  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College,  sometime  tutor  there, 


FOOTE. 


89 


and  later  pastor  at  Cheshire;  one  of  his  brothers,  John,  was  representative  to 
the  general  court  of  Connecticut,  and  John's  son,  Lyman,  signed  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  from  Georgia  and  was  elected  governor  of  that  State.  John's 
sister,  Eunice  Hall,  married  Jonathan  Law  (1674-1750),  governor  of  Connecticut 
(1741-1750);  and  her  only  son,  Richard  Law  (1733-1806),  was  nominated  to 
the  Continental  Congress  that  passed  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  which 
he  would  have  signed  had  he  not  been  confined  to  the  hospital  at  the  time.  In 
1786  he  was  appointed  chief-justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  State  and  cooper- 
ated with  Roger  Sherman  in  revising  the  code  of  law  of  the  State.  This  same 
Governor  Jonathan  Law  was  the  mother's  mother's  father  of  Governor  Samuel  A. 
Foote.  This  line  goes  back  to  John  Eliot,  "Apostle  to  the  Indians." 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  ANDREW  HULL  FOOTE. 


12 


II    (FMMMFF),    John    Eliot    (1604-1690),    the    "Apostle    to    the    Indians." 
(F  M  M  M  F  M),  Hannah  Mumford. 

II  1  (F  M  M  M  F),  Joseph  Eliot  (born  1638),  a  clergyman.  II  2  (F  M  M  M  M),  Sarah 
Brenton.  Fraternity  of  F  M  M  M  M:  II  3,  William  Brenton,  from  whom  was  descended  Admiral 
Jahleel  Brenton  (see  Brenton  family). 


4li6_ie  I  i7_i9 JLi9 1 2o_si 


III  1  (F  M  M  F),  Jonathan  Law  (1674-1750),  governor  of  Connecticut.    Ill  2  (F  M  M  M), 
Anne  Eliot  (born  1677).    Ill  3  (M  F  F  F),  Caleb  Hull  (1695-1788),  was  an  ensign  who  at  the 
age  of  80  years  marched  to  the  relief  of  Boston.    Ill  4  (M  F  F  M),  Mercy  Benham.    Fraternity 
of  M  F  F  F:   III  5,  Joseph  Hull  (born  1694),  a  sea  captain  and  a  representative  to  the  general 
assembly.     Ill  6,  Sarah  Bennett. 

IV  1,  Mary  Street.    Fraternity  of  F  M  F:   IV  2,  John  Hall  (1692-1773),  a  representative 
to  the  general  court.    IV  3,  Elihu  Hall  (born   1714),   was  graduated  from  Yale  College;   held 
the  military  rank  of  colonel;  went  to  London. "IV  4,   Benjamin    (died  in  infancy),   Benjamin, 
Eliakim,  and  Caleb  Hall.   IV  5,  Esther,  Sarah,  and  Nancy  Hall.     IV  6,  John  Prentiss,  com- 
manded the  armed  colonial  vessel  Defence.    IV  8,  Eunice  Hall  (born  1700).    IV  9  (F  M  F), 
Samuel  Hall  (1695-1776),  pastor  in  Cheshire,  Connecticut.    IV  10  (F  M  M),  Anna  Law  (born 
1702).    IV  11  (M  F  F),  Andrew  Hull  (1726-1774).    IV  12  (M  F  M),  Lowly  Cook.     IV  13,  Cap- 
tain Joseph  Hull  (1728-1775).     IV  14,  Elizah  Clark. 

V  1,  Lyman  Hall  (1731-1790),  a  physician  of  Georgia,  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence.    V  2,  Hannah,  Eunice,  Susannah,  Rhoda,  and  Mary  Hall.    V  3,  John,  Street,  and 


90  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Giles  Hall.  V  4,  Anne  Prentiss.  V  5,  Richard  Law  (1733-1806),  member  of  the  Continental 
Congress.  V  7,  Lucy,  Ann  Mary,  and  Sarah  Hall.  V  8,  Brenton  and  Jonathan  Hall,  were 
farmers.  V  9,  Samuel  and  Elisha  Hall,  were  graduated  from  college.  V  10  (F  M),  Abigail 
Hall  (1748-1788).  V  11  (F  F),  John  Foote  (born  1742),  became  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
Church  in  Cheshire,  Connecticut.  V  12  (M  F),  Andrew  Hull  (born  1758),  a  brigadier  general 
of  the  militia.  V  13  (M  M),  Elizabeth  Atwater.  V  14,  William  Hull  (1753-1800),  served  with 
distinction  through  the  Revolution  and  was  appointed  lieutenant  colonel  in  1783.  In  the  War 
of  1812  as  brigadier  general  he  surrendered  to  the  English  at  Detroit.  V  15,  Joseph  Hull,  a 
lieutenant  of  artillery  in  the  Revolutionary  war;  in  early  life  was  in  the  West  India  trade. 

VI  1,  John  Law  (born  1761),  a  lawyer.  VI  2,  Richard  Law  (born  1763),  was  captain  of 
one  of  the  first  steam  packets  running  between  New  York  and  New  Haven;  became  a  mid- 
shipman on  the  Trumbull  and  commandant  and  collector  of  the  port  of  New  London.  VI  3, 
Jonathan  (born  1765)  and  Christopher  Law.  VI  4,  Benjamin  Law  (1767-1812),  was  in  the 
United  States  navy.  VI  5,  Anne  (1768-1849)  and  Mary  (born  1775)  Law.  VI  6,  Lyman  Law 
(born  1770),  a  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress.  Fraternity  of  F:  VI  8,  Mary  Ann  Foote  (born 
1770).  VI  10,  William  Lambert  Foote.  VI  11,  Lucinda  Foote  (born  1772),  was  qualified  at  the 
age  of  12  years  to  enter  Yale  College.  VI  12  (F),  Samuel  Augustus  Foote  (1780-1846),  occa- 
sionally made  voyages  to  the  West  Indies,  having  given  up  the  study  of  law  on  account  of  his 
health.  He  was  elected  to  both  houses  of  Congress  and  in  1834  was  chosen  governor  of  Con- 
necticut. VI  13  (M),  Eudocia  Hull,  a  "true  executrix  of  the  household."  Fraternity  of  M:  VI  15, 
MarabHull.  VI 16,  Henry  Whittlesley.  VI 17,  Elizabeth  Hull.  VI 18,  Rev.  Dr.  A.  Todd.  VI  19, 
Sarah  and  Elizabeth  Hull.  V  20,  Mary  Hull.  VI  21,  William  Hitchcock.  VI  22,  Isaac  Hull 
(1773-1843),  showed  such  skill  in  the  West  India  trade  that  he  was  commissioned  4th  lieutenant 
upon  the  organization  of  the  United  States  navy  in  1798.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  War 
of  1812  as  commander  of  the  Constitution  in  the  action  with  the  Guerriere.  A  nephew  of  Isaac 
Hull,  Joseph  Bartine  Hull  (1832-1890),  from  1862  to  1864  superintended  the  building  of  gunboats 
at  St.  Louis  and  commanded  at  the  Philadelphia  navy  yard  in  1866. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:    VII  1,  John  Alfred  Foote  (1803-1891),  member  of  Congress. 

VII  3,  Augustus  Edwin  Foote.    VII  4  (consort),  Caroline  Flagg.    VII  5  (Propositus)  ANDREW 
HULL  FOOTE.     VII  6  (consort),  Caroline  Street. 

Children  of  Propositus:  VIII  2,  Josephine  Foote  (born  1837).  VII  3,  Augustus  Foote 
(born  1847),  in  government  employ  at  Washington,  D.C.  VIII  4,  William  Foote  (1848-1862). 

VIII  6,  John  Foote  (born  1859). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DAVIS,  C.    1870.    History  of  Wallingford,  Connecticut.    Meriden:   The  Author,    pp.  806-821. 

FOOTE,  A.     1907.     Foote  Family.     Rutland:  Marble  City  Press.     5-607  pp. 

HALL,  S.,  and  N.    1886.    Genealogical  Notes  ...  of  Hon.  Lyman  Hall  of  Georgia.    Albany: 

J.  MunselTs  Sons,    viii,  9-191  pp. 

HOPPIN,  J.    1874.    Life  of  Andrew  Hull  Foote.    New  York:  Harper  &  Bros,    x,  14-411  pp. 
MASON,  P.    1894.    A  record  of  the  Descendants  of  Richard  Hull.    Milwaukee:   3-78  pp. 

22.  EBENEZER  Fox. 

EBENEZER  Fox  was  born  at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  January  30,  1763. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  tailor  and  belonged  to  a  poor  and  large  family.  He  was 
placed  with  a  farmer  at  the  age  of  7  years.  At  12  years  of  age,  at  a  tune  when 
rebellion  was  in  the  air,  he  and  another  boy  walked  to  Providence  to  go  to  sea; 
the  love  of  freedom,  the  spirit  of  adventure,  were  with  them.  Fox  shipped  to  the 
island  of  Santo  Domingo  and  returned  to  near  Providence,  when  two  British  war 
vessels  intercepted  them,  their  vessel  was  run  aground,  and  Fox  swam  to  shore. 
He  entered  the  naval  service,  was  captured,  and  kept  on  the  prison-ship  Jersey, 
but  later  he  was  sent  to  Jamaica,  from  which  island  he  escaped  and  returned  to 
America  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis.  In  his  autobiography  he  repeatedly 
admits  a  wanderlust. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Fox,  E.     1847.    The  Adventures  of  Ebenezer  Fox  in  the  Revolutionary  War.    Boston:    Fox. 
240  pp. 


FRANKLIN.  91 

23.  JOHN  FRANKLIN. 

JOHN  FRANKLIN  was  born  at  Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  England,  April  16,  1786. 
At  about  14  years  he  cruised  on  a  merchantman  and  at  15  was  entered  as  mid- 
shipman on  the  Polyphemus  and  participated  in  her  in  the  battle  of  Copenhagen 
(April  1801).  Two  months  later  he  joined  the  Investigator,  a  ship  of  discovery, 
commanded  by  Captain  Matthew  Flinders  (his  kinsman),  on  which  for  nearly 
two  years  he  surveyed  the  coasts  of  Australia.  He  was  wrecked  on  a  coral  reef 
off  Australia.  Having  returned  to  England,  he  joined  the  Bellerophon  and  was 
in  charge  of  its  signals  during  the  battle  of  Trafalgar.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
with  France  (until  which  he  was  engaged  in  various  naval  services),  he  took  up 
again  the  work  of  surveying.  In  1818  he  started  for  the  Northwest  Passage,  in 
command  of  the  Trent,  but  the  accompanying  Dorothea  having  become  damaged 
by  ice,  Franklin  had  to  convoy  her  home.  The  next  year  he  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  an  exploring  party  that  started  overland  from  the  shores  of  Hudson's 
Bay  to  the  Arctic  shore  near  the  mouth  of  the  Coppermine  river  and  back,  a 
distance  of  5,500  miles.  In  1825  Captain  Franklin  was  so  steadfastly  bent  on  going 
to  sea  that  "to  settle  to  business  would  be  merely  impossible."  It  was  in  action 
that  his  restless  spirit  always  found  it  hardest  to  bear;  a  year  and  a  half  ashore  was 
always  a  sufficient  spell  of  the  landsman's  life  for  him.  This  year  he  went  to 
Canada,  descended  the  Mackenzie  River  to  its  mouth,  and  traced  the  North 
American  coast  as  far  as  nearly  to  150°  West  longitude.  Honors  were  showered 
on  him  on  his  return  to  England,  and  he  published,  with  Dr.  Richardson,  an 
account  of  his  discoveries.  He  was  next  placed  on  the  Mediterranean  station  for 
a  few  years  and  then,  in  1836,  he  was  made  lieutenant  governor  of  Tasmania,  where 
he  democratized  the  government,  founded  a  college  and  a  scientific  society,  and 
assisted  in  the  formation  of  a  magnetic  observatory  at  Hobart  Town.  In  1844 
he  returned  to  England,  where  he  entered  into  plans  that  had  already  been  laid  for 
polar  research  and  was  given  charge  of  the  expedition  to  discover  a  northwest 
passage.  He  left  Greenland  in  high  spirits,  and  this  was  the  last  heard  of  him 
directly.  Subsequent  search  revealed  that  he  spent  the  winter  of  1845-1846  on 
Beechey  Island;  in  the  autumn  of  1846  his  ships  Erebus  and  Terror  were  beset  by  ice 
and  held  by  it  during  the  following  winter  and  summer.  Sir  John  Franklin  died  in 
June  1847,  and  the  survivors  started,  in  April  1848,  on  an  overland  journey  through 
northern  Canada,  but  all  perished  on  the  way,  leaving  only  their  journals  and  bones 
to  tell  their  fate  to  the  search  expeditions,  notably  that  of  McClintock  (q.  v.). 

A  brother,  James  (III  9),  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service  as  a  cadet 
and  served  in  the  Pindari  War;  and  a  brother,  Willingham,  went  to  Madras  as  judge. 
John  Franklin  had  a  native  love  of  discovery  —  a  curiosity.  As  a  child  he 
had  an  irrepressible  desire  to  watch  callers  upon  a  family  across  the  way  who  enter- 
tamed  a  great  deal.  From  the  time  of  his  visit  in  an  exploring  trip  to  Australia 
it  was  certainly  maritime  discovery  rather  than  naval  warfare  upon  which  his 
mind  was  fixed.  In  1835,  while  waiting  for  employment,  he  made  a  tour  of  Ireland 
with  his  wife;  "Franklin's  untiring  intellectual  curiosity  and  thirst  for  informa- 
tion made  it  impossible  for  him  to  regard  any  sojourn  in  a  new  country  from  the 
point  of  view  of  mere  amusement,  and  his  well-filled  notebooks  attest  the  diligence 
with  which  he  endeavored  to  make  himself  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  rural 
and  economical  conditions  of  Irish  life."  In  Tasmania  "he  continued  to  lose  him- 
self and  an  exploring  party  in  the  hitherto  unthreaded  bush,  from  which,  indeed,  they 


92  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

did  not  ultimately  emerge  into  known  or  habitable  regions  until  after  his  alarmed 
subjects  had  dispatched  at  least  one  expedition  for  his  discovery  and  relief." 
"He  loved  adventure  for  adventure's  sake,  he  reveled  in  strife,  as  strength  and  daring 
always  revel.  The  thirst  for  discovery  of  the  unknown  glowed  in  his  veins  with  an 
unquenchable  and  lifelong  ardor."  "He  was  a  devourer  of  books  of  every  kind." 

A  trait  of  scientific  inquiry  was  in  others  of  his  family.  His  brother  James  in 
India  became  an  officer  of  considerable  scientific  attainments  and  was  employed 
on  important  surveys  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  The  well- 
known  archeologist,  William  Matthew  Flinders  Petrie,  is  stated  to  be  a  grandson 
of  Franklin's  aunt.1 

Other  elements  were  a  "dogged  pertinacity  and  immovable  self-control." 
His  mother  was  a  woman  of  great  resolution  of  character.  "  He  was  frank  in  speech 
and  bearing  and  had  an  open  and  affectionate  disposition  and  a  hot  but  generous 
temper,  quick  impetuosity,  and  marvelously  elastic  spirits.  His  manner  was  very 
quiet,  as  of  one  accustomed  to  command  others."  He  received  enthusiastic 
devotion  from  his  followers. 

FAMILT  HISTORY  OF  SIR  JOHN  FRANKLIN. 

I  1  (F  F),  John  Franklin.     12  (F  M)  ,  "a  woman  of  masculine  capacity";   kept  a 

email  shop.     13  (M  F)  ,  a  substantial  farmer. 

II  1  (F),  WUlingham  Franklin,  in  early  youth  was  apprenticed  to  a  grocer  and  draper  in 
Lincoln;   became  a  banker.    II  2  (M)  Hannah . 


Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  3,  Willingham  Franklin  (1779-1824),  was  educated  at  Oxford; 
a  barrister.  In  1822  he  was  appointed  puisne  judge  of  the  supreme  court  at  Madras.  Ill  4, 
Elizabeth  Franklin,  died  at  an  advanced  age.  Ill  7,  Sarah  Franklin,  died  early.  Ill  8,  Mr. 
Selwood.  Ill  9,  James  Franklin  (1783-1834),  entered  the  East  India  Company's  service  as  a 
cadet  in  1805  and  became  an  officer  of  considerable  scientific  attainment.  He  surveyed  all  of 
Bundelkhand  and  executed  a  valuable  map  of  that  region.  Ill  10,  Hannah  Franklin.  Ill  11, 
John  Booth.  Ill  13,  Isabella  Franklin.  Ill  14,  Thomas  Robert  Cracroft.  Ill  15,  Henrietta 
Franklin,  died  hi  extreme  old  age.  Ill  16,  Rev.  Richard  Wright.  Ill  17  (first  consort),  Eleanor 
Anne  Porden,  had  poetical  ability.  Ill  18  (Propositus),  SIR  JOHN  FRANKLIN.  Ill  19,  Jane  Grif- 
fin, sent  out  the  relief  expedition  of  1857,  which  brought  back  the  news  of  the  fate  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  and  records  of  the  voyage. 

IV  2,  Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson,  poet  laureate  of  England.  IV  3,  Mary  Booth.  IV  4,  Sir 
John  Richardson  (1787-1865),  a  famous  surgeon  and  naturalist.  IV  5,  Canon  Wright,  Rector 
of  Coningsby,  Lincolnshire. 

Child  of  Propositus:    IV  6,  Eleanor  Franklin  (born  1824). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MARKHAM,  A.    1890.    Life  of  Sir  John  Franklin  and  the  Northwest  Passage.    New  York:  Dodd, 

Mead  &  Co.    xii  +  324  pp. 
TRAILL,  H.    1896.    The  Life  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  R.  N.    London:  J.  Murray,  6  +  454  pp. 

1  Traill,  1896,  states  that  Captain  Matthew  Flinders  married  an  aunt  of  Franklin.  The 
name  of  Flindere's  consort  was  Ann  Chappell.  The  name  of  Franklin's  mother  is  not  known. 


HARDY.  93 


24.  THOMAS  MASTERMAN  HARDY. 

THOMAS  MASTERMAN  HARDY  was  born  April  5,  1769,  in  Dorset,  England. 
After  some  early  schooling  he,  in  November  1781,  went  on  board  the  naval  brig 
Helena  as  "captain's  servant"  to  Captain  Francis  Roberts.  As  a  child,  when  the 
boys  of  the  family  were  offered  ponies  by  their  father,  he  replied  that  Joe  and 
Jack  might  have  horses  but  that  he  wanted  a  wooden  one,  meaning,  to  go  on  a 
ship.  From  April  1783  to  January  1784,  he  was  on  shore  for  an  education.  The 
story  is  told  of  his  mounting  the  abbey  tower  with  another  boy  and  letting  a  third 
down  by  a  rope  to  get  eggs  from  a  bird's  nest.  He  then  threatened  to  cut  the 
rope  unless  the  boy  promised  to  give  him  2  out  of  the  4  eggs. 

Hardy  was  enrolled  in  the  navy  from  January  1784  to  October  1785,  after 
which  he  evidently  spent  some  time  with  his  recently  widowed  mother  and  some 
time  in  the  mercantile  marine.  In  February  1790  he  joined  the  Hebe  as  midship- 
man, cruised  on  the  Channel,  and  was  made  lieutenant  in  1793.  In  1796  he  moved 
into  the  Minerve,  a  large  frigate  recently  captured  from  the  French  and  upon  which 
Nelson,  now  commanding,  hoisted  his  pennant.  In  December  1796  the  Minerve  was 
in  a  battle  with  certain  French  frigates,  one  of  which  fell  a  prize,  and  Hardy  was  put 
in  charge  of  it.  But  a  Spanish  squadron  appeared  just  then,  recaptured  the  frigate, 
and  made  Hardy  prisoner;  however,  he  was  exchanged  six  weeks  later.  He  took 
part  in  the  naval  victory  off  Cape  St.  Vincent.  In  May  1797  his  ship  came  upon 
the  beautiful  and  speedy  French  brig  Mutine  and  Hardy  was  put  in  command  of 
the  boats  sent  to  board  her,  and  board  her  he  did  in  daylight  without  the  loss  of 
a  man;  he  was  then  promoted  to  the  rank  of  commander  and  appointed  to  the 
Mutine.  He  accompanied  Nelson  to  the  Nile  and  in  the  battle  his  vessel  did  such 
service  that  he  was  promoted  to  be  captain  of  Nelson's  flagship.  He  was  with 
Nelson  during  the  latter's  wasted  months  at  and  about  Naples;  was  home  for  a 
time,  and  then  again  captain  of  Nelson's  flagship  on  his  expedition  into  the  Baltic 
and  before  the  battle  of  Copenhagen.  In  1803  he  was  made  captain  of  Nelson's 
ship  Victory,  and  with  it  helped  in  the  blockade  of  Toulon;  hi  1805  he  led  one 
squadron  in  Trafalgar  (October  21,  1805),  where  Nelson  was  killed.  Nelson  had 
Hardy  witness  his  will,  and  he  died  almost  in  Hardy's  arms.  Hardy  was  created  a 
baronet  in  1806.  He  now  commanded  ships  in  the  North  Atlantic  and  made  some 
captures  of  American  ships  in  the  War  of  1812.  In  1815  he  was  appointed  to  a 
captaincy  of  the  royal  yacht  Princess  Augusta,  which  he  retained  for  three  years. 
In  1819  he  was  made  commander  in  chief  of  the  South  Atlantic  squadron,  a  posi- 
tion which,  on  account  of  the  revolutions  occurring  in  South  American  countries, 
required  great  tact  and  courage.  In  1825  he  was  appointed  rear  admiral  and  was 
made  chairman  of  a  committee  on  changes  in  naval  construction.  He  favored 
more  3-decked  ships-of-the-line  of  90  to  120  guns.  He  ended  active  service  at  sea  on 
October  21,  1827,  at  the  age  of  58  years.  For  four  years,  1830-1834,  he  was  first 
sea  lord  of  the  admiralty;  as  such  he  "lived  for  the  future,"  held  opinions  30  years 
in  advance  of  other  admirals  of  his  time,  and  appreciated  the  changes  that  science 
and  steam  were  effecting.  He  favored  large  ships  carrying  heavy  armament, 
and  also  he  used  to  say:  "Happen  what  will,  England's  duty  is  to  take  and  keep 
the  lead."  From  1834  to  1839  Hardy  was  governor  of  the  Greenwich  Hospital. 
He  died  September  28,  1839,  at  the  age  of  70  years. 


94  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

His  traits  were,  first,  a  love  of  the  sea,  which  showed  itself  very  early  and 
persisted;  second,  a  quickness  in  meeting  crises,  as  when  he  jumped  into  a  boat 
to  rescue  a  sailor  who  had  fallen  overboard.  Nelson  said  of  him:  "Providence 
had  imbued  him  with  an  intuitive  right  judgment."  Hardy  had  no  gift  of  elo- 
quence and  was  was  no  politician.  He  was  a  reformer,  especially  in  matters  of 
the  navy,  in  which  he  showed  great  foresight. 

He  showed  great  tact  and  diplomacy.  It  is  said  of  him  (by  Hall  in  Marshall's 
Naval  Biography,  page  180): 

"Hardy  was  trusted  everywhere,  and  enjoyed  in  wonderful  degree  the  con- 
fidence and  esteem  of  all  parties.  His  advice,  which  was  never  obtruded,  was  never 
suspected,  and  a  thousand  little  disputes  were  at  once  settled  amicably,  and  to 
the  advantage  of  all  concerned,  by  a  mere  word  of  his,  instead  of  being  driven  into 
what  are  called  national  questions,  to  last  for  years,  and  lead  to  no  useful  end. 
When  this  respect  and  confidence  had  once  become  fully  established,  everything 
went  on  so  smoothly  under  his  vigilant  auspices  that  it  was  only  those  that  chanced 
to  be  placed  near  the  scene  who  could  perceive  the  extent,  or  appreciate  the  impor- 
tance, of  the  public  good  that  he  was  quietly  dispensing." 

He  had  courage: 

"He  had  always  made  his  mark  for  good;  raising,  when  the  exigencies  of  the 
situation  required  it,  the  prestige  of  the  English  flag  by  some  bold  stroke  of  firm 
insistence." 

Humanity  was  another  of  his  traits,  page  122: 

"One  of  the  most  prominent  characteristics  of  Hardy's  generous  and  kindly 
nature  was  a  solicitude  for  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  those  placed  under  his 
command.  His  anxiety  about  the  young  officers  and  sailors  of  his  various  ships 
is  often  quite  touching.  Even  at  that  period,  when  the  navy  served  as  a  sort 
of  refuge  for  the  very  dregs  of  society,  he  believed  in  treating  the  British  sailors 
as  rational  human  beings,  instead  of  as  animals  amenable  only  to  fear  of  punish- 
ment. In  the  matter  of  discipline  he  was  far  in  advance  of  his  times.  He  was 
the  first  who  had  the  courage  to  trust  to  the  honor  of  his  men  and  to  dispense  with 
the  patrol  of  boats  around  the  ships  for  the  prevention  of  desertion.  ...  At 
Greenwich  Hospital  Sir  Thomas  Hardy  found  a  new  sphere  for  his  geniality  and 
human  sympathy.  He  rapidly  became  as  popular  with  the  pensioners  ...  as 
he  formerly  was  with  the  middies  and  the  'captains'  servants.'  .  .  .  That 
which  endeared  him  to  every  one  was  his  amiable  simplicity"  (page  122). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BBOADLET,  A.  M.,  and  R.  G.  BARTELOT.    1909.    Nelson's  Hardy,  His  Life,  Letters  and  Friends. 
London:  J.  Murray,    xx  +  310  pp. 


HAWKE.  95 

25.   EDWARD  HAWKE. 

EDWARD  HAWKE  was  born  in  1705.  He  entered  the  British  navy  in  1720, 
was  made  post  captain  in  1734,  and  in  1743  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
ship-of-the-line  Berwick.  In  January  1744,  under  Admiral  Mathews,  he  took  part  in 
the  naval  battle  off  Toulon  and  won  distinction  by  the  spirit  he  showed,  engaging 
his  antagonist  in  close  action  and  capturing  her.  The  king  personally  favored  him 
and  helped  to  advance  him  to  the  position  of  rear  admiral  in  1747.  At  that  time 
he  was  given  command  of  fourteen  ships  to  intercept  a  French  convoy.  On  October 
14  he  sighted  the  merchant  fleet  and  its  convoy  of  nine  ships.  He  fought  the  con- 
voy and  six  of  its  ships  fell  into  his  hands.  In  1848  he  became  vice  admiral  of  the 
blue  squadron,  having  already  been  elected  to  Parliament,  a  seat  which  he  re- 
tained for  30  years.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  France  in  1756,  Hawke  was 
made  full  admiral.  France  was  planning  to  invade  England  and  Hawke  was 
watching  the  French  fleet  under  de  Conflans  in  the  Channel.  When  Hawke  learned 
that  the  French  fleet  was  at  sea  he  put  on  all  sail  and  after  a  chase  of  three  days 
caught  up  with  it.  The  enemy  made  for  Quiberon  bay,  full  of  dangerous  rocks  and 
on  a  lee  shore.  Without  order  of  battle  the  pursuers  engaged  the  enemy's  ships 
as  they  came  up  with  them  and  poured  shot  into  them.  In  three  hours  two  French 
ships  had  sunk  and  two  had  struck,  eight  had  run  ashore,  including  the  flagship, 
and  eight  had  escaped.  The  British  lost  two  ships  on  a  shoal,  but  most  of  the 
people  on  board  were  saved.  This  great  victory  brought  deserved  recognition  and 
the  admiral  was  created  Baron  Hawke.  He  was  lord  of  the  admiralty  from  1776 
to  1781,  when  he  died. 

Hawke  had  the  spirit  of  a  fighter.  There  is  insufficient  knowledge  as  to  his 
hereditary  elements.  We  know,  however,  that  his  mother  belonged  to  the  Fair- 
faxes, one  of  England's  greatest  fighting  families,  and  that  his  mother's  mother's 
father  was  a  general  in  the  Parliamentary  army  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  SIR  EDWARD  HAWKE. 

I  1  (M  F  F),  Thomas  Bladen,  a  physician.   I  2 
(M  F  M),   Sarah,  daughter   of   Lord   Blayney.     I  3 

(MM  F),  Sir  William  Fairfax  of  Steeton  (born  1610), 
a  general  in  the  army,  who  saved  the  Parliamentary 
army  from  defeat  and  lost  his  life  at  the  battle  of 
Montgomery.  I  4  (M  M  M),  Frances  Chaloner.  I  5, 
Robert  Stapleton.  I  6,  Catherine  Fairfax,  daughter  of 
Viscount  Thomas  Fairfax  of  Gilling,  a  distant  relative 
of  M  M  F. 

II  1    (M  F),  Nathaniel  Bladen  of  Lincoln's  Inn,      IV 
barrister-at-law.     II  2  (M  M),  Isabella  Fairfax  (1637- 

1691).  Fraternity  of  M  M:  II 3,  Thomas  Fairfax  (1633-1712),  a  general  in  the  army  and  governor 
of  Limerick.  II  4,  Catherine  and  Mary  Fan-fax.  II  5,  William  Fairfax  (1630-1672),  saw  military 
service.  II  6,  Catherine  Stapleton. 

III  1  (F),  Edward  Hawke,  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  barrister-at-law.    Ill  2  (M),  Elizabeth  Bladen. 
Fraternity  of  M:   III  3,  Colonel  Martin  Bladen,  comptroller  of  the  mint,  a  Lord  of  Trade,  and 
editor  of  a  superb  edition  of  "  Csesar's  Commentaries."     Ill  4,  Hammond  (died  young)  and 
Hammond  Bladen.    Ill  5,  William  Bladen,  settled  in  Maryland.  Ill  6,  Frances  and  Isabel  Bladen. 
Ill  7,  Althea,  Elizabeth,  and  Frances  Fairfax.    Ill  8,  William  Fairfax  (died  1694).    Ill  9,  Robert 
Fairfax  (1666-1725),  was  of  a  roving  disposition  and  not  fond  of  study.    He  first  went  to  sea 
in  a  merchant  ship.    He  was  first  lieutenant  on  the  Bonaventure  in  the  battle  of  Bantry  Bay; 


96  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

in  1690  he  became  captain  and  in  1708  was  made  vice  admiral  and  later  a  lord  of  admiralty. 
Finally  he  retired  to  his  estates  and  became  a  member  of  Parliament  and  lord  mayor  of  York. 
He  had  sound  judgment,  was  resourceful  in  an  emergency,  prompt,  cool,  and  brave. 
IV  1  (Propositus),  SIR  EDWARD  HAWKE. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.  1909.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and  Bar- 
onetage. London:  Harrison  and  Sons.  2570  pp. 

MAHAN,  A.  1913.  Types  of  Naval  Officers  Drawn  from  the  History  of  the  British  Navy.  Boston: 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.  pp.  77-147. 

MARKHAM,  C.    1885.    Life  of  Robert  Fan-fax  of  Steeton.    London:  Macmillan  &  Co. 

NEILL,  E.  1868.  The  Fairfaxes  of  England  and  America  in  the  Seventeenth  &  Eighteenth 
Centuries.  Albany:  J.  Munsell.  234  pp. 

26.  JOHN  HAWKINS. 

JOHN  HAWKINS  was  born  at  Plymouth,  England,  in  1532,  of  a  family  of  men  of 
of  the  sea.  He  "was  bred  to  the  sea  in  the  ships  of  his  family."  He  early  sailed 
to  the  Guinea  coast,  robbed  the  Portuguese  slavers,  and  then  smuggled  the  cap- 
tured negroes  into  the  Spanish  possessions  of  the  New  World  at  a  time  when 
foreign  trade  with  them  was  strictly  forbidden.  His  first  voyage  was  in  1562-1563; 
later  he  lost  two  vessels,  confiscated  by  the  Spanish;  but  he  repeated  his  earlier 
voyage  with  success,  and  thereby  gained  such  a  reputation  that  he  was  granted 
a  coat  of  arms,  with  a  negro,  chained,  as  his  crest.  A  third  trip  was  undertaken  as 
a  national  venture;  again  he  kidnaped  negroes,  again  he  smuggled  them  into  the 
Spanish  colonies.  Finding  the  settlement  unfortified,  he  entered  Vera  Cruz  harbor, 
but  was  caught  there  by  a  strong  Spanish  fleet  and  only  two  of  his  vessels  (including 
his  own)  escaped.  He  now  remained  for  a  time  on  land,  being,  however,  inter- 
ested speculatively  in  privateering.  In  1573  he  became  treasurer  of  the  navy, 
succeeding  his  father-in-law.  For  the  rest  of  his  life  he  was  the  principal  ad- 
ministrator of  the  navy.  In  1588  he  was  sent,  as  rear  admiral,  against  the  Spanish 
armada  and  was  knighted  for  his  services.  He  twice  went  out  to  capture  Spanish 
treasure-ships,  but  failed,  and  died  at  sea  November  1595. 

Hawkins  "craved  adventure,"  especially  on  the  sea.  He  is  called  "the 
patriarch  of  the  sea-rovers."  Seamanship  was  his  fixed  passion;  he  read  mathe- 
matics and  studied  navigation,  theoretically  and  practically.  "His  devotion  to 
the  profession  of  the  sea  and  his  skill  in  it  became  a  proverb  in  his  own  time."  He 
lived  on  the  sea  from  boyhood  to  the  time  when  national  duty  "called  him  to 
administration";  but  he  went  back  to  the  sea  and  died  on  it.  His  father,  William, 
was  a  great  sea-captain.  "In  later  years  his  seamanlike  skill,  his  knowledge  of 
the  world,  his  adventurous  disposition,  and  his  genius  for  business  obtained  for 
him  the  distinguished  favor  of  bluff  King  Hal."  He  was  valiant  hi  action  and  sage 
in  counsel,  a  war  commander  of  extreme  versatility.  On  his  mother's  side  the 
propositus  was  a  son's  daughter's  son  of  Sir  John  Trelawny,  who  fought  with 
King  Henry  at  Agincourt  and  was  rewarded  for  his  bravery  with  a  pension  and 
an  addition  to  his  coat  of  arms.  His  brother,  William,  was  a  ship-owner  and  sailed 
to  the  Spanish  Main  in  command  of  his  own  flotilla.  Sir  Richard,  the  son  of  the 
propositus,  had  similar  daring.  He  fought  with  Drake  and  against  the  Spanish 
Armada,  then  set  out  for  himself  to  prey  on  Spanish  possessions  in  America  under 
the  guise  of  discovery.  He  entered  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso  and  plundered  the 


HAWKINS. 


97 


town,  and  came  on  to  the  bay  of  San  Mateo,  where  he  was  captured  by  the 
Spaniards.  He  was  imprisoned  in  Spain  for  five  years  and  on  his  return  to  Eng- 
land was  knighted.  As  vice  admiral  he  went,  in  1620-1621,  to  the  Mediterranean 
to  reduce  the  Algerian  corsairs.  His  mother's  father  and  grandfather  were  treas- 
urers of  the  navy. 

Associated  with  Hawkins's  love  of  adventure  was  business  astuteness,  for  the 
daring  piratical  raids  and  smuggling  adventures  were  highly  profitable.  His  father 
was  thrifty,  also,  and  was  accounted  perhaps  the  richest  man  in  Plymouth.  The 
son,  Richard  (V  5),  commanded  his  Uncle  William's  ships  on  a  trading  expedition 
to  the  West  Indies. 

Another  striking  characteristic  was  statesmanship.  "Among  the  richest  of 
Britain's  traders,  they  sought  to  establish  the  freedom  of  the  seas"  (though  it 
involved  piracy).  They  did  much  to  destroy  Spain's  contention  that  she  alone 
could  trade  with  her  colonies.  Later  in  life  his  naval  policy  foreshadowed  much 
that  has  since  been  worked  into  the  English  naval  system."  His  brother  was 
similarly  a  great  administrator;  he  was  tacitly  regarded  as  governor  of  the  port  of 
Plymouth;  he  obtained  from  Queen  Elizabeth  a  revised  charter  for  the  town  and 
was  early  the  town  mayor.  "Indeed,  his  local  importance  appears  to  have  tended 
a  little  in  the  direction  of  monopoly."  Their  father  in  his  early  voyages  to  the  coast 
of  Brazil  showed  the  characteristics  of  a  statesman  and  a  diplomat  with  his  tact, 
discretion,  and  sagacity  in  dealing  with  the  natives.  He,  too,  was  mayor  of 
Plymouth  and  represented  it  in  Parliament.  Richard  Hawkins  also  showed 
political  sagacity  in  planning  his  trip  to  South  American  ports. 

The  propositus  was  bluff  and  blunt,  sagacious  and  wily  in  council;  his 
"nerve  never  deserted  him."  He  was  slow  in  formulating  his  own  view,  but  when 
deliberately  formed  he  could  not  be  moved  from  it;  but  he  was  quick  to  see  and 
prompt  to  act  in  urgent  cases. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  SIR  JOHN  HAWKINS. 

I  1  (M  F  F),  Sir  John  Trelawny  (see  text).     I  2 

(M  F  M),  Blanche  Pownde.   I  3  (consort's  F  M  F), , 

Hussey,  an  admiralty  judge. 

II  1    (F  F),   John   Hawkins.     II    2    (F  M),   Joan 
Amadas.    II  3  (M  F),  Roger  Trelawny.     II  5  (consort's 
F  F),  William   Gonson,   treasurer  of   the   navy   in   the 
reigns  of   Henry   VIII,   Edward  VI,  and  Mary.     II  6 
(consort's  F  M),  Ursula  Hussey. 

III  1    (F),  William  Hawkins,  one  of  the  greatest 
sea  captains  in  the  west  of  England;  an  officer  in  the  navy 
of  Henry  VIII;  the  first  Englishman  who  sailed  a  ship  into 
southern  seas,  making  at  least  three  voyages  to  Brazil. 
He  was  mayor  of  Plymouth  and  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment.    Ill  2   (M),  Jane  Trelawny.    Ill  3  (consort's  F), 
Benjamin  Gonson,  of  Sebright  Hall,  near  Chelmsford; 
treasurer  of  the  navy  (1549-1573). 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  2,  William  Hawkins, 
the  most  influential  resident  of   Elizabethan  Plymouth, 

of  which  town  he  was  mayor;  a  ship-owner  and  commander,  who  held  a  commission  under 
Prince  Cond6.  IV  3,  Mary  Halse.  IV  4  (Propositus),  SIR  JOHN  HAWKINS.  IV  5,  (consort) 
Katherine  Gonson.  Fraternity  of  M:  IV  6,  Benjamin  Gonson,  born  1551.  IV  7,  Thomasine 
Gonson.  IV  8,  Edward  Fenton,  a  noted  navigator;  captain  of  the  Gabriel  in  the  Arctic 
voyage  of  1577  with  Frobisher. 


98  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

V  I,  William  Hawkins  (1565-1613),  made  voyages  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan  and  the 
West  Indies  in  1582,  sailing  with  Captain  Fenton  as  lieutenant-general  of  his  fleet,  and  being 
brought  back  in  irons.  In  1607  he  sailed  for  the  East  Indies  as  captain  of  the  Hector;  founded 
the  East  India  Company's  first  trading-house  at  Surat;  was  ambassador  to  the  Great  Mogul  at 
Agra.  V  2,  Judith,  Clare,  and  Grace  Hawkins.  V  3,  Richard,  Francis,  Nicholas,  and  William 
Hawkins.  V  4,  Frances,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth  Hawkins.  Child  of  Propositus:  V  5,  Sir  Richard 
Hawkins  (ca.  1560-1622),  was  his  father's  constant  companion  and  was  brought  up  to  a  sea  life. 
In  1582  he  made  his  first  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  with  his  uncle,  William  Hawkins;  in  1585 
he  sailed  with  Drake  and  Frobisher  to  the  West  Indies.  He  commanded  the  Swallow  against 
the  Spanish  Armada.  In  1593  he  went  on  an  expedition  of  exploration  around  South  America, 
was  made  a  captive  and  sent  to  Spain  for  several  years.  He  returned  to  England  in  1603,  was 
knighted,  became  vice  admiral  of  Devon,  a  privy  councilor  and  a  member  of  Parliament.  He 
died  when  engaged  against  the  Algerian  pirates.  V  6,  Judith. 

Child  of  child  of  Propositus:   VI  1,  John  Hawkins  (born  1604),  went  to  sea. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

HAWKINS,  M.  1888.  Plymouth  Armada  Heroes.  The  Hawkins  Family.  Plymouth:  W.  Bren- 
don  &  Son.  189  pp. 

MARKHAM,  C.  R.  1878.  The  Hawkins'  Voyages  during  the  Reigns  of  Henry  VIII,  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  James  I.  London:  Printed  for  the  Hakluyt  Soc.,  vol.  57,  liii:  453  pp. 

WALLING,  R.  1907.  A  Sea-Dog  of  Devon.  A  Life  of  Sir  John  Hawkins.  New  York:  The 
John  Lane  Co.  xii  +  288  pp. 

WORTH,  R.  N.  1886.     A  History  of  Devonshire.     London:  E.  Stock,   x  +  347  pp. 

27.  ESEK  HOPKINS. 

ESEK  HOPKINS  was  born  at  Scituate,  Rhode  Island,  1718.  At  the  age  of  20 
years  he  shipped  on  a  vessel  going  to  Surinam.  He  soon  rose  to  the  command  of 
a  vessel  and  became  a  prominent  New  England  master  mariner.  He  married  in 
1741  and  moved  to  Providence  in  1748.  He  served  for  a  time  on  the  school  com- 
mittee. Later  he  was,  for  20  years,  a  trustee  of  Rhode  Island  College;  also  tax 
assessor,  etc.  From  1754  to  1763  he  was  privateering  on  French  and  Spanish 
vessels.  He  had  become  rich  by  1756  and  owned  a  farm  of  200  acres  and  a  house 
on  it  for  his  family;  but  he  preferred  "the  dash  and  excitement  incident  to  life  on 
board  a  privateer."  While  on  shore  he  was  active  in  politics.  When  his  brother 
Stephen  was  running  for  governor  of  the  colony  against  Samuel  Ward,  Esek  entered 
into  the  contest  "with  activity  and  acrimony."  He  was  elected,  in  1763  and  1764, 
to  the  general  assembly;  and  he  made  long  voyages  to  Africa,  China,  and  the 
West  Indies  for  four  years.  In  1771-1773  he  was  returned  to  the  legislature.  In 
1775  a  battery  was  established  on  Fox  Hill  in  Providence  Harbor  and  Hopkins 
was  put  in  command  of  it.  Shortly  afterward  he  was  appointed  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  fleet  of  the  colony.  In  November  1775  he  was  appointed  by  Congress 
commander-in-chief  of  the  continental  navy.  In  February  1776  he  started  on 
a  cruise  to  New  Providence  to  get  gunpowder,  and  secured  cannon,  shell,  and 
a  little  gunpowder.  Returning  early  in  April,  he  captured  a  6-gun  English  tender, 
Hawke,  and  the  bomb-brig  Vulcan,  8  guns.  He  next  attacked  the  Glasgow,  29 
guns,  but  she,  being  much  larger  than  any  of  his  fleet,  succeeded  in  escaping.  He  was 
heavily  censured  for  letting  this  ship  escape,  first  by  the  people  of  the  colonies  and 
then  by  Congress,  in  August  1776.  After  some  months  of  inactivity  he  was  "dis- 
honorably discharged"  from  the  service,  in  April  1777.  He  passed  the  remainder 
of  his  life  in  Rhode  Island,  and  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the  assembly. 

Hopkins  was  highly  social  and  the  struggles  of  political  life  appealed  to  him. 
In  this  respect  he  resembled  his  brother  Stephen  Hopkins  (1707-1785),  a  signer 


HOPKINS.  99 

of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Stephen  was  a  surveyor  as  a  young  man, 
an  occupation  implying  a  high  grade  of  scientific  achievement  for  those  days.  He 
passed  through  all  the  political  grades  —  town  clerk,  president  of  the  town  council, 
member  of  the  assembly,  and  speaker  thereof;  he  was  also  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas  and  later  clerk  of  the  court.  In  1755  he  opened  an  insurance 
office  in  Providence,  and  as  he  made  money  he  bought  books.  In  1750  he  sent 
to  London  for  a  collection  of  books.  He  became  chief  justice,  1751-1755;  con- 
tinental colonial  governor,  1755-1762,  1763,  1764,  and  1767-1768;  and  delegate 
to  the  colonial  congresses  of  1741,  1754,  and  1757.  In  1754  he  espoused  Franklin's 
plan  for  a  union  of  the  colonies,  and  during  the  whole  period  leading  up  to  the 
Revolution  he  was  one  of  the  most  active  advocates  of  that  plan.  He  signed  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Rhode  Island  council 
of  war  and  a  delegate  to  the  convention  of  New  England  States.  He  helped  found 
Rhode  Island  College  (now  Brown  University)  and  was  its  first  chancellor.  He 
was  editor,  astronomer,  historian,  "orator,  legislator,  jurist,  executive  officer,  and 
public-spirited  citizen."  He  developed  a  marked  paralysis  agitans  and  died  in  1785. 

Esek  Hopkins  had  a  love  of  the  sea.  His  brothers  John  and  Samuel  were 
masters  of  vessels.  Esek  married  Desire  Burroughs,  daughter  of  Ezekiel  Bur- 
roughs, a  leading  merchant  and  shipmaster  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  One,  at 
least,  of  their  sons  had  the  love  of  the  sea  (like  Esek  and  his  consort's  father) 
and  had  the  love  of  fighting  like  his  own  father.  This  son  was  John  Burroughs 
Hopkins  (1742-1796),  who  participated  (at  30  years  of  age)  in  the  burning  of  the 
Gaspi  in  Newport  Harbor,  1772.  He  was  a  captain  of  one  of  the  vessels  of  his 
father's  fleet,  the  Cabot,  in  1775.  He  led  in  the  fight  with  the  Glasgow  and  his  ship 
suffered  great  damage,  four  of  his  crew  being  killed  outright  and  seven  wounded, 
including  himself. 

Esek  Hopkins  was  a  fearless  man,  despite  his  enemies'  allegations.  So  too 
was  his  son.  His  father's  father,  a  man  of  learning,  when  warned  by  the  colonial 
authorities  with  others  to  remove  to  Newport  for  greater  protection  from  the 
Indians,  refused  to  do  so;  and,  in  1698,  he  was  put  in  command  of  the  military 
forces  of  the  mainland  settlement  of  the  colony. 

Esek  belonged  to  an  intellectual  strain;  his  own  interest  in  learning  led  him 
to  be  put  on  school  committees  and  to  be  made  a  trustee  of  the  college.  His 
father's  father  is  said  to  have  been  a  man  of  learning,  a  surveyor.  Also,  his  mother's 
brother  and  father  were  surveyors.  This  love  of  learning,  so  marked  in  Stephen, 
was  also  found  in  Esek's  daughter  Heart  (1744-1825),  a  woman  of  great  culture, 
who,  quite  in  advance  of  the  period,  took  the  regular  course  of  study  at  the  college 
under  the  special  direction  of  its  president,  the  husband  of  her  sister,  Susanna 

Maxey. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  ESEK  HOPKINS. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  Thomas  Hopkins  (born  in  England,  1616),  joined  in  an  agreement  for  a  form 
of  government  for  Providence  Plantations;    was  commissioner,  deputy,  and  town  councilman. 
13  (M  M  F),  Rev.  William  Wickenden. 

II  1  (F  F),  William  Hopkins  (born  ca.  1645),  was  a  surveyor  and  military  leader,  and  a 
man  of  learning  and  of  courage  (see  text).    II  2  (F  M),  Abigail  Whipple.    II  3,  Samuel  Dexter. 
II  4  (M  F),  Samuel  Wilkinson,  an  expert  surveyor  and  justice  of  peace.     II  5  (M  M),  Plain 
Wickenden. 

III  1,  Major  Sylvanus  Scott.     Ill  3  (F),  William  Hopkins,  a  farmer.     Ill  4  (M),  Ruth 
Wilkinson  (1686-1738).    Fraternity  of  M:   III  5,  Samuel  Wilkinson  (1674-172-),  was  a  farmer, 
tanner,  currier,  and  shoemaker.     Ill  6,  John  Wilkinson  (1677-1751),  went  to  New  Jersey  and 
from  thence  to  Pennsylvania.     HI  7,  William  Wilkinson  (born  1680),  was  a  preacher  among 


100  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT    OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

the  Friends;  went  to  Barbados  and  South  America  with  a  cargo  and  from  thence  to  England, 
where  he  remained.  Ill  8  (consort's  F),  Ezekiel  Burroughs,  a  leading  merchant  and  shipmaster 
of  Newport,  Rhode  Island.  Ill  10,  Susannah  Wilkinson,  born  1688.  Ill  11,  James  Angell. 
Ill  12,  Joseph  Wilkinson  (1682-1740),  a  landowner  and  surveyor  who  held  many  offices.  Ill  13, 
Martha  Pray. 

gfes  IV  1,  Sarah  Scott.  Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  2,  Stephen  Hopkins  (1707-1785),  a  signer 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  (see  text).  IV  3,  William  Hopkins  (1705-1744),  "early 

„       4  manifested  a  predilection  for 

m    (~\  the  sea"  and  became  an  expert 

P*^  navigator.      In  1739   he   was 

given  command  of  an  armed 

H  [  O~M  FV-pO  vessel  to  operate  against  the 

Spanish.    IV  4,  John  Hopkins, 

x-s  -    x-v    ji"^L   _ii-  master    of    a    vessel.    IV   5, 

ByO  DrO  D  U  H  HrO  CHU  DlO       Samuel  Hopkins,  master  of  a 

vessel.    IV  6,  Hope  Hopkins. 
IV   7,    Henry   Harris,   IV  8, 

IV  OlBHyyO-DOOa    BrO    DrO"    AbigaU Hopkins.    IV9,Susan- 

nah  Hopkins.  IV  10,  Nathan 
Angell.  IV  11  (Propositus). 
ESEK  HOPKINS.  IV  12  (con- 
sort), Desire  Burroughs.  IV 
13,  Benjamin  Wilkinson  (1713- 
1803).  [See  Morris  family,  No.  43,  F  M  F.]  IV  14,  Mary  Rhodes. 

V  1,  Rufus  Hopkins  (born  1727),  was  master  of  a  ship  and  later  a  judge.  V  2,  John  Hopkins 
(born  1728),  a  sea  captain.  V  3,  Ruth  and  Lydia  Hopkins.  V  4,  Sylvanus  Hopkins  (1734-1753), 
was  a  commander  of  a  vessel  at  18;  was  shipwrecked,  and  murdered  by  Indians.  V  5,  Simon 
Hopkins.  V  6,  George  Hopkins,  a  sea  captain  who  sailed  from  Providence  and  never  was  heard 
from  again.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  7,  John  Burroughs  Hopkins  (1742-1796),  a  captain  in 
his  father's  fleet.  V  8,  Heart  Hopkins  (1744-1825).  V  9,  Abigail,  Amey,  and  Desire  Hopkins. 
V  10,  Samuel  (born  1748),  Stephen  (1753-1761),  Esek  (1758-1777),  and  Samuel  (died  1782) 
Hopkins.  V  11,  Susannah  Hopkins  (1756-1803).  V  12,  Jonathan  Maxey,  president  of  Rhode 
Island  College. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

FIELD,  E.     1898.     Esek  Hopkins,  commander  in  chief  of  the  Continental  Navy  (1775-1778). 

Providence:  The  Preston  &  Rounds  Co.     ix  +  280  pp. 
WILKINSON,  I.    1869.    Memoirs  of  the  Wilkinson  Family.    Jacksonville:   Davis  &  Penniman. 

585  pp. 

28.   GEOFFREY  THOMAS  PHIPPS  HORNBY. 

GEOFFREY  THOMAS  PHIPPS  HORNBY,  was  born  at  Winwick  Church,  England, 
February  20,  1825.  At  the  age  of  12  he  went  to  sea  in  the  flagship  of  Sir  Robert 
Stopford,  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Acre,  hi  November  1840,  visited  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  served  as  flag  lieutenant  to  his  father  in  the  Pacific,  and  came  home 
as  a  commander.  In  1853  he  married  and,  being  politically  out  of  favor  of  the 
admiralty,  managed  his  father's  estate  until  1858,  when  he  was  sent  to  China 
to  convoy  a  body  of  marines  to  Vancouver  Island  to  contest  with  the  United  States 
the  ownership  of  the  archipelago  of  San  Juan.  As  senior  naval  officer  there  Hornby's 
moderation  prevented  a  fight  and  paved  the  way  for  arbitration.  He  kept  at  sea 
in  various  parts  of  the  world  until  1869.  He  then  commanded  the  Channel  fleet, 
and  was  for  two  years  a  junior  lord  of  the  admiralty.  In  1877  he  began  service 
as  commander  in  chief  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet;  here  he  showed  skill  in 
maneuvers,  disciplinary  power,  tact,  and  determination  in  conducting  foreign  re- 
lations at  the  time  of  the  Russian  advance  on  Constantinople,  for  all  of  which  he 
was  knighted.  By  1880  he  was  regarded  as  the  ablest  commander  on  the  active 
list  of  the  navy.  In  1888  he  was  promoted  to  be  admiral  of  the  fleet.  He  died 
March  1895. 


HORNBY. 


101 


Traits  of  Hornby's  character  are  as  follows: 

Nomadism  and  love  of  the  sea.  —  His  great  passion  in  childhood  was  the  navy; 
every  evening  his  occupation  was  to  carve  little  boats  out  of  small  pieces  of  wood. 
He  was  fond  of  fishing,  hunting,  and  shooting;  "a  sedentary  life  was  entirely  for- 
eign to  his  habits  and  inclinations."  Doubtless  the  elements  of  his  tastes  come 
to  him  from  both  sides.  His  mother's  father  was  General  "Saratoga"  Burgoyne, 
who  entered  the  army  at  an  early  age,  eloped  with  a  daughter  of  the  Earl  of 
Derby,  soon  had  to  sell  his  commission  to  meet  his  debts,  and  then  lived  abroad 
for  seven  years;  and  gambled  recklessly.  Later  he  devoted  much  time  to  art  and 
drama.  He  fought  against  the  American  colonists  and  was  badly  defeated  at  Sara- 
toga and  deprived  of  his  command.  By  an  opera  singer  he  had  several  illegitimate 
children,  of  whom  one  (Sir  John  Fox  Burgoyne)  became  a  British  field  marshal. 
Hornby's  father  was  a  naval  officer  who  was  given  command  of  the  Pacific  squadron 
at  63  and  was  later  appointed  on  the  board  of  admiralty. 

Love  of  knowledge.  —  This  was  early  manifested  at  school.  His  favorite 
studies  (next  to  strategy)  were  geology  and  chemistry.  In  later  life  he  showed 
a  scrupulous  honesty  and  dislike  of  any  half-truths.  He  took  a  keen  interest  in 
everything  that  came  his  way.  One  of  his  brothers  studied  at  Oxford,  and  then 
became  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Engineers.  Their  mother  was  the  "wisest  woman 
that  ever  lived,"  her  granddaughter  writes. 

Appeal  of  form.  —  This  is  shown  in  his  interest  in  woodcraft,  beginning  with 
his  childish  carving  of  boats.  As  a  boy  he  had  a  great  passion  for  animals,  especially 
horses  and  dogs.  In  the  summer  he  gave  much  time  to  the  care  and  study  of  bees. 

He  was  of  a  calm  temperament.  As  a  boy  he  had  a  bad  temper  which  he 
later  brought  under  control.  As  a  midshipman  he  was  a  "great  favorite."  He  had, 
as  an  adult,  "a  wonderful  charm  of  manner,  a  light-hearted  bonhomie,  and  his  eyes 
were  lighted  with  an  irresistible  twinkle."  He  stirred  others  to  enthusiasm  by  his 
keenness.  He  spoke  shortly  and  to  the  point,  sometimes  very  humorously.  He 
was  fond  of  the  hunt.  He  was  a  man  of  judgment  and  insight  into  affairs,  like  his 
father,  who  was  appointed  to  the  board  of  admiralty. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  SIR  GEOFFREY  THOMAS  PHIPPS  HORNBY. 

II  (F  F  M  F),  John  Winckley.  13  (M  F  F  F),  Sir  John  Burgoyne,  reckless  and  extrava- 
gant. I  4  (M  F  F  M),  Constance  Lucy.  I  5  (M  F  M  F),  Charles  Burnestone,  a  wealthy  London 
merchant. 


102  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

II  1  (F  F  F),  Edmund  Hornby.  II  2  (F  F  M),  Margaret  Winckley.  II  3  (F  M  F),  James, 
Lord  Stanley  (1616-1671).  II  4,  Lucy  Smith.  II  5  (M  F  F),  John  Burgoyne,  a  captain  in  the 
army;  ended  his  days  on  the  King's  Bench.  II  6  (M  F  M),  Maria  Burnestone. 

Ill  1  (F  F),  Geoffrey  Hornby  was  a  colonel  in  the  army;  afterwards  he  was  rector  of  Win- 
wick  church.  Ill  2  (F  If),  Lucy  Stanley.  Ill  3,  Edward  Stanley,  twelfth  Earl  of  Derby  (1752- 
1834).  His  first  marriage  was  unhappy;  he  became  enamoured  of  a  celebrated  actress,  whom 
he  married  six  weeks  after  his  first  wife's  death.  He  undertook  the  maintenance  of  the  Bur- 
goyne children.  Ill  4,  Charlotte  Derby.  Ill  5,  John  ("Saratoga")  Burgoyne  (1722-1792), 
entered  the  army  early,  made  a  runaway  marriage,  and  had  to  sell  his  commission  to  pay  his 
debts.  He  afterwards  served  in  the  Seven  Years'  War  as  brigadier  general  in  Portugal,  where 
he  won  distinction,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the  American  War  of  Independence  he  was  given  a 
command.  For  his  defeat  at  Saratoga  he  was  deprived  of  his  regiment.  Later  he  was  appointed 
commander  in  chief  in  Ireland.  Ill  6,  Susan  Caulfield,  an  opera  singer. 

Fraternity  of  Father:  IV  1,  Edmund  Hornby  (1773-1857).  IV  2,  James  John  Hornby 
(1777-1855),  rector  of  Winwick.  IV  3,  Geoffrey  Hornby  (1780-1850),  rector  of  Bury.  IV  4, 
Edward  Hornby  (born  1782),  in  holy  orders.  IV  5,  George  Hornby  (1790-1872),  in  holy  orders. 
IV  6,  Charles  Hornby  (1791-1867),  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.  IV  7,  Lucy  Hornby.  IV  8, 
Rev.  H.  Champneys.  IV  8,  Charlotte  Hornby.  IV  10,  Edward,  thirteenth  Earl  of  Derby. 
IV  12  (F),  Sir  Phipps  Hornby  (1785-1867),  entered  the  navy;  was  mate  on  the  Victory  under 
Nelson.  March  1811  he  commanded  a  22-gun  ship  off  Lissa  and  was  awarded  a  gold  medal.  IV 

13  (M),  Maria  Sophia  Burgoyne,  of  lovely  character.  Fraternity  of  Mother:  IV  15, Parker. 

IV  16,  John  Fox  Burgoyne  (1782-1871),  obtained  his  commission  in  the  army  in  1798.  He  won 
his  brevets  of  major  and  lieutenant-colonel  in  1812  for  his  skillful  performance  of  engineer  duties 
and  after  the  war  was  made  C.  B.  He  finally  rose  to  the  rank  of  field  marshal.  IV  18  (con- 
sort's F),  Rev.  J.  J.  Coles. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Phipps  John  Hornby  (1820-1848),  a  captain  of  the  Royal 
Engineers.  V  2,  James  John  Hornby  (1826-1909),  provost  of  Eton  College.  V  3,  Maria  Eliza- 
beth Hornby.  V  4,  Caroline  Lucy  Hornby.  V  5,  Major  General  Sir  William  Denison.  V  6, 
Susan  Hornby.  V  7,  William  Hornby.  V  8,  Lucy  Hornby.  V  9,  Rear  Admiral  Robert  Stop- 
ford.  V  10,  Elizabeth  Hornby.  V  11,  Rev.  John  Cross.  V  12  (Propositus),  SIR  GEOFFREY 
PHIPPS  HORNBT.  V  13  (consort),  Emily  Frances  Coles. 

Children  of  Propositus:  VI  2, Hornby,  author  of  biography  of  her  father.     VI  3, 

Egerton. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  J.  1914.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  Dictionary  of  the  Landed  Gentry  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  London:  Harrison  and  Sons.  2102  pp. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.  and  A.  1909.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and  Bar- 
onetage. London:  Harrison  and  Sons.  2570  pp. 

DB  FONBLANQUE,  E.  1876.  Political  and  Military  Episodes  in  the  Latter  Half  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,  Derived  from  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Right  Hon.  John  Burgoyne. 
London:  Macmillan  &  Co.  xiii  +  500  pp. 

EGBRTON,  MRS.  F.  1896.  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  Sir  Geoffrey  Phipps  Hornby.  Edinburg  and 
London:  W.  Blackwood  &  Sons,  xi  +  404  pp. 

WROTTESLEY,  G.  1873.  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Field  Marshal  Sir  John  Burgoyne.  2  vols. 
London:  R.  Bentley  &  Sons. 


HOSTE.  103 

29.  WILLIAM  HOSTE. 

SIR  WILLIAM  HOSTE  was  born  at  Ingoldsthorpe,  England,  August  26,  1780. 
He  entered  the  navy  at  13  years  of  age  under  Nelson's  special  care.  He  was  present 
at  the  battle  of  the  Nile  as  lieutenant  of  the  Theseus  and  after  that  battle  was 
appointed  commander  and,  in  1802,  post  captain.  He  continued  operations  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  Adriatic  until  the  end  of  his  active  career.  From  1808 
to  1814  he  was  watching  for  or  righting  the  French  in  the  Adriatic  and  made  a 
fortune  from  "prizes"  of  war.  In  1811  his  force  of  4  frigates  was  attacked  by 
a  French  squadron  of  six  frigates  and  five  small  vessels;  but  Hoste,  by  his  superior 
gunnery  and  maneuvering,  defeated  the  enemy.  He  married  Harriet,  third  daughter 
of  Horatio,  Earl  of  Orford,  by  whom  he  had  3  sons  and  3  daughters.  He  died 
December  1828. 

The  traits  that  determined  Hoste's  success  were: 

Restless  activity.  —  As  a  boy  he  was  ever  restless  and  buoyant;  however,  it  is 
stated  that  he  did  not  strongly  prefer  the  navy  but  was  placed  in  it  by  his  parents. 
His  favorite  recreations  were  hunting  and  gunning,  and  these  he  continued  to 
enjoy  to  the  end  of  his  life.  In  service  he  was  ever  active  and  vigilant.  His  brother 
Edward  made  an  excellent  sailor.  He  had  an  exceptional  insight  into  the  best 
way  to  meet  a  given  naval  situation,  just  as  his  brother  George,  a  distinguished 
army  engineer,  was  successful  in  meeting  engineering  problems. 

Hoste  was  good-natured  and  generous.  These  traits  endeared  him  to  all 
who  knew  him.  On  shipboard  he  was  universally  beloved  and  followed  with 
enthusiasm. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  SIB  WILLIAM  HOSTE. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  James  Hoste,  of  Dutch  ancestry.    I  2  (F  F  M),  Anne  Burleigh. 

II  1  (F  F),  Theodore  Hoste.   II  2  (F  M),  Mary  Hilmore.   II  3  (M  F),  Henry  Stanforth. 

III  1  (F),  Dixon  Hoste,  rector  of  Godwick  and  Sittershall. 
Ill  2  (M),    Margaret  Stanforth.     Ill  3  (consort's  F),  Horatio 
Walpole,  first  Earl  of  Orford. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  George  Hoste,  received  his 
commission  in  the  corps  of  engineers  in  1802;  in  1805  he  went 
with  an  expedition  to  Gibraltar  and  Italy  and  saw  active  service. 
Later  he  was  present  at  the  taking  of  Alexandria  in  Egypt.  In 
1810  he  served  at  sea  with  Captain  Brenton;  during  his  service  in 
Holland,  in  1813,  he  obtained  the  brevet  rank  of  major.  He 
greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  where 
he  was  attached  to  the  Prince  of  Orange's  corps  (first)  as  com-  IV*  Q  ffl  O  y[ 
manding  engineer,  and  was  made  C.  B.  He  served  on  various 
military  committees.  IV  2,  Dixon  Hoste  (1779-1805),  was 
educated  for  the  church  and  took  a  senior  optime  degree  at 
Cambridge;  was  elected  fellow  of  Trinity  but  soon  after  died  of 
consumption.  He  was  a  young  man  of  brilliant  ability  and  promise.  IV  4,  Edward  Hoste,  went 
into  the  navy,  serving  under  his  brother;  in  1813  he  was  appointed  acting  lieutenant  of  the  brig 
Wizard.  IV  5  (Propositus),  SIB  WILLIAM  HOSTE.  IV  6  (consort),  Harriet  Walpole. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

HOSTE,  MBS.  W.   1883.  Memoirs  and  Letters  of  Captain  Sir  William  Hoste.  London:  R.  Bentley. 
2  vols. 


104  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

30.   RICHARD  HOWE. 

RICHARD  HOWE,  EARL  HOWE,  was  born  at  London,  March  8, 1726.  He  was 
a  grandson  of  a  mistress  of  George  I  ("a  relationship,"  says  David  Hannay,  in 
Encycl.  Britt.,  eleventh  ed.,  "which  does  much  to  explain  his  early  rise  in  the 
navy").  At  the  age  of  14  he  entered  the  Severn  as  midshipman  and  started  for 
the  South  Seas,  but  the  ship,  having  been  disabled  in  a  storm,  returned  to  England. 
He  went  next  to  the  West  Indies  on  the  Burford  (Captain  Lushington);  in  an 
attack  on  La  Guayra  the  ship  was  damaged  and  the  captain  killed.  In  1744  he  was 
made  acting  lieutenant;  and  in  the  next  year  he  commanded  the  sloop  Baltimore 
and  was  wounded  in  the  head  in  a  fight  with  two  French  privateers.  Made  post 
captain  in  1746,  he  commanded  the  Cornwall  and  brought  her  back  injured  from 
a  fight  with  the  Spaniards  off  Havana.  He  held  various  other  commands  between 
that  time  and  the  beginning  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  during  that  war  he 
engaged  in  various  trivial  operations  against  the  coast  of  France,  which,  whether 
failures  or  triumphs,  added  to  his  fame.  In  1759,  as  captain  of  the  Magnanime, 
he  led  Hawke's  fleet  to  victory  at  Quiberon.  From  1762  until  the  outbreak  of 
the  American  Revolution  Howe  did  shore  duty;  he  ran  for  Parliament  and  was 
elected;  was  a  member  of  the  admiralty  board  and  treasurer  of  the  navy.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  vice  admiral.  In  1776  Lord  Howe  was  appointed  commander 
in  chief  of  the  North  American  station,  with  powers  to  treat  with  the  disaffected 
colonists,  as  it  was  known  that  he  was  friendly  to  them.  He  conferred  with 
governors  of  the  colonies  and  communicated  with  George  Washington,  but  mean- 
time kept  a  firm  hold  on  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  The  sending 
of  a  new  peace  commission  to  America  offended  Howe  and  led  him  to  resign,  but 
before  he  could  return  to  England  the  French  fleet  under  d'Estaing,  of  nearly  twice 
the  strength  of  Howe's,  arrived  and  he  stayed  on.  He  prevented  it  from  enter- 
ing New  York  harbor  and  forced  it  out  of  Newport  harbor,  so  that  it  eventually 
found  refuge  in  Boston  harbor,  where  it  was  of  least  value.  These  maneuvers  were 
a  fine  combination  of  caution  and  calculated  daring.  Howe  returned  to  England 
and  refused  further  service,  embittered  at  the  ministry's  bungling  and  antagonism 
to  him.  In  1782  a  change  of  ministry  occurred  and  Howe  was  appointed  admiral 
of  the  blue  and  ordered  to  watch  the  Dutch  fleet  in  the  Channel.  He  also  pro- 
tected incoming  ships  from  the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleet.  He  next 
convoyed  a  large  number  of  supply  ships  to  the  beleaguered  garrison  at  Gibraltar 
and,  though  the  fleet  of  the  enemy  was  superior  to  his  own,  he  landed  his  supplies 
and  men  and  returned  without  injury,  due  to  his  extraordinarily  fine  handling  of 
his  fleet  and  to  the  incapacity  of  the  enemy's.  From  the  age  of  56  to  67  years  he  per- 
formed land  service,  much  of  the  time  as  first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  In  1790  he 
was  again  called  upon  to  command  the  Channel  fleet,  as  admiral  of  the  white. 
Finally,  as  admiral  and  commander  in  chief  of  the  fleet,  he,  in  1794,  fought  the 
"battle  of  the  first  of  June,"  in  which  he  won  a  brilliant  victory  by  hard  fighting, 
though  it  was  not  decisive.  He  died  five  years  later,  his  one  remaining  service 
being  to  compose  an  extensive  mutiny,  largely  due  to  failure  in  discipline  re- 
sulting from  his  advanced  age.  He  quieted  the  disturbance  by  granting  the 
mutineers  all  they  asked.  He  died  August  1799. 

Howe  was  of  the  hypokinetic  type,  though  not  so  depressed  as  Nelson.  He 
was  remarkably  taciturn.  Once,  early  in  his  career,  an  army  officer  of  rank  addressed 
him  questions  without  receiving  a  reply  and  said:  "Mr.  Howe,  don't  you  hear  me? 


HOWE.  105 

I  have  asked  you  several  questions."  Howe  answered:  "I  don't  like  questions." 
Says  a  contemporary:  "Howe  was  undaunted  as  a  rock,  and  as  silent,  the  charac- 
teristics of  his  whole  race."  "Howe  never  made  a  friendship  except  at  the  mouth 
of  a  cannon."  Howe  was  thorough.  His  most  important  success  was  with  a  large 
fleet  whose  maneuvers  he  planned  with  great  detail  and  completeness.  He  was 
a  great  tactician,  but  not  so  much  of  a  fighter  as  Nelson.  He  was  a  rigid  disciplin- 
arian. Howe  was  patient,  was  without  great  personal  ambitions,  and  never  sought 
pension  or  remuneration. 

Howe  was  fearless.  To  a  lieutenant  who  came  to  him  in  perturbation  saying 
"the  ship  is  on  fire  close  to  the  magazine;  but  don't  be  frightened,  we  shall  get  it 
under  control  shortly,"  Howe  replied,  "Frightened,  sir!  What  do  you  mean? 
I  never  was  frightened  in  my  life."  He  was  composed  under  suspense.  Once  in 
a  stormy  night,  when  there  was  danger  of  the  ships  running  afoul  of  each  other, 
a  captain  who  had  spent  a  sleepless  night  asked  him  how  he  had  slept.  Lord  Howe 
replied  that  "he  had  slept  perfectly  well,  for  as  he  had  taken  every  possible  pre- 
caution he  could  before  dark,  he  laid  himself  down  with  a  conscious  feeling  that 
everything  had  been  done  which  it  was  in  his  power  to  do  for  the  safety  of  the 
ships  .  .  .  and  this  conviction  set  his  mind  at  ease."  The  stimulus  of  impending 
battle,  even  at  the  age  of  70,  revived  the  fires  of  youth;  he  displayed  an  animation 
of  which  he  would  hardly  have  been  thought  capable  at  his  age. 

He  felt  deeply,  as  hypokinetics  are  wont  to  do;  so  he  resented  the  treat- 
ment he  had  received  while  in  America  from  the  British  ministry.  His  brother 
William,  commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America  in  the  early  part  of 
the  Revolution,  resigned  his  command  at  about  the  same  tune  with  the  same  feeling. 

His  elder  brother,  George  Augustus,  ranked  third  in  the  naval  list  and  was 
killed  hi  the  Ticonderoga  expedition  of  1758.  Howe  was  a  fighter,  if  necessary. 
He  came  of  fighting  stock,  but  he  was  at  his  best  as  tactician  and  administrator. 
His  father  was  governor  of  the  Barbados;  his  father  and  his  father's  father  were 
members  of  Parliament. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  RICHARD,  EARL  HOWE. 

II  (F  F  F  F),  Sir  Richard  Grubham  Howe.  13  (F  F  M  F),  Emanuel  Scrope,  Earl  of 
Sunderland. 

II  1,  Prince  Rupert.    II  3  (F  F  F),  Sir  John  Howe.    II  4  (F  F  M),  Anabella  Scrope,  a 
natural  daughter,  who  was  afterwards  legalized  by  an  act  of  Parliament.    II  5,  John,  Earl  of 
Rutland.    II  7  (F  M  F),  Lord  William  Allington. 

III  1,  Ruperta,  a  natural  daughter.    Fraternity  of  F  F:    III  2,  Emanuel  Howe.    Ill  3, 
John  Howe,  member  of  Parliament.    Ill  4,  Charles  Howe.    Ill  6,  Lady  Anabella.    Ill  7  (F  F), 
Scrope  Howe  (born  1648),  was  a  member  of  Parliament  and  was  created  Baron  Clenarolly  and 
Viscount  Howe.     Ill  8  (F  M),  Juliana.     Ill  9  (M  F),  Baron  Kielmansegge.     Ill  10  (M  M), 
Countess  of  Darlington,  mistress  of  George  I. 

IV  3  (F),  Emanuel  Scrope,  second  Viscount  Howe,  was  a  member  of  Parliament  and  in 
1732  was  appointed  governor  of  the  Barbados,  where  he  died.    IV  4  (M),  Mary  Sophia  Char- 
lotte.   IV  5  (consort's  F),  Colonel  Chiverton  Hartop,  of  Walby. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  1,  George  Augustus,  third  Viscount  Howe,  was  third  on  the 
naval  list  in  the  attack  on  the  French  in  America.  V  2,  William,  fifth  Viscount  Howe  (died  1814), 
held  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel  general  and  was  hi  command  in  America,  but  relinquished  his 

command  to  General  Clinton.  V  3,  Howe,  was  "a  clever,  eccentric  woman:  well  known 

in  London  society."  V  4  (Propositus),  RICHARD,  EARL  HOWE.  V  5  (consort),  Mary  Hartop. 

VI  1,  Robert,  sixth  Earl  of  Cardigan.  VI  2,  Penelope  Cooke.  VI  3,  Sir  John  Gore,  admiral 
of  the  Royal  Navy.  VI  5,  Hon.  Perm  Assheton  Curzon.  Children  of  Propositus:  VI  6,  Sophia 


106 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


Charlotte  Howe  (1762-1835).  VI  7,  Sir  Jonathan  W.  Waller.  VI  8,  Maria  Howe.  VI  9,  Lord 
Altamont,  Marquis  of  Sligo.  VI  10,  Louisa  Catherine  Howe.  VI  11,  Sir  William  Scott,  Lord 
Stowell. 

VII  1,  George  Anson  (1797-1857),  a  major  general;   commander  in  chief  in  Italy.    VII  2, 
Isabella  Weld.    VII  3,  Harriet  Georgiana,  died  1836.    Children's  children  of  Propositus:   VII  4, 
Richard  William  Perm  Curzon  (1796-1870),  Viscount  Curzon  and  first  Earl  Howe.    VII  5,  Anne 
Gore.    VII  6,  George  Augustus  Curzon  (1788-1805).   VII  7,  Marianne  Curzon,  died  1820.    VII  8, 
Brigadier  General  Halifax. 

VIII  1,  John  Winston,  seventh  Duke  of  Marlborough  (1822-1883),  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland.     VIII  2,  Lady  Frances  Vane.     VIII  3,  Isabella  Anson.     Children's  children's  children 

of  Propositus:    VIII  4,  George 

rt!Q4  Augustus   Curzon    (1821-1876), 

second  Earl  Howe,  a  lieutenant 
colonel  of  volunteers.  VIII  5, 
Richard  William  Penn  Curzon, 
third  Earl  Howe  (1822-1900), 
lord  lieutenant  of  Leicester 
county,  a  colonel  in  the  army. 
VIII  6,  Frederick  Curzon  (1825- 
1881),  a  captain  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  VIII  7,  Henry  D.  Cur- 
zon born  1824.  VIII  8,  William 
Henry  Curzon  (born  1827),  a 
major  in  the  army;  served  in 
the  Crimea  and  received  a  medal 
and  clasp  and  a  Turkish  medal; 
won  a  medal  in  India.  VIII  9, 
Sir  Leicester  Smyth  (1829-1891), 
served  in  the  Crimea;  com- 
manded troops  in  the  southern 
district,  1889;  governor  and 
commander  in  chief,  Gibraltar. 
VIII  10,  Ernest  George  Curzon 
(1828-1885),  assistant  adjutant 
and  quartermaster  general  at 
Aldershot;  deputy  adjutant 
general  in  Ireland.  VIII  11, 
Augusta  Halifax.  VIII 12,  Mon- 
tagu Curzon  (1846-1907),  colonel 
in  the  army.  VIII 13,  Assheton 

Gore  Curzon-Howe  (born  1850),  joined  the  Royal  Navy  as  a  cadet,  1863;  made  vice  admiral 
1905;  K.  C.  B.  1905.  VIII  14,  Mary  Anna  Curzon.  VIII  15,  James,  second  Duke  of  Abercorn. 
IX  1,  Lady  Georgiana  Spencer  Churchill.  Children's  children's  children's  children  of  Pro- 
positus:  IX  2,  Richard  George  Penn  Curzon-Howe,  fourth  Earl  Howe  (born  1861),  a  member  of 
Parliament;  treasurer  of  Her  Majesty's  household,  lord  chamberlain  to  Queen  Alexandra.  IX  3, 
Ernest  C.  Penn  Curzon  (born  1856),  a  major  of  reserve  of  officers.  IX  4,  Fitz  Roy  Edmund  Penn 
Curzon  (born  1859),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army;  present  at  Khartoum  and  was  specially 
mentioned  in  the  dispatches;  in  the  Sierra  Leone  expedition  and  in  the  South  African  war  his 
work  received  special  recognition. 

Children's  children's  children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:    X  1,   Francis  Richard, 
Viscount  Curzon  (born  1884),  a  commander  in  the  Naval  Reserve. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BARROWS,  SIR  JOHN.    1837.    The  Life  of  Richard,  Earl  Howe,  K.  G.,  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  and 

General  of  Marines.    London:  J.  Murray. 
BURKE,   SIR  B.,   and  A.    1909.    A   Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and 

Baronetage.    London:  Harrison  and  Son.    2570  pp. 


m 


IV 


VI 


vn 


vm 


JERVIS.  107 

31.  JOHN  JERVIS. 

JOHN  JERVIS,  ADMIRAL  LORD  ST.  VINCENT,  was  born  January  9,  1735,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, England.  He  entered  the  navy  January  4,  1749,  became  lieutenant  in 
1755,  and  participated  in  the  conquest  of  Quebec  in  1759,  being  made  commander 
the  same  year.  During  the  next  twelve  or  fifteen  years  he  traveled  somewhat 
widely  through  Europe,  making  professional  notes.  During  the  American  Revo- 
lution he  commanded  in  the  English  Channel,  participated  at  Gibraltar,  and  was 
for  years  in  Parliament.  From  1793  to  1795,  as  vice  admiral,  he  cooperated  with 
the  army  in  the  conquest  of  the  French  islands  in  the  West  Indies.  As  Admiral, 
in  1795,  he  took  command  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet,  facing  the  allied  fleets  of 
France  and  Spain.  In  1797,  off  Cape  St.  Vincent,  he  defeated  the  allies  against 
heavy  odds  (in  which  affair  Nelson  won  great  honors),  and  was  made  Earl  St. 
Vincent.  His  health  having  broken  down,  he  resigned  his  command  in  1799,  but 
later  took  command  of  the  Channel  fleet  and  subsequently  was,  for  some  time,  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty.  In  1810  he  retired.  He  died  in  1823.  He  had  married  his 
cousin,  Martha  Parker,  who  died  childless,  1816. 

The  most  striking  traits  that  Jervis  showed  were  the  following: 

Self-reliance.  —  His  father  wished  him  to  follow  law,  but  he  preferred  the 
advice  of  his  father's  coachman;  and  wheii  he  had  once  evinced  his  predilection 
for  the  sea  no  expostulations  on  the  part  of  his  parents  could  shake  him.  When 
his  uncle  got  him  placed,  through  the  admiralty,  on  a  guardship  at  the  age  of  13 
years,  he  concluded  that  he  should  be  going  on  some  expedition  of  importance  and 
volunteered  for  regular  service.  When  he  drew  on  his  father  for  £20  and  the  draft 
came  back  protested,  he  says:  "I  immediately  changed  my  mode  of  living,  quitted 
my  mess,  lived  alone,  and  took  up  the  ship's  allowance,  washed  and  mended  my 
own  clothes,  made  a  pair  of  trousers  out  of  the  ticking  of  my  own  bed."  When 
he  had  leave  on  half  pay  he  traveled  over  Europe  to  get  a  first-hand  view  of  condi- 
tions. At  sea  he  used  his  unlimited  power,  and  would  quell  mutiny  by  hanging 
or  flogging  those  of  his  men  who  offended  him.  His  opinions  of  his  officers  were 
formed  with  great  independence  and  held  tenaciously.  In  action  he  showed 
resource  in  a  moment  of  danger.  As  for  himself  he  despised  cant,  prized  inde- 
pendence, and  was  fearless  in  decision.  As  head  of  the  admiralty  he  was  a  vigor- 
ous and  thoroughgoing  reformer  and  applied  the  same  autocratic  methods  there 
that  he  had  employed  on  shipboard. 

Administrative  ability.  —  Jervis  was  extremely  industrious  and  a  great 
organizer  and  disciplinarian.  He  studied  hard,  and  had  surprising  aptitude  and 
a  fine  memory  for  all  branches  of  professional  and  general  knowledge.  He  under- 
stood human  nature  and  ruled  his  men  "by  a  wise  combination  of  prompt  severity 
tempered  by  judicious  clemency."  To  his  discipline  and  his  organization  of  his 
squadron  the  success  of  the  battles  of  St.  Vincent  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  Nelson's 
squadron  at  the  Nile,  were  due.  "The  instant  repair  of  any  damages  to  the  ships, 
whether  caused  by  storm  or  battle,  was  almost  a  mania  with  him."  In  the  ad- 
miralty he  reformed  notorious  corruptions  in  the  dockyards. 

He  was  always  energetic.  When  on  half  pay  he  went  to  France  and  nearly 
ruined  his  health  in  study  to  make  up  early  deficiencies  in  his  education.  Again, 
in  time  of  peace,  he  entered  Parliament.  At  71  years  of  age  he  took  up  with 
alacrity  the  command  of  the  Channel  fleet  and  carried  out  a  naval  campaign.  It 
is  said  that  he  was  extremely  punctual  in  all  his  concerns,  even  the  most  trifling, 
and  "answered  every  letter  the  moment  he  received  it."  His  father  also  was  a 


108 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


good  administrator  and  lawyer,  was  counsel  to  the  admiralty,  and  auditor  of 
Greenwich  Hospital. 

He  had  the  slighter  grade  of  hyperkinesis;  was  forcible,  animated,  humorous, 
quick,  and  determined;  but  dignified  and  patient  in  large  matters. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JOHN  JEEVIS,  VISCOUNT  ST.  VINCENT. 

II  (M  M  M  F),  Colonel  Samuel  Moore,  made  a  gallant  defense  of  Hampton  Castle  in  the 
old  English  wars  and  kept  a  diary  of  the  siege.  13  (M  F  M  F),  James  Carrier.  I  4  (M  F  M  M), 
Elizabeth  Parker,  of  Browsholme.  I  5,  Janet  Parker.  I  6,  Charles  Carrier. 


10 


vn 


vm 


II  1  (F  M  F),  John  Swynfen,  a  noted  member  of  Parliament;   his  plainness  of  demeanor 
gave  him  the  name  of  "Russet  Coat."    II  3  (MM  F),  Sir  John  Turton,  puisne  judge  in  the 
court  of  the  exchequer;   afterwards  in  the  king's  bench.    II  4  (MM  M),  Anne  Moore.    II  5 
(M  F  F),  William  Parker,  commanded  a  company  of  foot  under  Charles  I;  was  also  distinguished 
during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.    He  was  present  at  Marston  Moor  and  Naseby.    II  6  (M  F  M), 
Bridget  Carrier.     II  7,  Janet  Carrier.     II  8,  Thomas  Parker,  first  Earl  of  Macclesfield;    lord 
chancellor.     II  9,  Elizabeth  (or  Isabella)  Carrier.     II  10,  William  Anson. 

III  1  (F  F),  John  Jervis.    Ill  2  (F  M),  Mary  Swynfen.    Ill  3  (M  M),  Margaret  Turton. 

III  4  (M  F),  George  Parker,  of  Stafford  county,  a  justice  of  peace.    Ill  5,  George  Anson,  Baron 
Anson  (1697-1762),  entered  the  navy  in  1712;  in  1740  he  was  sent  to  attack  Spanish  possessions 
in  South  America,  and  while  he  was  gone  he  circumnavigated  the  globe.    Afterwards  as  a  member 
of  the  admiralty  board  he  did  much  to  improve  naval  conditions;  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral 
and  was  known  as  the  "Father  of  the  British  Navy." 

IV  2  (F),  Swynfen  Jervis  (1700-1784),  counsel  and  solicitor  to  the  admiralty;   treasurer 
of  Greenwich  Hospital.    IV  3  (M),  Elizabeth  Parker.    Fraternity  of  M:   IV  4,  Martha  Strong. 

IV  5,  Sir  Thomas  Parker,  chief  baron  of  the  court  of  the  exchequer.    IV  6,  Anne  Whitehall.    IV  7, 
John  Turton.     IV  9,  Mabella  Swynfen. 

V  1,  George  Carnegie,  sixth  Earl  of  Northesk,  admiral  of  the  white.    Fraternity  of  Propositus: 

V  3,  William  Jervis  (1728-1813),  gentleman  usher  of  the  privy  chamber.     V  4,  Jane  Hatrell. 
V  5,  Mary  Jervis.    V  6,  William  Henry  Ricketts,  bencher  of  King's  Inn.    V  7,  Richard,  Earl  of 
Cavan.    V  9  (Propositus),  JOHN  JERVIS,  VISCOTTNT  ST.  VINCENT.    V  10  (consort),  Martha  Parker. 
Fraternity  of  consort:   V  11,  Laetitia  Parker.     V  12,  Rev.  Thomas  Heathcote.     V  13,  Thomas 
Parker.     V  14,  Mary  Hawe.    V  15,  George  Parker.    V  16,  Elizabeth  Turton. 

Fraternity  of  children  of  sib:   VI  1,  William  Carnegie  (died  1831),  rear  admiral;  was  third 
in  command  at  Trafalgar.    VI  2,  Mary  Ricketts.    VI  3,  William  Henry  (Ricketts)  Jervis  (1764- 


JERVIS  —  JONES.  109 

1805),  became  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy  and  was  drowned  at  sea.  VI  4,  Lady  Elizabeth  Jane 
Lambert.  VI  5,  Hon.  Cassandra  Twiselton.  VI  6,  Edward  (Ricketts)  Jervis,  second  Viscount 

St.  Vincent.  VI  7,  Mary  Parker.  VI  8,  Thomas  and  Robert  Parker.  VI  10, Parker,  died 

unmarried.  VI  11,  Elizabeth  Parker.  VI  12,  John  Nutthall.  VI  15,  Edward  Parker,  a  cap- 
tain of  the  Royal  Engineers;  killed  1814.  VI  16,  John  Parker  (died  1812),  rector  of  St.  George 
Botolph.  VI  17,  George  Parker  (died  1809),  private  secretary  to  Lord  St.  Vincent.  VI  18, 
William  Parker  (died  1866),  entered  the  navy  in  1793  when  11  years  of  age;  served  with  dis- 
tinction and  became  naval  commander  in  chief  in  China  and  India;  in  1863  he  was  made  admiral 
of  the  fleet. 

Fraternities  of  children's  children  of  sib:  VII  1,  George  Carnegie,  Lord  Rosehill,  lost  on  board 
the  Blenheim  in  his  sixteenth  year.  VII  2,  Swynfen  Thomas  Carnegie  (born  1813),  a  captain  of 

the  Royal  Navy.  VII  3, Carnegie,  Earl  of  Northesk.  VII  4,  Lieutenant  General  Sir  William 

Cockburn.  VII  5,  Martha  Jervis.  VII  6,  Osborne  Markham.  VII  7,  Henrietta  Elizabeth  Jervis. 
VII  8,  Captain  Edmund  Palmer,  of  the  Royal  Navy;  C.  B. 

VIII  2,  John  Jervis  Palmer,  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy  in  1843  and  served  on  Sir 
William  Parker's  flagship  in  the  East. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ARMYTAGE,  G.,  and  W.  RYLANDS.     1912.    Staffordshire  Pedigrees,  etc.    London:    Publications 

of  the  Harleian  Society.     Vol.  Ixiii.     295  pp. 

ANSON,  W.    1912.    Life  of  G.  A.  Anson,  Admiral  Lord  Anson.    London:  J.  Murray.    202  pp. 
ANSON,  W.     1913.    The  Life  of  John  Jervis,  Admiral  Lord  St.  Vincent.    London:  J.  Murray. 

xiii  +  368  pp. 
BRENTON,  E.    1838.    Life  and  Correspondence  of  John,  Earl  of  St.  Vincent,  G.  C.  B.,  Admiral 

of  the  Fleet.     London:  H.  Colburn.    2  vols. 
MAHAN,  A.    1913.    Types  of  Naval  Officers  drawn  from  the  History  of  the  British  Navy.    Boston: 

Little,  Brown  and  Co.     xiv  +  500  pp. 
O'BRYNE,  W.     1849.    A  Naval  Biographical  Dictionary,  comprising  The  Life  and  Services  of 

Every  Living  Officer  in  Her  Majesty's  Navy.     1400  pp. 
PHILLMORE,  A.    1876.    The  Life  of  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  Sir  William  Parker.    3  vols.    London: 

Harrison. 
PITT,  W.    1817.    A  Topographical  History  of  Staffordshire.    Newcastle-under-Lyme:    J.  Smith. 

xxvi  +  319  pp. 
TUCKER,  J.     1844.    Memoirs  of  Admiral  the  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  St.  Vincent.    London: 

R.  Bentley.     2  vols. 

32.   CATESBY  AP  ROGER  JONES. 

CATESBY  AP  ROGER  JONES  was  born  in  Clarke  county,  Virginia,  about  1830. 
He  became  a  midshipman  under  his  father's  brother,  Thomas  ap  Catesby  Jones, 
then  in  command  of  an  exploring  expedition.  Later  he  served  in  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  with  Maury.  He  studied  with  Dahlgren.  When  his  State  seceded 
he  went  with  her,  in  June  1861.  At  this  time  the  Federal  government  abandoned 
the  Norfolk  Navy-yard,  and  as  it  did  so  burned  or  scuttled  the  naval  vessels  at 
the  wharves.  The  new  steam  frigate  Merrimac  had  been  sunk  and  Lieutenant 
Jones  was  intrusted  with  the  task  of  raising  her.  He  also  wholly  reconstructed  her 
so  as  to  make  an  ironclad  steam  ram,  rechristened  the  Virginia.  When  she  was 
ready  Jones  was  executive  officer  and  third  in  command,  Buchanan  being  cap- 
tain. On  the  second  day's  engagement,  that  with  the  Monitor,  both  of  his  superiors 
were  wounded  and  the  command  of  the  Virginia  devolved  upon  Jones;  but  he  could 
do  nothing  against  the  Monitor.  He  was  superseded  by  Commodore  Tatnall, 
who  was  unable  to  effect  anything  against  the  Monitor.  Jones  died  in  1877. 

Jones  was  a  man  of  great  purity  of  life  and  practice,  quiet  and  firm,  but  very 
determined  in  time  of  danger.  His  work  on  the  Merrimac  puts  him  in  the  rank 
of  great  naval  constructors.  His  pedigree  clearly  shows  that  he  was  of  fighting 
stock. 


110 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  CATESBY  AP  ROGER  JONES. 

II  (F  F  F  F),  Colonel  Thomas  Jones  (died  1758),  had  large  plantations  in  Virginia.  I  2 
(F  F  F  M),  Elizabeth  Pratt,  daughter  of  William  Pratt,  a  wealthy  merchant.  13  (F  F  M  F), 
James  Skelton.  14  (F  F  M  M),  Jane  Meriweather.  15  (M  F  F  F),  John  Page  (born  1720). 
16  (M  F  F  M),  Jane  Byrd. 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F:  II  3,  Frederick  Jones  (born  1732),  removed  to  North  Carolina.  II  4, 
William  Jones  (born  1734),  went  to  sea  before  he  was  16  years  of  age;  he  held  some  official  posi- 
tions in  the  colony.  II  5,  Walter  Jones  (born  1745),  received  his  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine 
at  the  University  of  Edinburgh;  was  a  member  of  Congress.  II  6  (F  F  F),  Colonel  Thomas  Jones 
(1726-1785-6),  owned  a  large  plantation;  was  clerk  of  Northumberland  county  court  for  years. 
II  7  (F  F  M),  Sally  Skelton.  II  8  (F  F  M),  John  Tuberville.  II  10  (M  F  M),  Mary  Mason 
Seldon.  II  11  (M  F  F),  Mann  Page  (born  1742).  Fraternity  of  M  F  F:  II  12,  John  Page,  was 
a  member  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  II  13,  Elizabeth  Burwell. 


IV 


Fraternity  of  F  F:  III  1,  Thomas  ap  Thomas  Jones,  was  a  major  in  the  Revolutionary  war, 
acting  as  recruiting  officer.  He  owned  a  schooner  which  was  largely  used  for  pleasure  excursions. 
Ill  2,  Jekyll  Jones,  a  political  writer  of  some  note.  Ill  3,  Meriweather  Jones  (born  1766), 
was  a  lawyer  and  a  distinguished  political  writer  and  leader  of  Richmond.  He  was  said  to  have 
eloped  at  17;  he  engaged  in  many  duels  and  was  finally  killed  in  one.  Ill  4,  Lucy  Franklin  Reed. 
Ill  5,  Franklin  Reed,  of  the  United  States  navy.  Ill  6,  Bathurst  Jones,  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia assembly.  There  is  a  tale  that  he  took  his  life  because  of  his  wife's  jealousy.  Ill  7,  Skelton 
Jones,  a  lawyer  and  editor;  was  the  participant  in  many  duels  and  the  number  of  men  he  had 
killed  made  him  morose  and  remorseful;  he  was  finally  killed  in  a  duel.  Ill  9  (F  F),  Major 
Catesby  Jones,  a  high-spirited,  cultured  gentleman  and  an  active,  energetic  business  man.  Ill  10 
(F  M),  Lettice  Corbin  Tuberville.  Ill  11  (M  F),  William  Byrd  Page  (born  co.  1768),  was  a 
planter;  he  was  appointed  assistant  inspector  of  ordnance.  Ill  12  (M  M),  Anne  Lee,  born  1776. 
Fraternity  of  M  M:  III  13,  Henry  Lee  (1756-1818),  known  as  "Light  Horse"  Harry  Lee.  He 
received  a  gold  medal  from  Congress  for  his  distinguished  gallantry  during  the  Revolutionary 
war.  Ill  14,  Anne  Hill  Carter.  Ill  16,  Octavius  Augustus  Page  (1765-1813),  a  lieutenant  in 
the  United  States  navy,  served  on  the  Chesapeake.  Ill  17,  Peyton  Randolph  Page  (born  1776), 
was  in  the  United  States  navy  and  captured  by  the  British.  Ill  18,  Lewis  Burwell  Page  (1778- 
1826),  a  sailing-master  in  the  United  States  navy.  Ill  19,  Hugh  Nelson  Page  (born  1788),  entered 
the  United  States  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1811.  He  volunteered  for  Perry's  squadron,  taking 
an  active  part  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  He  was  voted  a  sword  by  Congress  for  his  gallantry. 
He  served  in  various  capacities  in  South  American  waters,  in  the  Levant,  and  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  retiring  with  the  rank  of  captain  in  1855.  Ill  20,  Jane  Page. 

IV  1,  Walter  Jones,  an  officer  in  the  United  States  navy.  IV  2, Taylor,  of  Norfolk, 

Virginia.  Fraternity  of  F:  IV  3,  Thomas  ap  Catesby  Jones  (1789-1858),  entered  the  navy  in  1805 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain  in  1829.  He  engaged  in  suppressing  piracy,  smuggling,  and  the 
slave-trade  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  1808-1812.  In  1814  he  attempted  with  a  small  flotilla  to 
intercept  a  British  squadron  of  40  vessels  but  was  obliged  to  surrender.  IV  4,  Mary  Walker 
Carter.  IV  5,  Philip  de  Catesby  Jones  (born  1792).  IV  10  (F),  Roger  Jones  (1788-1852),  was 
appointed  second  lieutenant  of  marines  in  1809  and  in  1812  was  transferred  to  the  artillery  with 
the  rank  of  captain.  He  was  breveted  major  for  his  services  in  the  battles  of  Chippewa  and 


JONES.  Ill 

Lundy's  Lane.  In  1825  he  was  appointed  adjutant  general  and  finally  reached  the  rank  of  major 
general.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  character  and  independent  nature;  aggressive  and  courageous. 
IV  11  (M),  Mary  Ann  Mason  Page.  Fraternity  of  M:  IV  13,  Charles  Page,  a  clergyman.  IV  15, 
Richard  Lucian  Page  (born  1807),  entered  the  United  States  navy  in  1824  and  served  continu- 
ously until  the  Civil  War,  reaching  the  rank  of  commander.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  war  he 
joined  the  Confederate  States  navy,  was  promoted  to  captain,  and  established  an  ordnance  con- 
struction depot  in  North  Carolina.  Later  he  had  charge  of  the  outer  defenses  of  Mobile  Bay,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general.  After  the  war  he  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  public  schools  in  Norfolk,  Virginia.  He  was  actuated  by  a  strong  sense  of  duty  and  his 
simple  uprightness  of  life  made  him  greatly  beloved.  His  nephew,  the  propositus,  has  many 
points  of  similarity  with  him.  IV  16,  Alexina  Taylor  of  Norfolk,  Virginia.  IV  17,  Robert  E.  Lee 
(1807-1870),  the  commander  in  chief  of  the  Confederate  army.  IV  18,  Sidney  Smith  Lee  (1802- 
1869),  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  and  commanded  his  own  vessel 
in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  commodore,  having  been  commandant  of  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis  and  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Coast  Survey.  At  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  offered  his  services  to  the  Confederate  States  navy  and  became 
chief  of  orders  and  details  at  Richmond. 

V  I,  Walter  Jones,  of  the  United  States  navy,  died  1855.  V  3,  Meriweather  P.  Jones,  a 
lieutenant  in  the  United  States  navy.  V  4,  Marck  C.  Jones.  Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  8, 
Eusebius  Jones  (1827-1876),  in  1852  settled  in  New  York  to  practice  medicine,  but  in  1873  he 
removed  to  California,  where  he  died.  During  the  Civil  War  he  had  charge  of  a  large  govern- 
ment hospital  on  David's  Island,  near  New  York  City.  V  9,  William  Page  Jones,  was  graduated 
from  West  Point  among  the  first  of  his  class.  He  became  a  lieutenant  and  was  killed  at  Fort 
Henry,  near  Baltimore.  V  10,  Walter  Jones  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  army, 
but  upon  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  joined  the  Confederate  forces.  V  11,  Charles  Lucian 
Jones,  became  an  officer  in  the  Confederate  States  navy.  After  the  war  he  carried  on  a  com- 
mission business  in  Georgia.  V  12,  Thomas  Skelton  Jones  (born  1837),  served  in  the  United 
States  navy  for  three  years  as  clerk  to  his  uncle,  Commander  R.  L.  Page.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  During  the  Civil  War  he  became  a  captain  in  the  Confederate  States  army  and 
afterwards  followed  mercantile  pursuits  in  various  states.  V  13,  Winfield  Scott  Jones,  went  to 
California  when  a  mere  youth  and  became  vice  president  of  the  Security  Savings  Bank  of  San 
Francisco.  V  14,  Roger  Jones,  was  graduated  from  West  Point  and  became  inspector  general  in 
the  United  States  army  with  the  rank  of  brigadier  general.  V  15  (Propositus),  CATESBY  AP  ROGER 
JONES.  V  16,  Fanny  Page.  V  17,  Captain  Whittle,  United  States  navy.  V  18,  William  B.  Page, 
a  mining  engineer.  V  19,  Alexina  and  Edmonia  Page.  V  20,  Walter  Page,  an  analytical  chemist 
who  removed  to  Nebraska.  V  21,  Thomas  S.  Page,  a  physician. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

JONES,  L.  H.    1891.    Captain  Roger  Jones  of  London  and  Virginia.    Albany:  J.  Munsell's  Sons. 

295  pp. 

LEE,  E.    1895.    Lee  of  Virginia.    Philadelphia:   Franklin  Printing  Co.     586  pp. 
PAGE,  R.    1893.    Genealogy  of  the  Page  Family  in  Virginia.    2d  ed.    New  York:   Press  of  the 

Publishers'  Printing  Co.     x  +  275  pp. 
SCHAKF,  J.     1894.    History  of  the  Confederate  States  Navy.    Albany:   J.  McDonough.    pp. 

553-554,  710-711. 


112  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

33.  JOHN  PAUL  JONES. 

JOHN  PAUL  JONES  was  born  as  John  Paul  at  Kirkbean,  Kirkcudbright,  Scot- 
land, July  7,  1747.  After  a  meager  education  he  was  apprenticed,  at  the  age  of  12, 
to  a  merchant  in  the  American  trade,  and  in  this  capacity  visited  Virginia  and  while 
there  stayed  with  his  brother  William.  On  the  failure  of  his  employer,  John  was 
appointed  a  British  midshipman  and  later  served  on  two  slavers,  passing  rapidly 
from  third  to  first  mate.  In  1868  he  abandoned  this  business  in  disgust  and  re- 
mained stranded  in  Jamaica,  where  he  accepted  a  temporary  position  as  actor  in 
the  company  of  John  Moody.  This  did  not  appeal  to  him,  and  he  started  back 
to  Scotland  as  a  passenger  on  the  John.  During  the  passage  both  officers  died, 
Paul  brought  the  vessel  into  port,  and  for  this  service  was  made  master.  Between 
1766  and  1770  he  made  commercial  voyages.  In  the  latter  year  a  sailor  whom  he 
formerly  had  flogged  for  insubordination  died  and  John  Paul  was  held  responsible. 
His  firm  dissolved  and  he  was  thrown  out  of  employment.  He  entered  into  trade 
on  his  own  account  and  was  accused  of  smuggling.  In  1773  his  crew  mutinied  and 
he  unfortunately  killed  a  man,  and  fled,  entering  "upon  a  truly  melancholy  period 
of  homeless  and  nameless  wandering"  from  June  1773  to  the  winter  of  1775.  He 
fled  from  Tobago  under  an  assumed  name  and,  unable  openly  to  claim  his  rightful 
property,  he  emerged  as  John  Paul  Jones,  a  regularly  appointed  officer  in  the 
American  army.  Later  he  refers  to  himself  as  during  this  period  a  "son  of  for- 
tune." It  was  during  the  latter  part  of  this  period  that  he  is  said  to  have  fallen 
into  a  condition  of  dangerous  melancholy.  In  December  1775  John  Paul  Jones 
was  commissioned  first  lieutenant  in  the  Continental  navy.  As  commander  first 
of  the  Providence  and  then  of  the  Alfred  he  attacked  New  Providence,  and  dam- 
aged British  shipping  and  fisheries  in  the  North  Atlantic;  in  October  1776  he  was 
made  captain,  though  he  felt  he  deserved  a  higher  rank.  In  November  1777 
he  sailed  from  France  in  the  sloop  Ranger  with  dispatches  for  the  American  com- 
missioners asking  that  Jones  be  supplied  a  swift  frigate  in  which  to  harass  the 
coasts  of  England.  He  failed  to  get  the  frigate  and  so  sailed  in  the  Ranger  from 
Brest  (April  10,  1778),  and  two  days  later  surprised  the  garrison  of  the  forts  at 
Whitehaven,  spiking  the  guns  and  attempting  to  fire  the  shipping.  Four  days 
later  he  encountered  the  British  sloop-of-war  Drake,  somewhat  superior  to  his 
own,  and  defeated  it.  In  this  cruise  Jones  landed  a  party  at  St.  Mary's  Isle  to  cap- 
ture Lord  Selkirk.  Failing  in  this,  his  crew  took  a  quantity  of  plate  from  the 
Selkirk  house  and  sold  it;  but  this  Jones  later  redeemed  and  returned  to  its  owner. 
With  the  rank  of  commodore  he  was  now  put  at  the  head  of  a  squadron  of  5  ships, 
his  flagship  being  the  Bon  Homme  Richard.  He  set  sail,  August  1779,  with  his 
fleet  and  2  French  privateers,  but  the  latter  and  3  of  his  men-of-war  deserted  him 
in  the  cruise.  He  captured  prizes,  and  finally  the  Bon  Homme  Richard  and  Pallas 
captured  the  powerful  British  men-of-war  Serapis  and  Countess  of  Scarborough. 
During  1780  Jones  spent  much  of  his  time  in  Paris,  where  royalty  made  much 
of  him.  In  1781  he  returned  to  America  to  be  given  a  new  command,  but  peace 
was  soon  restored.  Two  years  later  he  was  sent  to  Paris  to  collect  prizes  for  the 
ships  he  had  captured.  Here  he  engaged  much  in  social  affairs  and  even  private 
enterprises,  but  fulfilled  his  mission  well.  In  1788  he  entered  the  service  of  the 
Empress  Catherine  of  Russia  as  rear  admiral.  He  engaged  in  naval  battles 
against  the  Turks,  but  his  enemies  later  forced  him  to  remain  in  idleness  in  St. 
Petersburg  while  they  assailed  his  private  character.  He  returned  to  Paris  in 
1790  and  died  there,  1792,  of  dropsy,  at  the  age  of  45  years. 


JONES.  113 

The  elements  that  determined  the  successful  vocation  of  John  Paul  Jones  were : 

Nomadism.  —  While  yet  a  child  it  was  his  custom  to  wander  off  to  the  Carse- 
thorn  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Nith,  where  he  listened  to  the  stories  of  the  mariners. 
The  village  legends  of  his  native  town  bear  witness  to  his  early  talent  for  seamanship 
while  he  was  more  child  than  boy.  At  school  he  was  proficient  in  his  studies,  but 
showed  a  roving  spirit,  an  active  imagination,  and  promise  of  unusual  independ- 
ence. Throughout  his  life  inactivity  led  to  irritation  and  eventually  to  illness. 

Hyperkinesis  and  hypokinesis.  —  Jones  showed  periods  of  vast  reckless  energy, 
but  also  at  times  deep  depression.  The  hyperkinesis  is  shown  in  his  enthusiasm, 
which  awakened  the  same  state  in  others.  "He  was  delighted  with  his  crew,  who 
were  equally  devoted  to  him"  (de  Koven,  1913,  p.  125).  It  is  shown  in  his  tre- 
mendous activity,  especially  in  action.  "In  the  rapture  of  the  strife  he  was,  like 
Nelson,  gay  in  demeanor  and  ideal  in  command"  (1913,  p.  427).  His  hyperkinesis 
was  associated  with  initiative  and  courage.  He  was  the  first  to  see  an  oppor- 
tunity and  the  first  to  avail  himself  of  it.  It  also  led  to  free  expression  of  opinion 
and  feelings  and  his  "white-hot  anger."  The  pleasure  of  doing  and  of  succeeding 
fed  his  ambition,  "the  first  and  ruling  passion"  of  his  life.  "This  ambition, 
abnormal  in  its  intensity,  was  the  motive  power  which  determined  his  career. 
While  yet  of  tender  years  he  abandoned  his  position  in  the  Royal  Navy  for  lack 
of  opportunities  for  quick  advancement.  This  same  ambition,  combined  with 
great  capacity,  procured  him  the  position  of  mate  and  commander  of  trading-vessels 
while  he  was  still  exceedingly  youthful;  and  after  disastrous  adventures  and 
reverses  brought  about  his  astonishing  advancement  to  his  conspicuous  place 
in  the  United  States  navy."  i  He  was  adventuresome,  as  when  in  the  Ranger 
he  captured  the  Drake,  a  ship  more  powerful  than  his  own.  "He  commanded 
a  vessel  disguised  as  a  merchantman;  he  made  sudden  and  stealthy  midnight 
descents  upon  their  vessels  and  their  ports;  his  method  of  warfare,  brilliantly 
skillful  as  it  was,  had  a  coolness  and  a  daring  unexpectedness  which  recalled  the 
legends  of  the  early  Vikings." 

His  depression  was  no  less  marked  and  was  evidenced  at  the  time  of  his 
seclusion,  1773-1775.  At  the  time  (1777)  when  he  was  waiting  for  arrangements 
to  be  completed  that  he  might  sail  for  France  "he  became  again  a  prey  to  torment- 
ing reflections"  (p.  220).  In  1783  he  left  America  in  a  mood  of  depression;  in 
general,  says  his  biographer,  "he  was  dangerously  prone  to  brood  over  his  mis- 
fortunes." "  This  tendency  was  a  natural  and  inevitable  concomitant  of  the  mind  of 
genius  and,  as  has  been  seen,  nearly  overwhelmed  him  in  the  long  period  of  melan- 
choly retirement  which  followed  the  mutiny  at  Tobago."  "He  was  never  again 
free,  except  for  brief  intervals,  from  a  disposition  to  dwell  upon  his  misfortunes." 

Jones  had  little  erotic  control,  like  many  another  hyperkinetic.  He  had  an 
inclination  toward  feminine  society  which  was  greatly  aided  by  his  engaging  per- 
sonality. "During  his  second  long  residence  in  Paris  it  had  been  fully  indulged  in. 
It  is  thought  that  a  son  was  born  to  him  at  this  time"  3  (p.  279).  A  contempo- 
rary writes:  "He  is  said  to  be  a  man  of  gallantry  and  a  favorite  among  the  French 
ladies,  whom  he  is  frequently  commending  for  the  neatness  of  their  persons,  their 
easy  manners,  and  their  taste  in  dress."  Apparently  he  came  under  the  seductive 
influence  of  Catherine  of  Russia. 

At  times  Jones  showed  a  combination  of  self-esteem  and  suspicion,  amount- 
ing almost  to  paranoia.  "Ambition,  working  unhindered  upon  his  immensely 

1  De  Koven,  1913,  p.  327.  2  De  Koven,  p.  293.  »  De  Koven,  379. 


114  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

vigorous  imagination,  built  the  delusion  of  an  aristocratic  extraction  upon  circum- 
stantial evidence,  wholly  devoid  of  definite  facts.  From  his  self-love  and  burning 
determination  to  force  his  own  valuation  of  himself  into  public  recognition  grew 
the  extraordinary  conception  of  carrying  off  his  supposed  father  (Lord  Selkirk) 
as  a  captive.  From  the  height  to  which  his  untrammeled  fancy  had  raised  him 
he  announced  himself  as  the  impartial  defender  of  the  insulted  rights  of  human 
nature,  declaring  himself  'totally  unfettered  by  the  little  mean  distinctions  of 
climate  or  of  country.'"  His  attitude  of  confirmed  suspicion  toward  the  United 
States  and  its  officials  was  of  the  same  type. 

Of  his  heredity,  little  can  be  said.  His  mother  is  not  described.  What  is 
known  of  his  family  is  shown  on  the  chart. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  J.  PAUL  JONES. 

II   (F  F)  Paul,  kept  in  Leith,   Scotland,   a 

"mail   garden,"   a   combination   of   tavern   and   market    j 
garden.    I  3  (M  F), McDuff,  a  "free  landholder." 

Fraternity  of  F:    II  1,  George  Paul,  a  landscape 
gardener  at  St.  Mary's  Isle.    II  2  (F),  John  Paul,  a  land-    „ 
scape  gardener  in  Leith.    II  3  (M),  Jeannie  McDuff. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:    III  1,  William  Paul,  de- 
parted  for  America,  early  in  life.     II  2,  Elizabeth  Paul, 
died  unmarried.     Ill  3,  Jean  Paul.    Ill  4,  Mr.  Taylor,  a  UL 
watchmaker  in  Dumfries.    Ill  5,  Mr.  Young.    Ill  6,  Mary 
Ann  Paul.    Ill  7,  Mr.  Lowden.    Ill  9  (Propositus),  JOHN  PAUL  JONES. 

BlBLIOGKAPHY. 

DE  KOVEN,  MRS.  R.    1913.    The  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Paul  Jones.    New  York:  C.  Scribner's 
Sons.    2  vols. 

34.   HENRY  KEPPEL. 

HENRY  KEPPEL  was  born  June  14,  1809.  He  studied  at  the  naval  academy 
at  Portsmouth  and  entered  the  navy  in  1822 ;  he  reached  the  rank  of  commander 
in  1833.  He  was  engaged  in  suppression  of  the  slave  trade  and  did  service  in  the 
China  sea  against  Malay  pirates.  At  the  siege  of  Sebastopol  he  commanded  a 
naval  brigade  and  won  renown  in  the  operations  around  that  fortress.  Sent  to 
China  in  command  of  the  Raleigh,  he  lost  his  ship  on  a  rock,  but  in  three  small 
vessels  with  his  crew  he  fought  the  Chinese  at  Fatshan  Creek  (1857)  and  was 
knighted  for  his  success.  He  was  made  admiral  in  1877  and  died  27  years  later, 
at  the  age  of  95.  He  wrote  his  autobiography. 

Keppel  was  a  hyperkinetic.  He  was  high-spirited,  had  a  personal  enthusiasm, 
a  magnetic  personality,  and  an  infection  of  geniality.  In  battle  he  had  the  pug- 
nacity of  a  bulldog  and  showed  reckless  daring.  He  was  of  the  Albemarle  tribe. 
His  brother,  the  sixth  earl,  was  a  general,  who  served  in  the  Waterloo  campaign, 
at  Mauritius,  the  Cape,  and  India,  and  was  also  a  great  traveler.  Their  father 
was  a  lover  of  racing,  like  his  son  Henry.  Henry  disliked  funerals  and  broke  out 
of  the  military  procession  held  at  his  brother's  death. 

He  was  literary.  He  wrote  two  books,  later  combined  hi  his  autobiography. 
His  brother,  the  earl,  wrote  an  account  of  his  travels. 

His  naval  career  was  advanced  by  his  social  position.  Many  of  the  Albe- 
marles  were  generals  or  naval  officers.  He  himself  became  an  admiral;  his  brother 
Tom  went  into  the  navy  as  a  youngster,  but  later  became  a  clergyman  and  has  a  son 
who  is  a  rear  admiral.  A  son,  Colin,  is  a  distinguished  naval  officer  who  saw  service 
on  the  Nile  and  was  made  rear  admiral  in  command  of  the  Atlantic  fleet  in  1909. 


KEPPEL. 


115 


FAMILY  HISTORY  or  HENRY  KEPPEL. 

II  (F  F  F  M  F),  Adam  van  der  Duyn,  governor  of 
Bergen  op  Zoom,  and  a  major  general  in  the  Dutch  service. 

I  3  (F  F  M  F  F),  Charles  II,  king  of  England.     I  4  (F  F 
M  F  M),  Louise  de  KeYoualle,  Duchess  of  Portsmouth, 
mistress  of  Charles  II;   a  woman  of  great  cleverness  and 
strength  of  will. 

II  1  (M  F  M  F),  Edward  Watson,  Viscount  Sondes. 

II  2  (M  F  M  M),  Catherine  Tufton.     Fraternity  of  M  F 
MM:   II  3,  Lady  Margaret  Tufton,  haughty  and  ruled 
her  household  with  a  rod  of  iron.     II  4,  Thomas  Coke, 
Earl  of  Leicester  (born  1697),  "achieved  celebrity  for  his 
fine  taste  in  art  and  literature,"  but  was  passionate  and 
cruel.     II  5  (F  F  F  F),  Arnold  Joost  van  Keppel  (born  in 
Holland,   1670),   attended  King  William  into  England, 
1688;    he  was  created  Baron  Ashford  and  Earl  of  Albe- 
marle.     He  returned  to  Holland,  where  he  became  com- 
mander in  chief  of  the  Dutch  army.     High-spirited.     II 
6  (F  F  F  M),  Gertrude  van  der  Duyn.     II  7  (F  F  M  F), 
Charles  Lennox,  first  Duke  of  Richmond   (1672-1723). 

II  8  (F  F  M  M),   Anne  Brudenel. 

III  1  (M  F  F),  Edward  Southwell,  Viscount  Sondes. 

III  2  (M  F  M),  Catherine  Watson  died  1765.     Ill  3  (M 
M  F),  Samuel  Campbell.     Ill  5,  Edward  Coke    (1719- 
1753),  led  a  life  of  debauchery,  extravagance,  and  excess, 
and  died   from  his   excesses.     Ill  6  (F  M  F),  Sir  John 
Miller  of  Hants.     Ill  8  (F  F  F),  William  Anne  Keppel, 
second  Earl  of  Albemarle  (1702-1754)  at  the  age  of  15 
was  appointed  to  the  rank  of  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the 
army.     In  1748  he  was  made  commander  in  chief  of  the 
British  forces  serving  in  the  Low  Countries.     In  1749  he 
was  appointed  ambassador  at  Paris  and  remained  at  this 
post  until  his  death.     Ill  9  (F  F  M),  Lady  Anne  Lennox. 
Fraternity  of  F  F  M:  III  10,  Charles  Lennox,  second  Duke 
of  Richmond  (1701-1750),  was  a  "soldier  of 
distinction."     Ill  11,  Lady  Sarah  Cadogan. 

III  12,  John  Russell,  fourth  Duke  of  Bed- 
ford (1710-1771),  first  lord  of  the  admiralty 
and    secretary   of   state   for  the   southern 
department. 

IV  1   (M  F),  Sir  Edward  Southwell, 
Baron  de  Clifford  (1732-1777),  was  sheriff  of 
the  county  of  Gloucester  and  member  of  Par- 
liament.   IV  2   (MM),  Sophia  Campbell 
(died  1828).     She  was  governess  to  Princess 
Charlotte  of  Wales.     She  was  a  very  intelli- 
gent, lively  woman,  full  of  anecdote,  and  of 
great  personal  courage,  who  when  over  80 
discharged   her   pistols  at  thieves  climbing 
over   the   garden  wall.    Fraternity  of  F  M: 

IV  5  (F  M),  Anne  Miller,  was  a  formal,  not 
very  good-tempered  woman  who  was  "not 
attractive  to  her  grandchildren."     IV  6  (F  F), 
George  Keppel,  the  third  Earl  of  Albemarle 
(1724-1772),  served  in  the  army  under  the 
Duke  of  Cumberland  at  Fontenoy  and  Cul- 
loden  and  carried  dispatches  of  the  victory  of 
Culloden  to  the  king.     He  was  commander 
in  chief  of  the  celebrated  Cuban  expedition  at 
the  reduction  of  Havana  in  1762  and  was 
created  K.  G.  in  1765  in  recognition  of  his 
services.     Fraternity  of  F  F:    IV  7,  Augustus 
Keppel  (1725-1784),  went  to  sea  at  10  years 
of  age  and  circumnavigated  the  globe  at  15; 


116  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

was  commander  at  the  age  of  22.  He  won  a  treaty  from  the  dey  of  Algiers,  after  many 
difficulties.  In  the  battle  of  Quiberon  his  ship  was  the  first  to  get  into  action.  His  later  years 
were  embittered  by  suspiciousness  and  quarrelsomeness,  and  though  for  a  time  he  was  first  lord 
of  the  admiralty,  his  popularity  soon  disappeared  entirely.  IV  9,  William  Keppel  (1727-1782), 
was  a  lieutenant  general  and  commander  in  chief  in  Ireland,  1773.  IV  10,  Frederick  Keppel 
(1728-1777),  was  bishop  of  Exeter  and  dean  of  Windsor.  IV  16,  Lady  Caroline  Keppel  (born 
1737  and  died  in  childbirth),  is  thought  to  have  composed  the  ballad  "Robin  Adair"  when  her 
family  would  not  consent  to  her  marriage.  IV  17,  Robin,  or  Robert,  Adair  (born  1790),  became 
inspector  general  of  military  hospitals  and  then  royal  staff  surgeon  and  surgeon  of  Chelsea  hos- 
pital. IV  18,  Lady  Elizabeth  Keppel  (died  1768),  a  very  beautiful  woman;  she  was  one  of  the 

bridesmaids  of  Queen  Caroline.  IV  19, Russell,  marquis  of  Tavistock,  who  was  killed 

while  out  hunting  at  the  age  of  22.  IV  20  (second  consort's  M  F),  Robert  Walpole,  second 
Earl  of  Orford  (1701-1751).  IV  21  (second  consort's  M  M),  Margaret  Rolle. 

Fraternity  of  M:  V  1,  Edward  Southwell,  Baron  de  Clifford  (1767-1832),  member  of  Parlia- 
ment. V  2,  Sophia  Southwell.  V  3,  John  Thomas  Townshend,  Viscount  Sydney.  V  4,  Cather- 
ine Southwell  (died  1802).  V  5,  Colonel  George  K.  Coussmaker.  V  7,  William  Gamier,  preb- 
endary of  Winchester  Cathedral.  V  8,  Dr.  Thomas  Gamier,  Dean  of  Winchester.  V  10  (M), 
Elizabeth  Southwell  (1776-1817),  was  not  yet  16  years  of  age  when  she  married,  and  one  of  her 
early  bride  exploits  was  sliding  down  the  banisters  and  having  her  head  trepanned  in  conse- 
quence. V  11  (F),  William  Charles  Keppel,  fourth  Earl  of  Albemarle  (1772-1849),  was  appointed 
master  of  the  horse  in  1830;  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  V  12  (F's  second  consort),  Char- 
lotte Hunloke.  V  13,  Sir  Coutts  Trotter.  V  16,  Sir  Robert  Adair,  a  distinguished  diplomat  who 
died  in  1844,  aged  80  years.  V  17,  Sir  Thomas  Lennard.  V  19  (second  consort's  F),  Martin 
J.  West.  V  20,  Maria  Walpole.  V  21,  Captain  Hon.  George  Barrington.  V  23,  Francis  Rus- 
sell, fifth  Duke  of  Bedford  (1765-1802),  became  a  leader  in  the  House.  V  24,  William  Russell 
(born  1767),  lived  abroad  at  Geneva.  V  25,  Charlotte  Anne  Bussy.  V  26,  John  Russell,  sixth 
Duke  of  Bedford  (1766-1839),  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  V  27,  Georgiana  Elizabeth  Byng. 

VI  1,  Hon.  Sir  Alan  Napier  M'Nabb,  first  and  last  British  premier  of  Canada.  VI  3, 
George  Gamier,  studied  at  the  Royal  Naval  College.  In  1822  he  sailed  for  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  was  never  heard  of  again.  VI  4,  Thomas  Gamier,  Dean  of  Lincoln.  Fraternity  of 
Propositus:  VI  5,  Caroline  Keppel  (died  1898),  a  sensitive  child,  but  popular  as  a  young  woman; 
of  charming  personality,  prompt  in  action  and  a  great  walker.  VI  7,  Augustus  Frederick,  fifth 
Earl  of  Albemarle  (1794-1851),  served  in  the  Peninsular  war  with  the  Foot  Guards.  In  later  life 
he  became  eccentric  and  had  to  be  placed  under  restraint;  believed  himself  possessed  of  unbounded 
wealth.  A  post-mortem  examination  revealed  a  fracture  of  the  skull.  VI  8,  George  Thomas 
Keppel,  sixth  Earl  of  Albemarle  (1799-1891),  took  part  in  the  Waterloo  campaign.  He  served 
in  Africa  and  India  and  returned  to  England  in  1823,  traveling  overland  through  Persia,  Moscow, 
and  St.  Petersburg.  He  visited  the  seat  of  the  Russo-Turkish  war  in  1829  and  was  with  the 
British  fleet  in  Turkish  waters;  rose  to  the  rank  of  general,  wrote  books  of  travel.  VI  9,  Susan 
Trotter.  VI  10,  Mary  Keppel  (died  in  1884,  aged  80  years);  was  a  great  walker.  VI  11,  Henry 
Stephenson  (died  1850).  VI  12,  Sophia  Keppel  (died  1824).  VI  13,  Sir  James  MacDonald.  VI 
14,  Charles  Keppel  (1805-1817),  killed  in  a  snooting  accident.  VI  15,  Edward  Southwell  Keppel 
(1800-1883),  rector  of  Quidenham  and  canon  of  Norwich.  VI  16,  Thomas  Robert  Keppel  (1811- 
1863),  studied  at  the  naval  college,  but  later  became  rector  of  North  Creake  and  honorary  canon 
of  Norwich.  VI  IT,  Frances  Lennard.  VI  18,  John  Keppel  (1815-1823).  VI  19,  Georgiana 
Charlotte  (died  1854).  VI  20,  Edward  E.  Hill.  VI  21,  Anne  Amelia  Keppel  (died  1844).  VI 
22,  Thomas  Coke,  first  Earl  of  Leicester  (1754-1842),  a  famous  agriculturist.  VI 24  (first  consort), 
Catherine  Crosbie  (died  1859).  VI  25  (Propositus),  HENRY  KEPPEL.  VI  26  (second  consort), 
Jane  Elizabeth  West.  Fraternity  of  second  consort:  V  27,  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Algernon  West  (born 
1832),  was  a  clerk  in  the  admiralty;  was  secretary  at  the  India  office  and  to  Mr.  Gladstone  when 
he  was  prime  minister.  VI  28,  Mary  Barrington.  Second  cousins  of  Propositus:  V  29,  Francis 
Russell  (1793-1832),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.  VI  32,  John  Russell  (1796-1835),  a  com- 
mander of  the  Royal  Navy.  VI  33,  Francis  Russell,  seventh  Duke  of  Bedford  (1788-1833). 
VI  34,  George  William  Russell  (1790-1846),  a  major  general  in  the  army,  sometime  envoy  extraor- 
dinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  at  Berlin,  and  aide-de-camp,  to  Queen  Victoria.  VI  35, 
John  Russell  (1792-1878),  created  Earl  Russell;  sat  in  the  House  of  Commons  47  years;  a 
distinguished  statesman,  orator,  and  writer;  fond  of  travel.  VI 36,  Wriothesley  Russell 
(1804-1886),  rector  of  Chenies,  Bucks,  and  canon  of  Windsor.  VI  37,  Edward  Russell  (1805-1887), 
C.  B.;  an  officer  of  the  Legion  of  Honor.  VI  38,  Charles  James  Fox  (1807-1894),  formerly 
in  the  army;  sergeant  at  arms,  House  of  Commons.  VI  39,  Francis  John  Russell  (1808-1869), 


KEPPEL.  117 

a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.     VI  40,  Henry  Russell  (1816-1842),  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy. 

VI  41,  Cosmo  George  Russell  (1817-1875),  a  major  in  the  army.    VI  42,  Alexander  George 
Russell  (1821-1907),  a  general  in  the  army. 

Children  of  fraternity  of  Propositiis  and  consorts:  VII  1,  Sophia  Mary  M'Nabb.  VII  2, 
William  Coutts  Keppel,  seventh  Earl  of  Albemarle  (1832-1894),  became  an  ensign,  but  retired 
from  the  army  in  1853.  He  was  a  member  of  Parliament,  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  for 
Canada,  and  treasurer  of  the  Queen's  household.  VII  4,  Augustus  Stephenson.  VII  5,  Henry 
Stephenson  (born  1842),  entered  the  Royal  Navy  in  1855  and  retired  in  1904  with  the  rank  of 
admiral.  VII  7,  Sussex  Stephenson.  VII  8,  Leicester  Chantrey  Keppel,  a  midshipman  on 
the  H.  M.  S.  Bellerophon  in  1854,  served  continuously  and  with  distinction,  retiring  as  a  rear 
admiral.  VII  9,  Thomas  William  Coke,  second  Earl  of  Leicester  (born  1822),  became  lord  lieu- 
tenant of  Norfolk  and  keeper  of  the  privy  seal.  VII  10,  Juliana  Whitbreak.  VII  11,  Edward 
Coke  (1824-1889),  a  captain  in  the  army,  member  of  Parliament,  and  high  sheriff  of  Derby- 
shire. VII  12,  Henry  John  Coke  (born  1827),  entered  the  Royal  Navy  and  served  in  China, 
1840-1842;  has  written  books  of  travel.  VII  13,  Wenman  C.  Coke  (1828-1907),  served  in  Crimea 
as  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  Rokeby.  Children  of  Propositus:  VII  17,  Rufus  Keppel,  born  1839. 

VII  18,  Mary  Keppel,  born  1865.    VII  19,  Frederick  T.  Hamilton  (born  1856),  a  rear  admiral 
of  the  Royal  Navy.     VII  20,  Sir  Colin  Keppel  (born  1862),  was  educated  on  H.  M.  S.  Britannia, 
1775,  and  became  rear  admiral;  1909-1910,  in  command  of  the  Atlantic  fleet;  C.  B.  1898;  K.  C. 
V.  O.,  1908.     VII  21,  Gilbert  West,  entered  the  navy,  but  died  early. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ALBEMARLE,  EARL  OF.     1876.    Fifty  Years  of  My  Life.    London:    Macmillan  &  Co.    2  vols. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and  Baronet- 
age. London:  Harrison  and  Sons.  2570  pp. 

CLIFFORD,  A.     1817.     Collectanea  Cliffordiana  in  Three  Parts.     Paris:   M.  Nouzon. 

GIBBS,  V.  1912.  Complete  Peerage  of  England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  Kingdom,  ed.  by  G.  E.  C.  London:  G.  Bell  &  Sons.  Vol.  II. 

KEPPEL,  HON.  SIR  H.  1899.  A  Sailor's  Life  under  Four  Sovereigns.  London:  Macmillan 
&  Co.  3  vols. 

KEPPEL,  HON.  &  REV.  THOMAS.  1842.  The  Life  of  Augustus  Viscount  Keppel.  Admiral 
of  the  White.  London:  H.  Colburn.  2  vols. 

STIRLING,  A.    1908.    Coke  of  Norfolk  and  his  Friends.    London:   J.  Lane.    2  vols. 

STIRLING,  A.    1916.    A  Painter  of  Dreams.    London  &  New  York.    J.  Lane,    xvi  +  366  pp. 

WALPOLE,  S.    1889.    The  Life  of  Lord  John  Russell.    London:  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    2  vote. 

WEST,  A.    1905.    Memoir  of  Sir  Henry  Keppel.    London:   Smith,  Elder  &  Co.    186  pp. 


118  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

35.  JAMES  LAWRENCE. 

JAMES  LAWRENCE  was  born  at  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  October  1,  1781, 
passed  through  grammar  school,  and  in  1798  was  appointed  a  midshipman.  In 
1801  he  went  to  Tripoli  in  the  Enterprise  and  remained  there  for  five  years.  From 
1808  to  1812  he  commanded  various  naval  vessels.  After  the  outbreak  of  the  War 
of  1812  he  wrought  some  destruction  on  the  enemy's  ships  in  the  West  Indies. 
Ordered  to  the  command  of  the  Chesapeake,  he  accepted  a  challenge  to  battle  made 
by  the  British  frigate  Shannon.  The  Chesapeake  was  a  poor  ship.  After  a  few 
broadsides  the  ships  fouled  and  Lawrence  received  a  musket  ball  in  the  leg 
and  later  in  the  abdomen.  As  he  was  carried  below  he  cried,  "Don't  give  up  the 
ship";  but  the  enemy  had  already  boarded  it.  Captain  Lawrence  died  in  a  few 
days,  June  6,  1813.  The  loss  of  this  young  officer  was  regarded  as  a  keen  blow 
to  the  national  defense. 

The  elements  of  Lawrence's  character  were: 

Love  of  the  sea.  —  "While  still  a  boy  he  longed  to  go  to  sea,"  but  his  father 
opposed,  wanting  him  to  become  a  lawyer.  But  when  his  father  died  he,  at  18, 
began  a  theoretical  course  in  navigation  with  his  brother's  aid. 

Fearlessness.  —  His  courage  was  of  the  highest  order;  he  accepted  battle 
with  his  inferior  ship  against  a  superior.  He  was  calm  in  action. 

Hyperkinesis.  —  He  was  high  strung  and  sensitive,  quick  and  impulsive,  but 
in  all  critical  situations  his  coolness  was  remarkable.  He  inspired  all  with  ardor 
and  was  a  general  favorite  with  his  men.  When  a  coordinate  was  promoted  over 
his  head  he  protested  first  to  the  naval  board,  then  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
and  won  his  case.  He  was  chivalrous,  generous,  just,  kind  of  heart,  gentle,  and 
pure.  Physically  he  was  nearly  six  feet  tall  and  very  broad-shouldered. 

James  Lawrence  had  a  sister  Mary,  who  married  Robert  Boggs  and  bore 
a  son,  Charles  S.  Boggs.  He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1826,  served 
with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  and  died  a  rear  admiral.  He 
was  courteous  and  mild,  but  strict  in  the  enforcement  of  discipline.  During  the 
Civil  War  he  was  in  command  of  the  Varuana,  attached  to  Farragut's  fleet.  This, 
the  first  ship  to  force  its  way  past  the  batteries  protecting  New  Orleans,  was 
rammed  by  a  Confederate  ironclad  and  sunk.  For  gallantry  in  this  action  Boggs 
was  voted  a  sword  by  his  native  State  of  New  Jersey.  In  July  1862  he  was  placed 
in  command  of  the  Sacramento,  of  the  blockading  squadron  off  the  Cape  Fear 
river.  On  account  of  ill-health  he  was  on  shore  duty  during  1864-1865  and  super- 
intended the  building  and  fitting  out  of  a  fleet  of  picket  steamboats  planned  by 
himself. 

James  Lawrence's  father  was  John  Brown  Lawrence,  of  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  who  was  a  lawyer,  a  staunch  loyalist,  a  member  of  the  council,  and  regarded 
by  his  townspeople  as  a  man  of  importance.  He  was  mayor  of  Burlington  in  1775. 
He  was  a  man  of  courage.  He  met  the  Hessians  and  prevailed  on  them  to  spare 
the  town  and  later  succeeded  in  stopping  the  firing  of  an  American  man-of-war 
when  it  was  thought  that  Burlington  was  in  the  hands  of  the  British.  Arrested 
as  a  loyalist,  he  finally  settled  in  Canada  and  died  there  in  1796.  In  the  direct 
line  of  ancestors  there  are  merchants  and  a  major. 

James  Lawrence's  mother,  Martha  Tallman,  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  died 
when  the  propositus  was  an  infant;  nothing  is  recorded  of  her  traits. 


LAWRENCE. 


119 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JAMES  LAWRENCE. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  Elisha  Lawrence  (born  1666),  was  a  merchant  on  the  south  side  of  Raritan 
bay,  New  Jersey.     12  (F  F  M),  Lucy  Stout. 

II  1  (F  F),  Elisha  Lawrence.    II  3,  Samuel  Leonard,  of  Perth  Amboy,  New  Jersey. 

III  1  (consort's  F), Montaudevert,  a  French  sea-captain,  who  was  lost  off  the  Scilly 

Islands.     Ill  5  (M),  Martha  Tallman,  of  Trenton,  New  Jersey.     Ill  6  (F),  John  Brown  Law- 
rence, a  lawyer  of  note  and,  in  1775, 

mayor  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey.     He     j 
was  arrested  as  a  loyalist  and  finally 
went  to  Canada,  where  he  died.    Ill  7, 
Ann  Leonard.  H 

IV  1  (consort)  Julia  Montaudevert. 
IV   2   (Propositus),  JAMES  LAWRENCE. 
Fraternity  of  Propositus:     IV  3,  Sarah 
Lawrence.   IV  4,  James  Goellette.   IV  5, 
Katherme    Lawrence.     IV  6,    Jackson 
Brown  French.   IV  7,    Anne  Lawrence. 
IV  8,  John  Parker.     IV  9,  Mary  Law- 
rence.    IV  10,    Robert    Boggs.     Half 
fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  11,  Eliza- 
beth Lawrence,  better  known  as  "Ma- 
dame Scribblerus,"  a  woman  of  poetical  and  literary  ability.    IV  12,  Michael  Kearney,  an  Irish 
gentleman  of  great  social  prominence. 

Children  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Mary  Lawrence,  a  beautiful  and  accomplished  woman,  who 
died  in  Italy,  1843.  V  2,  William  Preston  Griffin,  of  the  navy.  V  3, Lawrence,  a  post- 
humous son,  who  died  in  infancy.  V  4  (sister's  child),  Charles  S.  Boggs,  entered  the  navy  as 
a  midshipman  in  1826,  served  with  distinction  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars  and  died  a  rear 
admiral  in  1888.  V  5  (half-sister's  child),  Lawrence  Kearney,  died  a  commodore  in  1868. 


CLEAVES,  A.    1904. 
Chesapeake. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

James  Lawrence,   Captain  United  States   Navy.    Commander  of  the 
New  York  and  London:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    337  pp. 


120  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

36.  THOMAS  MACDONOUGH. 

THOMAS  MACDONOUGH  was  born  in  Newcastle  county,  Delaware,  December 
23,  1783.  At  the  age  of  17  years  he  received  a  midshipman's  warrant  and  served 
on  the  Philadelphia,  but  was  not  captured  when  she  was  lost  to  the  Moors.  Later 
he  was  in  the  Enterprise  under  Captain  Stephen  Decatur.  His  bravery  as  one 
of  a  party  under  Decatur  that  recaptured  and  destroyed  the  Philadelphia  received 
special  commendation.  At  24  years  he  was  made  lieutenant  and  6  years  later  mas- 
ter commander.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812  he  was  stationed  at  Lake 
Champlain.  In  the  summer  of  1814  a  British  fleet  carrying  about  95  guns  and 
1,000  men,  supported  by  a  land  force  of  1,500,  attacked  his  fleet  of  80  guns  and  850 
men.  The  British  were  defeated.  It  is  said  that,  though  commanding  the  fleet, 
Macdonough  insisted  on  pointing  his  favorite  gun,  "putting  his  mathematical 
knowledge  to  the  closest  test  and  invariably  making  a  death  blow."  As  a  reward 
he  was  made  captain  and  received  a  gold  medal  from  Congress.  His  last  com- 
mand was  with  the  Mediterranean  squadron.  He  died  in  November  1825,  at  the 
age  of  42  years. 

Some  of  the  elements  that  fitted  Macdonough  for  his  work  were  the  following: 

He  was  fond  of  adventure  and  fighting;  as  a  lad  he  liked  practical  jokes. 
As  we  have  seen,  he  was  specially  commended  for  work  done  on  the  nocturnal 
exploit  of  recapturing  and  burning  the  Philadelphia.  When,  after  the  War  of  1812, 
he  was  assigned  only  to  land  service,  he  protested  that  he  wished  to  employ  him- 
self "in  the  arts  of  my  profession."  All  of  the  Macdonough  boys  were  reputed 
to  be  "full  of  life."  Thomas's  brother  James  was  also  a  midshipman.  His  father's 
brother  Micah  saw  service  under  General  St.  Clair.  His  father  was  wounded 
while  gallantly  fighting  in  the  Revolutionary  War.  His  mother's  father  was  a 
captain  in  the  colonial  militia. 

He  had  great  foresight  and  tactical  skill.  Says  Roosevelt  concerning  the 
Lake  Champlain  battle:  "He  had  a  decidedly  superior  force  to  contend  against. 
He  forced  the  British  to  engage  at  a  disadvantage  by  his  excellent  choice  of  posi- 
tion; and  he  prepared  beforehand  for  every  possible  contingency.  His  skill, 
seamanship,  quick  eye,  readiness  of  resource,  and  indomitable  pluck  are  beyond 
all  praise."  An  "example  of  foresight  and  accurate  reasoning  in  preparation  for 
the  battle,  as  well  as  of  undaunted  perseverance,  gallantry,  and  skill  in  conducting 
it  to  a  successful  issue,"  says  another  critic. 

He  had  tireless  energy  and  patience  which  enabled  him  to  prepare  himself 
for  the  fight  that  was  coming  and  to  collect  the  necessary  men  and  materials  despite 
discouraging  conditions.  He  had  no  sympathy  with  idlers.  He  was  punctilious 
in  the  discharge  of  every  duty;  he  knew  he  could  point  his  best  gun  better  than 
any  other  man  and  reserved  that  function  for  himself.  This  energy  and  patience 
were  in  his  father  also,  who  was  trained  in  medicine,  but  when  occasion  arose  fought 
well,  later  served  for  many  years  on  the  privy  council  and  as  justice  of  the  court 
of  common  pleas,  and  showed  a  naturally  sound  judgment.  His  father's  father, 
too,  was  energetic  and  possessed  of  business  ability  of  a  high  order. 

Macdonough  was  a  man  of  fine  character.  He  received  the  sword  of  his 
naval  opponent  on  Lake  Champlain  without  boasting,  pointing  out  certain  defects 
in  the  work  of  the  smaller  vessels  of  his  opponent.  His  autobiography  is  modest 
and  unassuming.  His  charity  was  broad  and  catholic  and  of  his  own  he  gave 
generously,  just  as  his  father's  father,  "a  man  of  fine  character  and  of  strong 
convictions,"  did  to  his  children  during  his  lifetime. 


MACDONOUGH. 


121 


d.yg. 


FAMILT  HISTORY  OF  THOMAS  MACDONOUGH. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  Thomas  Macdonough,  of  Ire- 
land. I  2  (F  F  M),  Jane  Coyle.  I  3  (F  M  F), 
Peter  Laroux,  of  Huguenot  extraction.  1 5 
(M  FF),  John  Vance. 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  1,  John  Macdon- 
ough, settled  in  Newton,  Long  Island.  II  2, 
Augustin  Macdonough,  went  to  the  West  Indies. 
II  3  (F  F),  James  Macdonough  (died  1792),  who 
settled  in  New  Castle  county,  Delaware,  was  a 
physician  and  an  able  business  man.  II 4  (F  M), 
Lydia  Laroux  (1729-1764).  115  (M  F),  Samuel 
Vance,  who  settled  in  Delaware  about  1707,  was 
the  owner  of  a  grist-mill  and  a  captain  in  the 
Delaware  colonial  militia. 

Fraternity  of  F:  III  1,  James  Macdonough, 
died  early  in  the  service  of  the  country  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  Ill  4,  Micah  Macdonough,  was  an  officer  under  General  St.  Clair  in  an 
expedition  against  the  Indians  in  1791.  Ill  5  (F),  Thomas  Macdonough  (1747-1795),  in  March 
1776  was  commissioned  a  major  of  the  Delaware  battalion  and  distinguished  himself  in  active 
service.  In  February  1777  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  privy  council  and  served  for  several 
years,  being  elected  speaker  of  the  council  in  1784  and  again  in  1787.  Later  he  was  made  second 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  and  orphans'  court  of  New  Castle  county.  Ill  6  (M), 
Mary  Vance  (1751-1792).  Ill  7  (consort's  F),  Nicolas  Shaler,  of  New  York  City. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Lydia,  Hannah,  Mary,  Hester,  and  Jane  Macdonough. 
IV  2,  Samuel,  John,  and  Joseph  Macdonough.  IV  3,  James  Macdonough,  a  midshipman  in 
the  navy,  who  took  part  in  the  action  between  the  Constellation  and  the  Insurgente  in  1799.  IV 
4  (Propositus),  THOMAS  MACDONOUQH.  IV  5  (consort),  Lucy  Ann  Shaler. 

Children  of  Propositus:  V  2,  James  Edward  Fisher  Macdonough  (1816-1849).  V  3, 
Charles  Shaler  MacDonough  (1818-1871).  V  4,  William  Joseph  Macdonough.  V  5,  Augustus 
Rodney  MacDonough  (1820-1907).  V  6,  Frances  Brenton  McVickar.  V  7,  Thomas  Mac- 
Donough (1822-1894).  V8,  Charlotte  Rosella  Macdonough  (1825-1900).  V  9,  Henry  G. 
Hubbard. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MACDONOUGH,  R.     1895.      A   Paper  on   Commodore   Thomas   Macdonough,   United  States 

Navy.     (In:  Historical  and  Biographical  Papers  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Delaware. 

Vol.  II.     22  pp.) 
MACDONOUGH,  R.     1909.     Life  of  Commodore  Thomas  Macdonough.     Boston:    The  Fort 

Hill  Press,  S.  Usher.     12  +  313  pp. 
VANDERGRIFT,  L.     1895.     Memoir  of  Commodore  Thomas  Macdonough.      (In:  Historical  and 

Biographical  Papers  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Delaware.     Vol.  II,  pp.  3-14.) 


122  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


37.  JOHN  NEWLAND  MAFFITT. 

JOHN  NEWLAND  MAFFITT  was  born  at  sea,  February  22,  1819.  He  was 
brought  up  chiefly  in  North  Carolina  at  the  home  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  William  Maffitt. 
He  returned  to  his  father  in  White  Plains,  New  York,  at  the  age  of  9  years,  travel- 
ing alone,  "with  a  ticket  pinned  to  his  jacket."  He  went  to  school  for  a  time 
and  at  the  age  of  13  he  was  commissioned  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
navy.  In  1835  he  was  ordered  to  the  Constitution  and  went  to  the  Mediterranean. 
Appointed  acting  lieutenant;  in  1842  he  was  detached  and  ordered  to  the  Coast 
Survey  for  a  while  under  Hassler,  and  in  1843  under  Blake.  Thus  he  continued  with 
Gulf  Stream  and  harbor  surveys  and  the  like  for  13  years,  when  the  naval  board 
voted  to  furlough  him,  but  having  protested  that  he  was  only  following  orders  he 
was  restored  and  placed  in  command  of  the  United  States  brig  Dolphin  (1857).  In 
1859  he  was  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  United  States  steamer  Crusader  and 
sent  to  capture  slavers  and  pirates.  In  June  1861  he  resigned  from  the  navy  and 
joined  the  staff  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee  a  little  later  in  the  year.  In  January 
1862  he  took  command  of  the  blockade-runner  Cecile  and  later  secured  the  Florida, 
which  repeatedly  ran  the  blockade  of  the  southern  ports,  carrying  cotton  to  Nassau 
and  returning  with  British  gunpowder.  After  the  war  Maffitt  became  a  farmer 
near  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  and  devoted  his  evenings  to  literary  pursuits 
and  to  reading.  He  died  May  15,  1886. 

Maffitt's  primary  characteristic  was  a  love  of  adventure  and  absence  of 
fear.  As  a  small  boy  he  was  a  leader  in  all  boys'  sports  and  used  to  run  about  the 
woods  "like  a  Mohawk  Indian";  at  the  age  of  9  years  he  willingly  traveled 
alone  from  North  Carolina  to  White  Plains,  New  York,  and  this  in  the  days  of 
stage-coaches.  His  adventurousness  and  courage  are  illustrated  by  his  own  vivid 
description  of  running  a  blockade,  in  The  United  Service  Magazine,  June  and 
July,  1882. 

Coming  down  the  Cape  Fear  River  in  the  swift  steamer  Cecile,  to  run  out 
to  Nassau,  he  reaches  the  mouth  of  the  river.  "Night  glasses  scan  the  bleared 
horizon  for  a  time  in  vain;  suddenly  an  officer  with  bated  breath  announces  several 
steamers.  Eagerly  pointing,  he  reports  two  at  anchor  and  others  slowly  cruising. 
Instantly  out  of  the  gloom  and  spoondrift  emerges  the  sober  phantom  form  of  the 
blockading  fleet.  The  moment  of  trial  is  at  hand;  firmness  and  decision  are 
essential  for  the  emergency.  Dashing  between  two  at  anchor,  we  pass  so  near 
as  to  excite  astonishment  at  our  non-discovery;  but  this  resulted  from  the  color 
of  our  hull,  which,  under  certain  stages  of  the  atmosphere,  blended  so  perfectly 
with  the  haze  as  to  render  the  steamer  nearly  invisible.  [The  pilot  declared  they 
would  get  through  undisturbed.] 

"Ere  a  response  could  be  uttered,  a  broad-spread  flash  of  intense  light  blazed 
from  the  flag's  drummond,  for  in  passing  to  windward  the  noise  of  our  paddles 
betrayed  the  proximity  of  a  blockade  runner.  'Full  speed'  I  shouted  to  the  engi- 
neer. Instantly  the  increased  revolutions  responded  to  the  order.  Then  came 
the  roar  of  heavy  guns,  the  howl  of  shot  and  the  scream  of  bursting  shells.  Around, 
above  and  through  the  severed  rigging  the  iron  demons  howled,  as  if  pandemonium 
had  discharged  its  infernal  spirits  into  the  air. 

"Under  the  influence  of  a  terrible  shock  the  steamer  quivers  with  aspen 
vibrations.    An  explosion  follows;  she  is  struck! 
' '  What  is  the  damage?'  I  asked. 

"'A  shell,  sir,  has  knocked  overboard  several  bales  of  cotton  and  wounded 
two  of  the  crew,'  was  the  response  of  the  boatswain. 


MAFFITT.  123 

"By  the  sheen  of  the  drummond  lights  the  sea  is  so  clearly  illuminated  as 
to  exhibit  the  perils  of  our  position,  and  show  the  grouping  around  us  of  the  fleet, 
as  their  batteries  belched  forth  a  hailstorm  of  missiles,  threatening  instant  annihi- 
lation. ...  As  perils  multiplied,  our  Mazeppa  speed  increased  and  gradually 
withdrew  us  from  the  circle  of  danger.  At  last  we  distance  the  party." 

Maffitt's  daughter,  Florence  (1842-1883),  showed  a  similar  absence  of  fear. 
On  one  occasion,  during  the  running  of  blockades,  she  was  sent  to  the  States  on 
board  the  steamer  Nassau,  which  at  that  time  was  captured  by  an  enemy  ship. 
As  told  by  the  enemy: 

"She  sat  on  the  open  deck  of  the  Nassau  during  our  firing  at  her  to  make  her 
bring  to,  until  the  captain  warned  her  of  her  danger  and  advised  her  to  go  to  her 
cabin.  She  would  watch  our  guns,  and  as  she  saw  the  flame  and  smoke  jut  out 
would  manifest  just  enough  excitement  to  give  the  appearance  of  being  well  enter- 
tained. And  she  continued  to  enjoy  the  amusement  through  the  window  of  her 
cabin  when  she  went  below.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  Nassau  had  tons 
of  powder  on  board,  to  realize  the  awful  danger  of  her  situation.  A  single  shell 
exploding  in  that  cargo  would  have  blown  her  into  a  thousand  atoms.  Her  family 
were  told  by  some  who  were  on  board  the  Nassau  at  the  time  that  Florence  urged 
the  captain  not  to  surrender,  and  when  he  reminded  her  of  the  danger  from  the 
cargo  of  powder  and  his  duty  to  her  father,  she  exclaimed,  with  tears  in  her  eyes, 
that  her  father  would  prefer  her  being  blown  up  than  that  the  steamer  should  be 
captured." 

Maffitt's  son,  Eugene  A.,  was  a  midshipman  on  the  Confederate  States  steamer 
Alabama  under  Semmes,  and  was  in  her  when  she  was  sunk  by  the  Kearsarge. 
He  and  Semmes  plunged  into  the  water  as  the  Alabama  sunk,  were  picked  up  by 
the  British  Deerhound,  and  taken  to  England.  On  returning  to  the  United  States 
in  1865  he  for  a  time  suffered  military  imprisonment. 

Maffitt  was  highly  intelligent,  as  evinced  by  his  employment  on  the  coast 
survey.  In  blockade-running  he  was  full  of  resources,  devices,  and  deceptions  to 
escape  capture.  He  came  of  intellectual  stock,  especially  on  the  paternal  side. 
His  father,  Rev.  John  Newland  Maffitt  (born  at  Dublin  in  1794;  died  at  Mobile, 
Alabama,  in  1850),  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  of  wealthy  parents, 
and  a  "born  preacher";  he  traveled  in  Ireland  as  a  missionary,  and  occupied  the 
highest  place  in  popular  esteem.  Coming  to  New  England,  he  was  an  itinerant 
Methodist  preacher  there  (1822-1830);  he  then  went  to  Nashville,  Tennessee, 
and  issued  there  the  first  number  of  the  Western  Methodist,  now  the  Christian 
Advocate.  In  1841  he  was  elected  chaplain  to  the  lower  house  of  Congress. 

His  father's  sister  Emily  had  a  mind  that  sparkled  with  wit  and  intelligence; 
she  married  into  the  nobility  of  England.  Her  brother  William  was  a  physician, 
who  also  came  to  the  United  States. 

Of  Maffitt's  sibs,  Eliza  was  celebrated  for  her  intellectuality  as  well  as  for  her 
beauty;  living  in  Texas,  she  was  called  the  "Belle  of  the  Brazos."  Another  sister, 
Matilda,  married  a  Texas  judge  and  is  reputed  to  have  written  some  of  her  hus- 
band's speeches.  A  third  sister,  Henrietta,  married  General  Mirabeau  Lamar, 
the  second  president  of  Texas. 

Maffitt  expressed  himself  well  in  writing.  He  wrote  "Nautilus,  or  Cruising 
under  Canvas"  (autobiographical);  also  articles  on  "Blockade-running,"  an  extract 
from  one  of  which  is  given  above.  Admiral  D.  D.  Porter  remarks  on  his  genial 
humor  as  a  messmate. 


124  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Maffitt  was  a  great  favorite  in  the  United  States  navy  before  his  resignation, 
and  later  with  his  associates  in  blockade-running  and  raiding.  He  was  good- 
looking  and  was  graceful  in  manners.  Grace  and  beauty  characterized  his  sisters 
and  his  father  and  father's  sister. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JOHN  N.  MAFFITT. 

Fraternity  of  F:  I  1,  Dr.  William  Maffitt,  who  came  to  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina.  I  2, 
Emily  Maffitt,  had  a  "mind  that  sparkled  with  wit  and  intelligence";  she  married  into  the  nobility 
of  England.  I  3  (F),  John  Newland  Maffitt  (1794-1850),  was  a  graduate  of  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  a  "born  preacher";  coming  to  America,  he  was  famous  as  an  itinerant  Methodist 
preacher  and  editor.  In  1841  he  was  elected  chaplain  to  the  lower  house  of  Congress.  I  4  (M), 
Ann  Carnic. 


Fraternity  of  Propositus:  II  1,  William  H.  Maffitt.     II  2,  Frederick  Maffitt.     II  3,  Caroline 
McKeen.     II  4,  Judge  R.  D.  Johnson.     II  5,  Matilda  Caroline  Maffitt.     II  6,  Henrietta  Maffitt. 

II  7,  General  Mirabeau  Lamar.     II  8,  Thomas  Budd.     II  9,  Eliza  Maffitt,  celebrated  for  her 
intellectuality  as  well  as  her  beauty.     II  10,  Dr.  Alexander,  of  Texas.     II  11  (first  consort), 
Mary   Florence   Murrell,   of  Alabama.     II  12    (Propositus),   JOHN  NEWLAND  MAFFITT.     II  13 
(third  consort),  Emma  Martin,  author  of  "Life  and  Services  of  John  Newland  Maffitt."     II  14 
(second  consort),  Mrs.  Caroline  Laurens  Read. 

Children  of  sibs:    III  1,   Walter  C.   Maffitt.     Ill  2,   Matilda  Maffitt.     Ill  3,   Benjamin 
Crew.     Ill  4,   Samuel   Calder.     Ill  5,   Loretta  Lamar.     Ill  6,   Captain  Tucker,   of   Virginia. 

III  7,  Caroline  Budd.     Children  of  Propositus:    III  10,  Florence  Laurens  Maffitt  (1842-1883), 
was  devoid  of  fear.    Ill  11,  Eugene  A.  Maffitt  (see  text).    Ill  12,  John  Laurens  Maffitt.    Ill 
13,  Golden  Rhind  Maffitt. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MAFFITT,  E.    1906.    The  Life  and  Services  of  John  Newland  Maffitt.    New  York:   Neale  Pub- 
lishing Go. 


MAHAN.  125 

38.   ALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN. 

ALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN  was  born  at  West  Point,  New  York,  September 
27,  1840.  He  went  to  boarding-school,  then  to  Columbia  College,  New  York 
City,  in  1854,  and  to  the  Naval  Academy  in  September  1856  (at  15  years  of  age), 
whence  he  was  graduated  in  1859,  and  went  on  a  cruise  in  the  Congress  to  the  South 
Atlantic.  Commissioned  lieutenant  in  1861,  he  saw  service  in  the  blockade  of  the 
Southern  and  Gulf  States.  For  the  next  twenty  years  he  was  in  active  service  at 
sea.  While  in  the  Asiatic  squadron  he  saw  much  of  China  and  Japan.  He  was 
appointed  president  of  the  newly  established  Naval  War  College  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  and  served  in  that  capacity  from  1886  to  1889  and  in  1892-1893. 
In  1890  his  "The  influence  of  sea  power  upon  history,  1660-1783,"  was  published. 
It  has  been  used  as  a  text-book  in  all  naval  colleges  of  the  world.  While  in  com- 
mand of  the  Chicago  in  European  waters,  he  was  given  the  honorary  degrees  of 
D.  C.  L.  by  Oxford  and  LL.  D  by  Cambridge  in  recognition  of  the  value  of  this 
work;  similar  degrees  were  given  him  by  universities  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  naval  board  during  the  war  with  Spain  and  was  appointed 
by  President  McKinley  a  delegate  to  the  Hague  Peace  Conference.  He  wrote 
numerous  works  on  naval  matters;  a  history  of  his  experience  in  the  blockade, 
"Influence  of  Sea  Power  on  the  French  Revolution  and  Empire,"  "Life  of  Far- 
ragut,"  "Life  of  Nelson"  (the  greatest  of  Nelson  biographies),  "The  Interest  of 
America  in  Sea  Power,"  "Lessons  of  the  War  with  Spain,"  "Sea  Power  in  its  Re- 
lation to  the  War  of  1812,"  and  others,  including  an  autobiographical  work  "From 
Sail  to  Steam,"  1907.  He  died  December  1,  1914. 

Mahan  had  the  hypokinetic  temperament  which  is  so  common  among  the 
Irish.  This  appears  clearly  in  the  following  self-revelation : 

"  While  I  have  no  difficulty  in  entering  into  civil  conversation  with  a  stranger 
who  addresses  me,  I  rarely  begin,  having,  upon  the  whole,  a  preference  for  an  intro- 
duction. This  is  not  perverseness;  but  lack  of  facility.  I  have,  too,  an  abhorrence 
of  public  speaking,  and  a  desire  to  slip  unobserved  into  a  back  seat  wherever  I 
am,  which  amounts  to  a  mania;  but  I  am  bound  to  admit  I  get  both  these  disposi- 
tions from  my  father,  whose  Irish  was  undiluted  by  foreign  admixture." 

This  hypokinesis  forms  the  background  of  his  thorough  work.  He  found 
pleasure  in  study  and  writing;  he  did  not  feel  pressure  to  rush  his  work,  and  took 
time  to  do  it  well.  His  philosophic  insight  permeates  it  all.  As  a  writer  on 
naval  history  he  has  never  been  equaled.  He  understands  the  essential  features 
of  the  naval  battle  he  has  to  describe  and  he  knows  how  to  set  them  forth.  He 
ranks  among  the  first  of  the  world's  biographers.  More,  perhaps,  than  any  other, 
he  has  pointed  out  how  inherited  traits  of  personality  have  determined  performance. 
Since  his  biographies  are  rich  in  incidents  showing  the  reaction  of  the  propositus 
to  particular  situations,  they  are  of  the  greatest  importance  for  a  psychological 
analysis  of  the  personality.  Of  his  own  reactions  as  an  author  he  writes:  "The 
favorable  criticism  upon  the  first  sea-power  book  not  only  surprised  me,  but  had 
increased  my  ambition  and  my  self-confidence."  "I  now  often  recall  with  envy 
the  happiness  of  those  days,  when  the  work  was  its  own  reward,  and  quite  sufficient, 
too;  almost  as  good  as  a  baby."  "None  but  a  blockhead  would  write  for  money, 
unless  he  had  to."  (Mahan,  1907,  p.  311.) 

Mahan  belongs  to  a  philosophical,  scholarly  race.  His  father,  Dennis  Hart 
Mahan,  born  April  1808,  was  professor  of  engineering,  civil  as  well  as  military, 


126  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

at  West  Point,  for  over  40  years.  He  was  of  pure  Irish  blood.  He  lived  for 
a  while  in  Norfolk,  Virginia,  was  graduated  at  West  Point,  and  earned  a  distin- 
guished reputation  there.  He  was  sent  to  France  for  higher  military  education. 
He  had  no  strong  bias  toward  arms,  but  was  very  fond  of  drawing  and  sought  the 
Military  Academy  as  a  means  to  this  end.  The  following  incident  illustrates  his 
though tf ulness :  Once  he  was  on  a  board  where  an  objectionable  project  was 
offered  by  an  influential  officer.  A  young  member  of  the  board  asked  his  advice 
about  opposing  it,  hesitating  on  account  of  the  odium  that  such  opposition  would 
bring  to  him.  Mahan  advised  the  young  man  against  such  action  and  then  threw 
the  force  of  his  great  influence  against  the  proposition  and  defeated  it. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  ALFRED  T.  MAHAN. 

II  (F  F),  John  Mahan,  was  born  in  Ireland  and  came  to  New 
York  whence  he  removed  to  Virginia.  I  2,  Mary  deary,  born  in 
Ireland.  I  3  (M  F),  John  Okill,  of  English  stock.  14  (M  ),  Mary 
Jay,  of  Huguenot  descent,  a  vivacious  woman. 

II  1  (F),  Dennis  Hart  Mahan  (1802-1871),  led  his  class  upon 
being  graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Academv.  He 
was  promoted  to  the  corps  of  engineers,  but  remained  at  the  academy 
as  instructor.  In  1832  he  was  appointed  professor  of  civil  and  mili- 
tary engineering  at  the  academy  and,  in  1838,  dean  of  the  faculty. 
He  published  many  civil  and  military  text-books.  II  2  (M),  Mary 
Helena  Okill. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  Frederick  Augustus  Mahan  (born  1847),  was  graduated 
from  the  United  States  Military  Academy  at  West  Point  with  the  actual  rank  of  second  lieu- 
tenant of  engineers.  He  served  in  various  capacities  as  engineer,  rising  to  the  rank  of  major 
in  1894;  in  1900  he  retired.  He  aided  in  editing  the  last  edition  of  his  father's  "Civil  Engi- 
neering." Ill  2,  Dennis  Hart  Mahan  (born  1849),  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1869.  He  served  in  the  Philippine  campaign,  1899-1900,  on  the  U.  S.  S.  Brooklyn; 
he  was  at  Kingston,  Jamaica,  during  the  earthquake  rescue,  commanding  U.  S.  S.  Indiana.  Ill 
4  (Propositus),  ALFRED  THAYER  MAHAN.  Ill  5  (consort),  Ellen  Lyle  Evans. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ABBOT,  H.  1788.  Memoir  of  Dennis  Hart  Mahan.  (In:  Biographical  Memoirs  of  Nation. 
Acad.  of  Sciences,  1886.  Vol.  II,  pp.  29-37.) 

MAHAN,  A.  T.  1907.  From  Sail  to  Steam.  Recollections  of  a  Naval  Life.  New  York:  Har- 
per &  Bros,  xvii  +  326  pp. 


MARKHAM.  127 

39.  JOHN  MARKHAM. 

JOHN  MARKHAM  was  born  at  Dean's  Yard,  June  13,  1761.  He  was  sent  to 
Westminster  School  at  the  age  of  8  years,  was  appointed  a  midshipman  at  14 
(1775),  and  sailed  for  Newfoundland.  His  ship  chased  privateers,  and  at  15  he 
was  made  prize-master  of  a  sloop-of-war.  In  1779  he  took  a  gallant  part  in  the 
capture  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy  and  put  in 
charge  of  the  prize  frigate  Confederacy,  and  at  20  was  given  command  of  a  British 
naval  vessel.  During  this  time  he  seems  to  have  made  no  important  error  of 
judgment,  but  in  May  1782  he  mistook  a  ship  sailing  under  a  flag  of  truce  for  an 
enemy  and  was  court-martialed,  but  later  he  was  restored  to  his  rank.  In  1783 
Markham  commanded  a  naval  vessel  in  the  Mediterranean;  later  he  traveled  with 
a  friend  through  Europe  and  to  America.  After  the  French  war  broke  out  he 
obtained  command  of  a  ship  (1793)  and  cruised  in  the  French  West  Indies.  In 
1797  he  took  part  in  the  blockade  of  Brest,  but  in  1801  resigned  his  command. 
He  was  then  elected  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  entered  Parliament;  in  1804  he 
was  made  rear  admiral;  in  1806  first  sea  lord.  His  health  began  to  decline  and  he 
died  at  Naples  in  1827. 

John  Markham  was  not  prudent  or  cautious  and  was  a  fearless  though  not  a 
great  fighter.  He  was  honorable,  warm-hearted,  generous,  and  never  forgot  a  friend, 
and  his  affection  for  his  relatives  was  deep  and  strong.  He  had  great  application. 

By  a  consort  of  good  family  (whose  mother's  mother's  father  was  secretary 
of  war)  he  had  4  sons,  of  whom  one,  Frederick  (1818-1855),  became  a  soldier  and 
saw  service  in  Canada,  India,  and  the  Crimea,  was  extremely  fond  of  hunting  big 
game,  and  wrote  two  books  on  hunting  and  travel.  He  never  married.  A  second 
son,  like  his  father's  brothers,  father's  father,  and  mother's  brother,  was  a  clergyman. 

John  Markham's  father  (William  Markham)  was  a  clergyman,  an  Arch- 
bishop of  York.  Like  his  son  he  had  great  application,  "an  attention  that  nothing 
could  disturb,"  also  he  was  affectionate  toward  his  children.  He  was  especially 
interested  in  geography.  "Dr.  Markham  often  seemed  to  show  a  partiality  for 
the  profession  of  a  soldier.  He,  no  doubt,  possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  those 
qualities  which  would  have  led  to  distinction  in  military  life.  His  judgment  was 
cool,  his  courage  undaunted,  his  decision  quick,  his  mind  energetic,  active  and 
enterprising,  his  constitution  capable  of  enduring  fatigue  and  patience  not  to  be 
subdued."  He  was  interested  in  military  tactics.  Of  his  sons,  besides  John,  one, 
David,  was  remarkably  bright  and  clever  and  an  excellent  Latin  scholar.  He 
entered  the  army  by  inclination,  was  sent  to  India,  was  wounded,  returned  home, 
and  became  major  of  infantry  in  1793,  and  later,  while  commanding  at  Jamaica, 
lieutenant  colonel.  He  was  killed  while  leading  his  men  at  San  Domingo  in  1795. 
An  intellectual  and  resolute  man;  at  the  same  time  gentle  and  warm-hearted. 

Two  other  brothers  became  clergymen.  One,  William,  after  a  few  years  in 
the  civil  service  in  India,  settled  down  in  Yorkshire  as  a  country  gentleman  and 
indulged  his  taste  for  literature,  especially  the  classics.  He  early  became  crippled 
by  gout.  From  William  and  his  wife  Elizabeth  Bowles  are  descended  David, 
a  clergyman,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  the  father  of  Sir  Clements  Markham,  the 
explorer  and  author;  and  John,  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy  and  father  of 
Admiral  Sir  Albert  Hastings  Markham,  the  explorer  and  author.  Brother  Osborn 
was  a  barrister.  The  fraternity  showed  a  high  degree  of  talent,  with  diverse  tastes 
and  constitutions. 


128 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


FAMILY  HISTOKT  OF  SIB  JOHN  MARKHAM. 

1 1  (F  F  F),  Daniel  Markham,  a  colonel  in  the  army,  who  settled  in  Ireland.  I  2  (F  F  M), 
Elizabeth  Fennel,  a  granddaughter  in  the  maternal  line  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  I  3  (consort's 
M  F  F),  Baron  Talbot,  lord  chancellor.  I  4  (consort's  M  F  M),  Cecil  Matthews,  a  Welsh 
heiress.  I  5  (consort's  M  M  F),  Adam  de  Cardonnell,  secretary  of  war. 

II  1  (F  F),  William  Markham  (1686-1771),  a  major  in  the  army  after  many  years  of  service. 
II  2  (F  M),  Elizabeth  Markham,  a  fourth  cousin  once  removed.  II  3  (M  F),  John  Goddard 
(1690-1766),  settled  in  Rotterdam  as  a  merchant.  II  4  (M  M),  Elizabeth  Smith.  II  5  (consort's 
M  F),  William  Earl  Talbot.  II  6  (consort's  M  M),  Mary  de  Cardonell. 


Fraternity  of  F:  III  1,  Elizabeth  Markham.  Ill  2,  George  Markham,  entered  the  navy  at 
an  early  age,  but  left  in  disgust  after  many  years  because  he  did  not  get  the  desired  promotion. 

III  3,  Enoch  Markham,  was  a  volunteer  for  American  service;  later  he  became  major  command- 
ant of  the  Royal  Musketeers  and  then  a  colonel  in  the  army.     Ill  4  (F),  William  Markham 
(1719-1807),  a  scholar,  who  became  head  of  Winchester  School  and  Archbishop  of  York.     Ill  5 
(M),   Sarah  Goddard    (1738-1814).     Ill  6,  John  Goddard.     Ill  7   (consort's  F),  Hon.  George 
Rice,  M.  P.     Ill  8  (consort's  M),  Lady  Cecil  Talbot. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  George  Markham  (1763-1822),  dean  of  York.  IV  2,  Eliza- 
beth Sutton.  IV  3,  Alicia  Markham,  born  1771.  IV  4,  Rev.  H.  F.  Mills.  IV  5,  David  Mark- 
ham  (1766-1795),  was  killed  at  San  Domingo  while  gallantly  leading  his  men.  IV  6,  Robert 
Markham  (1768-1837),  became  canon  residentiary  of  York  in  1802.  IV  7,  Frances,  daughter 
of  Sir  Gervase  Clifton.  IV  8,  Osborne  Markham  (born  1769),  a  barrister-at-law.  IV  9,  Martha 
Jervis  (see  Admiral  John  Jervis).  IV  10,  Henrietta  Markham,  born  1764.  IV  11,  Evan  Law. 

IV  13,  Sir  W.  Milner,  high  sheriff,  a  first  cousin  on  the  maternal  side  of  Charles  Sturt,  the 
renowned  Australian  explorer.     IV  14,  Selina  Clements.     IV  15,  Elizabeth  Markham,  born  1765. 
IV  16,  W.  Barnett.     IV  17,  Cecilia  Markham  (born  1783).     IV  18,  Rev.  R.  P.  Goodenough. 
IV  19,  Frederica  Markham,  born  1774.     IV  20,  William,  Earl  of  Mansfield.     IV  21,  William 
Markham  (1760-1815),  a  county  gentleman  with  a  taste  for  literature.     IV  22,  Elizabeth  Bowles. 
IV  23  (Propositus),  SIR  JOHN  MARKHAM.     IV  24  (consort),  Hon.  Maria  Rice,  born  1773.    Fra- 
ternity of  consort:  IV  25,  Henrietta  Rice,  born  1758.     IV  26,  Magens-Darrien  Magens,  a  banker. 
IV  27,  George  Rice,  Lord  Dynevor  (1765-1852).     IV  28,  Edward  Rice  (1776-1862),  Dean  of 
Gloucester. 

V  3,  George  Markham  (1796-1834),  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy.  V  4,  Edward  Markham 
(1801-1865),  in  the  East  India  civil  service.  V  5,  Robert  Markham,  a  captain  in  the  army, 
who  was  killed  in  a  duel  in  1832.  V  6,  Henry  Markham  (died  1844),  canon  of  York.  V  8, 
Georgina  Markham.  V  9,  George,  tenth  Earl  of  Haddington.  V  10,  Martha  Markham.  V  11, 
Rev.  William  H.  Pearson.  V  12,  Catherine  Milner.  V  13,  David  Markham  (born  1800),  canon 
of  Windsor.  V  14,  John  Markham  (born  1797),  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  15,  Marianne 


MARKHAM  —  MARRY  AT.  129 

Wood.  V  16,  Warren  Markham  (1801-1836),  a  captain  in  the  army.  V  17,  Charles  Markham 
(1803-1843),  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  army.  V  19,  Colonel  William  Markham  (1796-1852). 
V  20,  Lucy  Holbech.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  21,  William  Rice  Markham  (1803-1877),  vicar 
of  Moreland.  V  22,  Jane  Clayton.  V  23,  John  Markham  (1801-1837),  educated  at  Westminster. 

V  24,  Frederick  Markham  (1818-1855),  a  major  general,  sportsman,  and  traveler.     V  25,  Maria 
Frances  Markham  (1806-1836). 

VI  1,  George  Baillie  Hamilton,  eleventh  Earl  of  Haddington,  high  sheriff,  and  an  army  cap- 
tain. VI  2,  Major  Robert  Baillie  Hamilton  (1828-1891).  VI  4,  Henry  Baillie-Hamilton  (1832- 
1895),  a  commander,  Royal  Navy.  VI  5,  Arthur  Baillie  Hamilton  (born  1838),  vicar  of  Badley. 

VI  7,  David  Markham  (1828-1850),  died  at  sea.  VI  8,  Clements  Markham  (1830-1916),  "as  a  boy 
always  evinced  a  decided  penchant  for  the  sea."     He  became  renowned  as  a  geographer,  explorer, 
and  author  of  books  of  travel.     VI  12,  Sir  Albert  Hastings  Markham,  (born  1841),  entered  the 
Royal  Navy  in  1856  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral.     He  is  well  known  as  an  explorer  and 
writer.     VI  13,  Alfred  Markham,  of  the  Royal  Navy.     VI  15,  Sir  Edwin  Markham  (born  1833), 
a  colonel  commandant,  Royal  Artillery,  served  in  Crimea  and  India.     VI  16,  William  Markham, 
born  1830.     VI  17,  Captain  Francis  Markham,  born  1837.     Children  of  children  of  Propositus: 
VI  18,   Maria  Markham,  born  1842. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MARKHAM,  SIR  C.  1883.  A  Naval  Career  of  the  Old  War.  Being  a  Narrative  of  the  Life  of 
Admiral  John  Markham.  London:  S.  Low,  Marston,  Scarle  &  Rivington.  viii  + 
289  pp. 

MARKHAM,  D.  1854.  A  History  of  the  Markham  Family.  London:  J.  B.  Nicols  &  Sons, 
xi  +  96  pp. 

40.  FREDERICK  MARRYAT. 

FREDERICK  MARRYAT  (1792-1848)  was  born  at  Westminster,  July  10,  1792. 
He  was  precocious,  learned  and  forgot  easily,  and  was  frequently  flogged  for 
inattention.  He  often  ran  away  from  school  —  once  to  avoid  wearing  his  brother's 
cast-off  garments  —  and  he  always  ran  toward  the  sea.  At  last,  at  14  years  of 
age,  his  father  arranged  for  him  to  enter  the  navy  in  1806,  where  he  first  saw  service 
on  the  Imperieuse,  under  Lord  Cochrane,  in  the  Mediterranean.  During  the  next 
two  and  a  half  years  Marryat  was  in  fifty  engagements.  His  captain  mentioned 
him  for  his  bravery.  Between  1809  and  1815  he  served  in  North  American  waters 
and  in  the  West  Indies  under  various  commanders.  In  1812  he  was  made  lieu- 
tenant and  in  1815  commander;  he  directly  afterward  married.  In  1824  he  was 
at  Rangoon,  in  command  of  the  naval  forces  there.  In  1825  he  commanded  an 
expedition  up  the  Bassein  river.  Returning  to  England,  he  was  awarded  the  order 
of  Companion  of  the  Bath  and,  though  often  invited  to  the  court  of  the  King, 
was  not  in  great  favor  because  of  his  publication  against  impressment  of  seamen. 

Now  began  a  new  life  for  Marryat,  one  of  great  literary  productiveness, 
particularly  in  the  field  of  novels  based  on  sea-life.  He  purchased  1,000  acres 
in  Norfolk,  but  as  he  could  not  endure  its  monotony  he  went  back  to  London  for 
fifteen  years.  There  he  edited  a  magazine  in  addition  to  writing  books.  In 
1837  he  went  to  America  and  traveled  extensively.  When  the  French  under  Papi- 
neau  revolted  in  Canada,  1837-1838,  he  hastened  to  offer  his  services.  He  finally 
returned  to  his  estate  and  tried  farming  again  in  1843 ;  but  his  experiments  in  this 
avocation  were  costly  and  consumed  the  large  income  derived  from  his  books; 
evidently  he  had  the  desire  to  see  things  doing  when  he  was  on  land  also.  He 
died  in  1848,  much  depressed  by  the  death  of  his  son  Frederick,  whose  ship  sank 
in  1847. 

Marryat  loved  adventure  and  was  without  fear.  As  a  young  man  he  played 
pranks,  and  in  this  respect  his  son  Frederick  resembled  him.  It  is  said  that  he 


130  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

rescued  27  men  who  had  fallen  overboard;  he  early  received  the  medal  of  the 
Humane  Society  for  this.  His  son  Frederick  went  overboard  to  rescue  men  in 
the  same  way.  On  one  occasion  when,  off  New  York  harbor,  the  ship  was  on  her 
beams  end,  Maryatt  alone  had  the  courage  to  cut  away  her  main  yards.  He  was 
restless.  Probably  there  was  a  nomadic  tendency  on  the  mother's  side,  as  her 
father  was  a  Hessian  who  had  emigrated  to  Boston,  England. 

Marryat  had  the  impulse  to  write  and  the  ability  to  write  well.  Novels, 
books  of  travel,  poems  even,  flowed  from  his  pen.  Several  of  his  brothers  and 
sisters  were  authors,  partly  of  travels.  His  father  wrote  political  pamphlets. 
The  father's  father  was  a  physician,  author  of  "Therapeutics,  or  the  art  of  healing, " 
and  "The  Philosophy  of  Masons";  also  verse.  Moreover,  a  cousin,  Sir  Edward 
Belcher,  wrote  two  books  of  travel  and  a  book  on  surveying.  Marryat's  son 
Frank  had  begun  to  write  books  of  travel  before  his  untimely  death. 

Marryat  was  a  visualist  and  very  skillful  in  sketching  and  caricaturing.  Dur- 
ing the  Burmese  war  he  made  a  series  of  sketches  representing  scenery,  people, 
and  engagements  of  the  war.  His  son  Frank,  who  died  young  of  yellow  fever, 
had  his  father's  ability  to  draw.  Marryat's  eldest  brother  collected  china  and 
wrote  a  book  on  the  subject;  a  sister  wrote  a  "History  of  Lace."  Doubtless  this 
family  appeal  of  the  beauty  of  form  was  one  of  the  things  that  made  ships  fasci- 
nating. He  was  also  something  of  an  inventor.  He  worked  out  a  signal  code 
for  merchant  vessels  and  invented  a  cipher  for  secret  correspondence.  He  was 
very  resourceful  in  bridge-building  while  at  Rangoon. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  FREDERICK  MARRYAT. 

II  (F  F),  Thomas  Marryat,  a  physician  and  an  author.  13  (M  F),  Frederick  von  Geyer, 
a  Hessian  settler  in  Boston;  a  loyalist. 

II  1  (Fj,  Joseph  Marryat,  member  of  Par- 
liament; author  of  political  pamphlets.  II 2 
(M),  Charlotte  von  Geyer.  II  3  (consort's  F),  Sir 

Stephen  Shairp,  counsel  general  at  the   court   of  ir4_Js 

Russia.  EarKj 

Fraternity  of  the  Propositus:  III  1,  Joseph 
Marryat,  a  collector  of  china;  author  of  "Pottery 


Marryat,  a  collector  ot  cnma;  author  ot     Pottery          Ji    I  a    fa     4    1& 
and  Porcelain."     Ill  2,  Horace  Marryat,  author  of     n  U  U  CHD  N? 

"One  Year  in  Sweden."    Ill  3, Marryat,  wrote 

"Nature  and  Art"  and  "History  of  Lace."    Ill  4,  Ji  J|  Js'jL*—* 

Bury  Pattison.     Ill  7    (Propositus),    FREDERICK     ^  ul  H  ©  O~L- 1 

MARRYAT.     Ill  8  (consort),  Catherine  Shairp,  had 
talent  and  literary  taste. 

Children  of  the  Propositus:  IV  1,  Frederick  Marryat,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy  who  was 
lost  in  the  wreck  of  the  Avenger,  in  1847.  IV  2,  Frank  Marryat,  died  a  midshipman  in  the  navy. 
IV  3,  Emily,  Augusta,  and  four  other  sisters.  IV  4,  Florence  Marryat,  novelist  and  author 
of  "Life  and  Letters  of  Captain  Marryat."  IV  5,  Ross  Church. 

9  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MAHRYAT,  F.    1872.    Life  and  Letters  of  Captain  Marryat.    New  York:   D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


McCLINTOCK.  131 

41.  SIR  FRANCIS  LEOPOLD  MCCLINTOCK. 

FRANCIS  LEOPOLD  MCCLINTOCK  was  born  at  Dundalk,  Ireland,  July  8, 
1819.  He  entered  the  Royal  Navy  at  the  age  of  12  years.  At  24  he  passed  his 
lieutenant's  examination  and  joined  the  Gorgan  steamship,  which  was  driven  ashore 
at  Montevideo  but  salvaged.  In  1848  he  joined  the  search  for  Sir  John  Franklin, 
and  on  his  third  voyage,  in  1854,  commanded  the  Intrepid.  He  developed  the 
system  of  sled  traveling.  After  the  admiralty  had  abandoned  the  rescue  work, 
Lady  Franklin  fitted  out  the  Fox  in  1857  and  put  it  in  command  of  McClintock, 
who  in  1859  discovered  skeletons,  other  remains,  and  a  manuscript  record  of  the 
expedition.  He  also  added  800  miles  of  new  coast  to  our  knowledge  of  the  Arctic 
region.  On  his  return  he  was  knighted.  He  sounded  the  North  Atlantic  for  the 
submarine-telegraph  cable  route  in  the  sixties.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1865,  was  made  vice  admiral  in  1877,  and  commanded  the  West 
Atlantic  fleet.  He  was  made  K.  C.  B.  in  1891.  His  book  on  the  "Voyage  of  the 
Fox"  passed  through  several  editions.  He  died  in  1907. 

McClintock  was  a  visualist;  form  and  color  appealed  to  him.  He  says  him- 
self that  it  was  in  part  a  print  of  Admiral  Berkeley  in  uniform,  which  hung  in  his 
father's  dressing-room,  that  led  him  to  choose  a  naval  career.  Also  the  appear- 
ance of  his  cousin,  Lieutenant  Bunbury  McClintock,  probably  dressed  as  an  officer, 
made  an  appeal.  At  any  rate,  at  the  age  of  12  years  he  "wanted  to  go  to  sea" 
and  went  on  his  cousin's  ship,  taking  with  him  a  bag  of  marbles  that  he  prized 
highly  (color  and  form).  Returning  home  on  one  occasion,  he  explored  the  steeple 
of  the  Dundalk  church,  which  he  had  always  believed  "was  built  of  some  beautiful 
green  stone";  but  he  found  it  made  of  wood  coated  with  copper.  To  him  all 
sorts  of  organic  and  even  artificial  forms  were  attractive.  At  14  years  of  age  he 
was  much  interested  hi  the  prehistoric  antiquities  that  abounded  in  his  region, 
and  explored  the  numerous  "Danish"  forts.  Mineralogy,  botany,  and  zoology  were 
favorite  sciences,  and  he  read  extensively  about  them,  and  in  the  Arctic  he  col- 
lected fossils,  minerals,  plants,  and  animals.  He  was  an  ardent  hunter.  This 
love  of  form  extended  also  to  machinery.  At  the  age  of  24  years  he  had  already 
mastered  the  structure  of  steam  machinery,  and  when,  in  the  Arctic  in  1859,  the 
engineer  who  had  taken  the  engines  to  pieces  died,  the  commander  was  the  only 
one  on  board  who  could  get  them  into  working  order  again.  Some  of  the  elements 
of  the  foregoing  are  found  in  his  father,  who  hung  the  print  of  Admiral  Berke- 
ley in  his  own  room  and  was  himself  a  lover  of  the  horse  and  of  sport.  His  brother 
became  an  eminent  physician,  president  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 
geons in  Ireland. 

McClintock  was  something  of  a  nomad;  he  longed  to  see  new  countries. 
As  a  young  man  he  was  a  great  walker.  In  the  first  Arctic  trip  he  walked  770 
miles  in  80  days,  exploring  Melville  Island  for  traces  of  the  Franklin  party. 

Ability  in  command  is  another  trait.  He  understood  and  managed  men. 
His  book  reveals  abundant  evidence  of  his  "consummate  leadership."  Those 
who  worked  with  him  or  served  under  him  felt  the  most  unbounded  confidence  in 
his  judgment  and  resolution.  This  ability  appears  also  in  the  son  of  his  father's 
brother  John.  Lieutenant  W.  Bunbury  McClintock  did  not  drink  or  swear  and 
exerted  a  good  influence  on  those  under  him.  He  was  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
first,  to  introduce  the  use  of  "port"  instead  of  "larboard"  into  the  service.  One  of 
McClintock's  sons  was  appointed  a  commander  in  the  Royal  Navy  in  1905 ;  another 
was  a  major  in  the  Royal  Engineers  who  served  in  Nigeria  and  in  South  Africa. 


132 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


McClintock  was  something  of  a  hypokinetic.  As  admiral  he  was  "reserved 
and  somewhat  indisposed  to  talk."  He  was  self -controlled.  He  was  habitually 
quiet  and  perfectly  calm,  seeing  everything  done  himself  without  noise  or  fuss. 
He  weighed  a  question  for  some  time  before  acting,  but  when  once  his  mind  was 
made  up  he  acted  promptly.  He  was  "full  of  a  kindly  quiet  humor,  which  smoothed 
away  difficulties.  He  seemed  to  live  above  the  petty  annoyances  of  daily  life. 
His  judgment  of  others  was  always  generous,  and  scandalous  or  unkind  talk  never 
failed  to  arouse  his  indignation."  He  was  economical,  even  rigid  toward  himself 
in  money  matters,  and  very  generous  to  others.  When  he  became  a  lieutenant 
he  began  making  a  regular  allowance  to  his  mother.  His  personal  tastes  and 
habits  were  simple.  He  was  governed  by  a  deep  religious  feeling.  His  writings 
are  accurate  and  free  from  display. 

For  the  hypokinetic,  adventure  and  a  touch  of  danger  bring  a  grateful  stimulus. 
Such  a  situation  "seemed  to  inspire  him  with  the  lofty  touch  of  exhilaration." 
His  face  lit  up  with  animation  and  his  words  came  with  more  than  usual  readiness 
and  cheerfulness  of  tone.  This  hypokinesis  is  common  in  the  Scotch-Irish.  A 
kinsman  is  Rev.  William  Alexander,  D.  D.,  archbishop  of  Armagh  and  primate 
of  all  Ireland.  McClintock's  mother  was  the  daughter  of  the  Venerable  Doctor 
Fleury,  D.  D.,  archdeacon  of  Waterford;  so  a  religious  tendency  probably  came 
from  this  side  also. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  FRANCIS  LEOPOLD  MCCLINTOCK. 

II  (F  F),  John  McClintock   (born 
1742),  was  a  large  landed  proprietor  and 
a  member    of    Parliament    in    the    Irish 
House  of  Commons.     I  2  (F  M),  Patience 
Foster.     I  3  (M  F),  Doctor  Fleury,  arch- 
deacon of  Waterford;    was  of  Huguenot 
ancestry.  I  4  (M  M),  - 

I  5    (consort's    M  F), 

I  6    (consort's   M  M),    Viscountess    Mas- 

sereene. 

Fraternity  of  F:  II  1,  Miss  Bunbury. 
II 2,  John  McClintock.  II 3,  Lady- 
Elizabeth  Trench.  II  4  (F),  Henry  McClintock  (died  1843),  was  in  the  army;  afterwards  he  was 
in  charge  of  the  custom-house  in  Dundalk.  II  5  (M),  Elizabeth  Melesina  Fleury,  a  "pretty 
woman  of  remarkable  ability  and  energy."  II  6  (consort's  F),  R.  F.  Dunlop.  II  7  (consort's 
M),  Anna  Skeffington. 

III  1, McClintock,  an  officer  in  the  Portsmouth  garrison.     Ill  2,  W.  B.  McClintock, 

who  afterwards  changed  his  name  to  McClintock  Bunbury;    entered  the  navy  and  at  the  age 
of  36  years  became  a  commander.     Subsequently  he  inherited  a  fortune,  retired  from  the  navy, 
and  went  into  Parliament.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    III  3,  Louis  McClintock,  died  young. 
Ill  4,  Alfred  Henry  McClintock  (born  1821),  became  an  eminent  physician  in  Dublin  and  was 
president  of  the  College  of  Surgeons  of  Ireland.     Ill  5,  Theodore  Ernest  McClintock,  a  lieu- 
tenant colonel.     Ill  6,  Charles  Fortescue  McClintock.     Ill  24  (Propositus),  FRANCIS  LEOPOLD 
MCCLINTOCK.     Ill  25   (consort),  Annette  Elizabeth  Dunlop. 

Children  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Henry  Foster  McClintock,  was  in  the  secretary's  depart- 
ment of  the  general  post  office;  served  as  a  reserve  officer  in  the  South  African  war  for  3  years; 
received  medals  for  his  services.  IV  2,  John  William  Leopold  McClintock,  entered  the  navy  and 
became  a  commander  in  1905;  won  a  medal  for  saving  a  seaman's  life.  IV  3,  Robert  Singleton 
McClintock,  served  in  the  British  army  abroad;  in  1904  was  made  brevet  major  of  the  Royal 
Engineers;  in  1908  he  joined  the  staff  college.  He  won  3  medals.  IV  5,  Bernard  Eyre  Greenwell. 


-  an  English  lady. 
Viscount    Ferrard. 


MARKHAM,  SIR  C.     1909. 
xx  +  370  pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Life  of  Admiral  Sir  Leopold  McClintock. 


London:    J.   Murray. 


MORESBY.  133 

42.  FAIRFAX  MORESBY. 

FAIRFAX  MORESBY  was  born  at  Calcutta,  India,  in  1787.  He  was  reared 
as  a  child  at  Lichfield,  England.  It  was  said  of  him: 

"  Far  inland  as  his  home  was,  all  his  predilections  were  for  the  seafaring  life, 
and  in  the  long  summer  his  delight  was  to  lie  concealed  in  the  waving  grass,  watching 
its  billowing  with  half-shut  eyes,  until,  seeing  only  the  blue  sky  and  undulating 
green,  he  could  imagine  himself  on  the  lonely  ocean,  far  out  of  sight  of  land  in  the 
centre  of  circling  horizons.  .  .  .  The  realization  of  his  dream  came  with  the  offer 
from  a  neighbor  and  friend,  Captain  William  Parker,  of  a  berth  on  board,  and 
acceptance  was  a  foregone  conclusion.  There  was  never  a  moment's  hesitation." 

When  a  midshipman  on  the  Amazon  the  severity  of  the  captain  made  young 
Moresby  desert;  he  left  the  ship  at  Portsmouth  and  "set  out  on  a  hopeless  tramp 
to  Coshan,"  but  on  the  way  he  met  a  kindly  captain  who  returned  him  to  his  ship 
and  arranged  matters  for  him.  As  a  midshipman  he  was  constantly  in  charge  of 
prizes  and  was  captured  on  one  of  them  and  taken  prisoner  to  Malaga.  Exchanged, 
he  served  for  a  time  under  Nelson.  He  formed  one  of  Napoleon's  sea-guard  at  St. 
Helena.  Under  his  superintendence  the  first  settlement  was  made  at  Port  Elizabeth, 
on  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  to  stop  the  slave  traffic;  he  had  many  adventures. 
His  health  failed  prematurely.  In  later  years  he  was  intrusted  with  diplomatic 
missions.  He  became  rear  admiral  (1849)  and  later  vice  admiral. 

Fairfax  Moresby  had  a  compound  of  high  idealism  and  almost  romantic 
gallantry,  subdued  by  a  devotion  to  the  practical  side  of  duty.  He  was  always 
ready  to  accept  responsibility  and  was  prompt  in  decision,  tactful,  and  prudent. 

A  brother  of  Fairfax  was  Robert  Moresby,  a  surveyor  and  explorer,  the  first  to 
survey  the  northern  half  of  the  Red  Sea.  His  next  great  survey  was  that  of  the  coral 
islands,  and  this  work  was  of  great  assistance  to  Charles  Darwin  in  preparing  his 
work  on  the  structure  and  distribution  of  coral  reefs.  (Markham,  1909,  p.  336.) 

John  Moresby  (born  1830),  son  of  the  preceding,  spent  his  childhood  in  Aller- 
ford,  England,  where  his  father  rented  a  farm  and  was  living  on  half  pay.  Auto- 
biographically,  he  says:  "The  magnet  which  chiefly  drew  our  restless  feet  was  the 
mill,  with  its  dripping  water-wheel  and  mighty  grinding-stones.  "At  the  age 
of  12  he  was  appointed  volunteer  on  H.  M.  S.  Victor  in  the  West  Indies.  After 
sundry  cruises  he  sailed  (1850)  on  the  Amphitrite  for  the  Pacific  and  delighted  in 
the  hunting  at  Falkland  Islands  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Valparaiso.  At  Vancouver 
he  gained  leave  of  the  captain  to  explore  the  mountains.  He  also  made  a  success- 
ful trip  to  a  distant  tribe  of  Indians  to  capture  the  murderer  of  a  white  man.  After 
some  further  years  of  miscellaneous  service  he  was  given  (1871)  command  of  the 
Basilisk  and  explored  some  600  miles  of  the  until  then  unvisited  coast  of  New 
Guinea,  adding  to  the  chart  some  140  islands  and  islets,  and  surveying  many 
excellent  harbors,  including  Port  Moresby,  now  the  capital  of  British  New  Guinea. 
From  1872  to  1875  he  cruised  and  explored  in  Melanesia  and  New  Zealand.  He 
published  two  books  on  New  Guinea  and  a  life  of  himself  and  his  father. 

Comparing  father  and  son,  we  see  that  both  have  a  taste  for  adventures.  The 
former  is  more  a  diplomat;  the  latter,  an  explorer.  As  an  explorer  his  tastes  were 
almost  exactly  like  his  father's  brother's.  Both  father  and  son  readily  accepted 
responsibility.  The  father's  father  was  a  lieutenant  colonel  in  the  militia. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MARKHAM,  C.  R.  1909.     Review  of  Two  Admirals,  etc.     Geogr.  Journal,     xxxiv.  pp.  336-338. 
MORESBY,  JOHN.    1909.    Two  Admirals:  Admiral  of  the  Fleet  Sir  Fairfax  Moresby  and  his 
son,  John  Moresby.    London:  J.  Murray,    xii  +  419  pp. 


134  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

43.  CHARLES  MORRIS. 

CHARLES  MORRIS  was  born  July  26,   1784,   at  Woodstock,   Connecticut, 
and  spent  the  first  fifteen  years  of  his  life  there,  working  on  the  farm  and  reading 
everything  he  could  lay  his  hands  on.     Charles  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman 
at  the- age  of  15  years,  through  the  assistance  of  his  father,  who  was  purser  in  the 
navy.     He  first  was  on  ships  with  his  father.     He  saw  his  first  war  service  on  board 
the  Constitution,  Commodore  Preble,  during  the  war  with  Tripoli.      His  father's 
brother  now  became  secretary  to  Commodore  Preble,  so  young  Morris  had  the 
benefit  of  his  company  and  advice.     After  the  Philadelphia  had  grounded  and  was 
captured  by  the  Tripolitan  gunboats,  Morris  was  one  of  a  party  who  undertook 
to  drift  into  the  harbor  at  night,  on  a  vessel  disguised  as  a  merchantman,  and  who 
boarded  the  Philadelphia,  set  fire  to  her,  and  escaped.      After  some  further  experi- 
ences in  various  vessels  he  returned  to  America;  but  after  a  time  was  at  sea  again 
as  first  lieutenant  (1809),  enforcing  the  embargo.     On  the  Constitution,  under 
Captain  Isaac  Hull,  he  was  one  night  at  Portsmouth,  England.     An  American 
sailor  who  had  deserted  to  a  British  man-of-war,  Havana,  was  not  given  up  on  the 
ground  that  he  claimed  to  be  a  British  subject.     Shortly  afterwards,  a  deserter 
swam  to  the  Constitution  and  stated  (in  Irish  brogue)  that  he  was  an  American. 
When  the  British  sent  a  boat  for  him,  Morris  (in  the  absence  of  Captain  Hull) 
refused  to  surrender  him,  giving  the  same  reason  that  the  British  had  given  shortly 
before;    the  British  threatened  to  use  force,  but  the  swift  Constitution  outsailed 
them.    When  the  War  of  1812  broke  out  the  Constitution  was  at  Annapolis  and 
was  ordered  to  New  York,  but  in  Chesapeake  Bay  she  fell  in  with  a  small  block- 
ading squadron  under  Captain  Broke.     A  dead  calm  ensued,  so  that  no  flight 
or  pursuit  was  possible,  but  the  Constitution  got  away  by  use  of  the  device  of  kedg- 
ing  suggested  by  Morris  —  rowing  the  kedge-anchor  out  for  a  mile  beyond  the 
ship  and  hauling  in  at  the  ship  end.     Thus  the  Constitution  eluded  her  pursuers 
and  reached  Boston.     Thence  she  went  to  Nova  Scotia  and  captured  a  number  of 
English  vessels  and,  on  August  19,  1812,  met  the  Guerriere.    Morris  had  charge 
of  the  firing  and  was  with  difficulty  restrained  until  the  two  vessels  had  come  close 
enough  so  that  every  shot  of  the  Constitution  would  tell.     The  battle  was  won; 
Morris  was  wounded  badly,  but  recovered.     In  March  1813  he  was  promoted  to 
be  captain.     He  remodeled  the  signal-book  for  the  secretary  of  the  navy.    In  1814 
he  was  put  in  charge  of  the  sloop-of-war  Adams,  blockaded  in  the  Potomac,  and,  on 
January  18,1814,  ran  the  blockade  during  a  snowstorm  and  put  to  sea.     During  the 
next  seven  months  he  captured  10  merchantmen  carrying  in  all  161  guns.    On  the 
Maine  coast  he  ran  upon  the  rocks,  was  pursued  by  a  British  squadron,  got  his 
vessel  off  at  high  tide  and  into  the  Penobscot  river,  where  he  burned  the  leaking 
Adams  and  escaped  with  all  of  his  men.     After  this  episode  he  was  employed  in  the 
Boston  navy-yard.     In  1816  he  commanded  a  squadron  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where 
the  Spanish  were  making  trouble,  and  in  1819-1820  was  in  South  American  waters 
during  a  revolution  in  Buenos  Aires.     From  1823  to  1827  he  was  a  navy  com- 
missioner.    In  1825  he  was  chosen  to  convey  La  Fayette  to  France  in  the  Brandy- 
wine,  and  while  in  Europe  he  visited  the  dockyards  hi  France  and  England.     He 
was  again  a  navy  commissioner  through  1832-1841,  during  which  time  he  sent  out 
the  exploring  expedition  under  Wilkes.     He  was  for  some  time  director  of  the 
United  States  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  and  in  the  last  five  years  of  his  life 
was  chief  of  the  bureau  of  ordnance  and  hydrography. 

Charles  Morris  was  a  fighter  of  fighting  stock.    His  father,  Charles  Morris, 
born  in  1762,  enlisted  in  the  Continental  Army  under  General  La  Fayette  at  the 


MORRIS.  135 

age  of  16;  later  he  shipped  on  board  a  privateer,  was  made  prisoner,  and  confined 
in  the  hulks  at  New  York  until  the  close  of  the  war;  after  that  he  commanded 
a  merchant  vessel  in  the  South  American  trade.  He  and  his  crew  were  captured 
by  pirates,  his  vessel  was  confiscated,  and  all  were  held  prisoners  for  two  years, 
until  he  escaped  to  an  English  war-vessel  in  the  Orinoco  river. 

Of  the  brothers  of  the  propositus,  Horace  (1789-1862)  entered  the  War  of 
1812,  becoming  third  lieutenant  in  1813.  He  was  then  in  the  navy  for  a  short 
time.  The  vessel  on  which  he  served  was  boarded  by  the  British,  who  ordered 
him  aboard  their  ship.  He  refused  to  go  and,  springing  into  the  rigging,  threat- 
ened death  to  anyone  who  tried  to  take  him.  He  had  an  "active  temperament" 
and  was  very  courageous.  He  loved  study  and  reading  and  was  little  inclined  to 
talk.  Another  brother,  George  (born  1790),  entered  the  army  during  the  war  of 
1812  and  rose  to  be  a  captain  of  artillery,  remaining  in  the  army  after  the  war;  his 
son  Robert  (1822-1839)  was  fond  of  botany,  became  a  midshipman  in  the  United 
States  navy,  undertook  extensive  cruises.  Still  another  brother  (1792-1812)  was 
a  lieutenant  in  the  army,  March  1812,  and  was  killed  in  the  attack  on  Queens- 
town  in  October  of  that  year;  he  died  unmarried.  Two  sons  of  the  propositus 
(Charles  William  and  Robert  Murray  Morris)  were  soldiers. 

Love  of  the  sea  is  also  a  family  trait.  The  father  and  the  father's  brother, 
Noadiah  Morris,  were  naval  men  and  one  of  the  sons  of  the  propositus  (George 
Upham  Morris,  1830-1875)  was  a  sailor. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  CHARLES  MORRIS. 

II  (F  F  F),  Samuel  Morris  (born  at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  1695),  served  during  the 
French  and  Indian  war.  I  3  (F  M  F),  Benjamin  Wilkinson  (1713-1803),  an  enterprising  keeper 
of  a  tavern  (see  Hopkins,  IV  13).  I  4  (F  M  M),  Mary  Rhodes. 


_  A* 

VI 

Ay* 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  1,  Mehitable  (1729-1730),  Mehitable  (1731-1750),  Anne  (born  1739), 
Abigail  (born  1742),  Susanna  (1743-1768),  and  Lucretia  (1749-1750)  Morris.  II  2,  Samuel 
Morris  (1731-1801),  served  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  II  3,  Henry  Morris  (1734-1808),  was 
a  corporal  in  the  French  and  Indian  war;  in  1758  a  sutler  at  Lake  George;  in  May  1775  he  enlisted, 
becoming  corporal  and  later  sergeant.  He  was  a  great  pedestrian  and  jumper;  at  the  age  of  70 
years  he  could  clear  a  fence  at  a  bound.  He  removed  to  New  Hampshire  in  1790.  II  4,  Hannah 
Frizzell.  II  5,  John  Morris  (born  1735).  II 6,  William  Morris  (born  1740),  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  and  later  moved  to  Vermont.  II  7,  Edward  Morris  (1745-1821),  a  farmer  who  was  a 
lieutenant  in  the  army.  II  8,  9,  Elizabeth  and  Hannah  Morris,  born  1747.  II  10  (F  F),  Lemuel 
Morris  (1737-1813),  lived  in  Thompson,  Connecticut,  and  then  removed  to  Scituate,  Rhode 
Island,  but  finally  settled  in  Woodstock,  Connecticut.  He  was  a  farmer  who  served  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war.  II  11  (F  M),  Lydia  Wilkinson,  born  in  Scituate,  Rhode  Island,  1744.  II  12 
(M  F),  Captain  Jonathan  Nichols,  of  Mansfield,  Connecticut.  II 13  (M  M),  Sarah  Baasett. 


136  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Ill  1,  Lucretia  (died  at  13  years  of  age)  and  Lucretia  Morris  (born  1763).  Ill  2,  Henry 
Morris,  was  a  prisoner  of  war  on  the  Jersey.  Ill  3,  Simeon  Morris,  a  midshipman.  Ill  4, 
Benjamin  Morris,  disappeared  in  the  War  of  1812.  Ill  5,  William  and  Adolphus.  Ill  6,  Samuel 
(born  1774)  and  Ebenezer  Morris  (born  1778).  Fraternity  of  F:  III  7,  George  Morris  (born 
1763),  went  to  England  and  was  probably  lost  at  sea.  Ill  8,  Samuel  Morris  (born  1767),  re- 
moved to  Otsego,  New  York.  Ill  9,  Rufus  Morris  (born  Scituate,  Rhode  Island,  1772),  was 
a  farmer  who  moved  to  Florida,  New  York,  where  he  held  the  office  of  supervisor.  In  the  War 
of  1812  he  was  an  officer  in  the  State  troops  and  was  stationed  at  Sacketts  Harbor.  HI  10, 
Pardon  Morris  (1776-1855),  went  to  New  York  State;  a  farmer.  Ill  11,  Lydia  (1779-1793) 
and  Robert  Morris  (1781-1782).  Ill  12,  Lemuel  Morris  (born  1783),  in  1808  was  in  South  America 
and  in  1809-1810  on  the  frigate  President  as  secretary  and  chaplain  to  Captain  Bainbridge.  Then 
he  engaged  in  commercial  business  in  Rio  de  Janeiro.  In  1813  he  was  on  the  Adams,  commanded 
by  Captain  Charles  Morris.  In  August,  as  a  captain  of  the  "Sea  Fencibles"  he  was  stationed 
at  Sandy  Hook.  Later  he  was  again  at  sea,  then  in  France  and  South  America.  Ill  13,  Noadiah 
Morris  (1774-1808),  entered  the  navy  as  secretary  to  Commodore  Talbot  and  served  in  various 
capacities.  In  1803  he  went  to  Tripoli  as  secretary  to  Commodore  Preble.  In  July  1803  he 
became  a  chaplain  in  the  navy  and  in  December  was  appointed  purser.  In  1805  he  was  in  the 
Navy  Department,  but  in  1806,  engaging  in  commercial  enterprises,  he  traded  to  Liverpool  and 
the  Mediterranean,  and  later  to  South  America.  Ill  14,  Mary  Morris  (1786-1865).  Ill  15  (F), 
Charles  Morris  (born  1762),  at  the  age  of  16  years  served  in  the  Continental  army,  then  on  board  a 
privateer.  After  the  war  he  engaged  in  commercial  pursuits,  sailing  to  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America.  In  1799  he  was  a  purser  in  the  old  navy  on  board  the  Baltimore.  In  September  of  that 
year  he  was  elected  to  Congress.  Ill  16  (M),  Miriam  Nichols  (1764-1809).  Ill  17  (consort's  F), 
William  Bowen  (died  1812,  aged  96  years),  an  eminent  physician  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Lucy  Morris,  born  1787.  IV  2,  David  Hopkins  of  Middle- 
bury,  Vermont.  IV  3,  Horace  Morris  (1789-1862),  served  in  the  army  and  navy  (see  text). 

IV  4,  George  Morris  (born  1790),  became  a  captain  of  artillery,  United  States  Army.     IV  5, 
Sarah  Mumford  of  New  York.     IV  6,  Robert  Morris  (1792-1812),  at  the  battle  of  Queenstown, 
October  13,  1812,  was  wounded  in  the  arm,  but  kept  on  with  his  company  until  he  was  killed  in 
action.     IV  7,  Maria  Morris,  born  1802.     IV  8,  Benjamin  Lear.     IV  9  (Propositus},  CHARLES 
MORRIS.     IV  10  (consort),  Harriet  Bowen  (1791-1878).     Fraternity  of  Consort:   IV  11,  William 
Corlis  Bowen,  studied  medicine  and  went  abroad,  where  he  became  interested  in  chemical  pur- 
suits and  finally  lost  his  property  and  his  life  in  experiments. 

V  1,  Robert  S.  Morris  (1822-1839),  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
navy,  December  1837.  He  cruised  to  Africa,  India,  Manila,  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where 
he  died.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  2,  Charles  William  Morris  (1815-1846),  was  appointed  a 
midshipman  of  the  United  States  navy  in  September  1829.  During  the  war  with  Mexico  he 
engaged  in  an  expedition  to  Tobasco  and,  while  going  to  the  assistance  of  a  brother  officer,  was 
mortally  wounded.  V  3,  Caroline  Devons.  V  4,  Harriet  Bowen  Morris,  born  1817.  V  5, 
Dr.  James  Ringgold.  V  6,  Louise  Amory  Morris  (1818-1840).  V  7,  William  Corcoran,  a  phi- 
lanthropist. V  8,  Elizabeth  Morris  (born  1821.)  V  9,  Dr.  John  Fox,  of  the  United  States  navy. 

V  10,  Helen  Maria  Morris  (1822-1843).     V  11,  George  Upham  Morris  (1830-1875),  followed 
the  sea.     V  12,  Robert  Murray  Morris  (1824-1880),  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Mili- 
tary Academy  in  1842.     He  received  the  brevet  of  first  lieutenant  for  gallant  and  meritorious 
conduct  in  the  battle  of  Contreras,  August  1847;  brevet  of  captain  at  Chepultepec;  and  brevet 
lieutenant  colonel  at  Dinwiddie  Court  House,  Virginia,  1865.     V  13,  Maria  Lear  Morris,  born 
1828.     V  14,  Rev.  Thomas  Duncan.     V  15,  William  Bowen  Morris  (1826-1878),  a  physician. 
V  16,  Julia  Howe  Morris,  born  1832.     V  17,  Dr.  S.  Ridout  Addison,  of  the  United  States  navy. 

Children  of  children  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  Lieutenant  Arthur  Watson,  of  the  United  States 
Marine  Corps.  VI  2,  Caroline  Morris  (born  1841).  VI  3,  Charles  Morris  (born  1844),  upon  being 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  and  in 
1867  took  part  in  Hancock's  Indian  expedition.  From  1878  to  1881  he  was  professor  of  military 
science  at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College;  in  1882  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  captain  of 
the  artillery.  VI  4,  Charles  Fox  (born  1851),  a  lieutenant,  United  States  navy.  VI  5,  William 
Fox,  born  1857.  VI  6,  Helen  (1848-1854)  and  Elizabeth  (1853-1880)  Fox.  VI  7,  Murray  (born 
1858)  and  Richard  (born  1868)  Duncan.  VI 8,  William  Duncan  (1859-1876) .  VI 9,  Louis  Duncan 
(born  1861),  an  ensign,  United  States  navy.  V  10,  Charles  Addison  (born  1856),  a  clergyman. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MORRIS,  C.     1880.     Autobiography  of  Commodore  C.  Morris.     Annapolis:  A  Williams  and  Co. 
MORRIS,  J.     1887.     A  Genealogical  and  Historical  Register  of  the  Descendants  of  Edward 

Morris  of  Roxbury,   Massachusetts,  and  Woodstock,  Connecticut.     Hartford:    Case, 

Lockwood  and  Brainard  Co.    xvii  +  406  pp. 


NELSON.  137 

44.  HORATIO  NELSON. 

HORATIO  NELSON  was  born  at  Burnham  Thorpe,  county  of  Norfolk,  England, 
September  29,  1758,  the  fifth  son  of  a  clergyman  in  limited  circumstances.  Two 
stories  told  of  his  childhood  were  significant  for  his  future.  One  winter  day  he  and 
his  elder  brother  were  going  to  school  upon  their  ponies.  The  snow  was  so  deep  as 
to  hinder  their  progress  and  to  lead  them  to  return  home,  where  the  elder  reported 
that  they  could  not  get  on.  It  is  stated  that  the  father  replied:  "If  that  be  so, 
I  have  of  course  nothing  to  say;  but  I  wish  you  to  try  again,  and  I  leave  it  to  your 
honor  not  to  turn  back,  unless  necessary."  On  the  second  attempt  the  elder  brother 
was  for  returning,  but  Horatio  persisted,  repeating  continually:  "Remember  it 
was  left  to  our  honor,"  and  the  difficult  journey  was  successfully  accomplished. 
The  other  story  is  to  the  effect  that  the  master  of  the  school  had  a  fine  pear  tree 
covered  with  ripe  fruit,  which  the  boys  wanted  but  dared  not  pick.  Finally 
Nelson  climbed  the  tree  by  night,  carried  off  the  pears,  gave  them  all  to  his  school- 
mates, and  refused  to  eat  any  of  them,  saying  that  he  had  taken  them  only  because 
the  others  were  afraid.  All  through  life  he  was  picking  the  fruit  of  victory  and 
asking  little  for  himself  except  the  honor. 

When  Horatio  was  12  years  of  age  he  suggested  to  his  father  the  plan  of  going 
to  sea  with  his  mother's  brother,  Captain  Maurice  Suckling,  then  in  command  of 
the  Raisonnable,  64  guns,  and  this  plan  was  carried  out.  His  uncle  having  been 
assigned  to  a  station  on  the  river  Medway  (Thames  estuary)  saw  to  it  that  Horatio 
got  experience  on  the  sea  and  sent  him  on  a  merchantman  to  the  West  Indies. 
His  uncle  next  assigned  him  to  duty  in  the  cutter  and  decked  long-boat  attached 
to  the  war-vessel.  In  charge  of  these  boats  he  became  a  good  pilot  of  the  estuary, 
and  learned  confidence  and  responsibility.  At  about  16  he  went  on  a  north  polar 
expedition.  The  story  is  told  of  his  daring  pursuit  of  a  polar  bear  on  the  ice; 
he  was  saved  from  probable  death  only  by  a  gun  fired  from  the  ship  to  terrify 
the  animal.  Next  he  went,  at  his  urgent  request  and  through  his  uncle's  in- 
fluence, on  a  small  naval  vessel  to  the  East  Indies.  Next  he  served  for  six  months 
in  the  Mediterranean,  and  then  passed  his  examination  as  lieutenant  at  the  age 
of  19  years.  The  young  officer  was  now  attached  to  the  naval  frigate  Lowestoft, 
Captain  William  Locker,  which  went  to  the  Jamaica  station.  He  got  himself 
assigned  to  a  schooner,  tender  of  the  Lowestoft,  and  carefully  studied  all  the  passages 
through  the  keys  north  of  Cuba.  As  Captain  Locker  had  to  return  to  England 
because  of  illness,  he  got  Nelson  transferred  to  the  flagship,  under  Admiral  Sir 
Peter  Parker  —  a  move  of  great  advantage  to  Nelson's  future.  Nelson's  independ- 
ent career  begins  with  his  appointment  as  post  captain  to  the  Hinchiribrook  frigate 
in  June  1779,  in  which  he  cruised  about  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Caribbean  sea. 
He  convoyed  an  expedition  of  500  men  to  Nicaragua;  but,  though  his  duty  was 
done  when  the  troops  were  brought  to  Greytown,  he  took  47  seamen  and  marines 
in  boats  up  the  river,  captured  a  small  outpost  by  storm,  and  urged  that  Fort 
San  Juan  be  reduced  in  the  same  way;  but  the  military  commander  preferred 
the  method  of  siege,  though  this  led  to  delay  and  a  heavy  loss  of  life  from  yellow 
fever,  malaria,  and  dysentery.  Nelson  himself  barely  survived  the  last-named 
disease;  but,  returning  to  England,  was  recovered  by  August  1781  sufficiently 
to  enter  upon  his  appointment  to  the  frigate  Albemarle  for  convoy  duty  in  the 
Baltic  and  after  that  to  Quebec.  Thence  he  went  with  Lord  Hood's  fleet  to  the 
West  Indies  and  shortly  afterwards  home  to  England.  He  then  spent  some  months 
in  France. 


138  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Nelson  was  next,  at  the  age  of  26,  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Boreas 
frigate,  in  which  he  sailed  for  the  West  Indies.  Here  his  breadth  of  view  and 
tenacious  temperament  showed  themselves  markedly.  When  his  ship  entered 
the  French  harbor  at  Martinique  and  did  not  receive  the  proper  salute  from  land, 
Nelson  demanded  and  received  amends;  when  at  Antigua  he  found  a  British 
vessel,  whose  captain  was  junior  to  him,  flying  a  commodore's  pennant  (signifying 
superiority  in  rank  and  command),  he  demanded  the  meaning  of  this.  Informed 
that  the  venerable  captain  who  was  commissioner  of  the  navy  at  the  dockyard 
there  had  so  ordered  it,  Nelson  took  the  ground  that  no  civil  appointee  could 
exercise  naval  command  and  he  refused  to  obey  the  captain's  orders.  Again 
he  insisted  that,  under  the  navigation  laws,  American  merchantmen  could  not 
trade  in  the  West  Indies.  In  this  stand  Nelson  opposed  his  own  easy-going 
admiral  and  the  desires  of  the  governors  and  peoples  of  the  islands;  but  he  was 
technically  correct  and  was  supported  by  the  government.  Here,  at  Nevis,  he 
met  and  married  the  widow  of  Dr.  Josiah  Nisbit. 

After  some  years  of  non-employment  in  the  navy,  Nelson,  now  34  years  of 
age,  was  given  command  of  the  Agamemnon.  This  was  in  1793,  during  the  height 
of  the  French  revolution.  Nelson's  rise  was  henceforth  to  lie  parallel  to  that  of 
Napoleon;  and  the  defeat  of  the  plans  of  the  latter  on  the  sea  was  due  primarily 
to  the  genius  of  the  former.  Nelson  now  entered  the  Mediterranean,  which  was 
to  be  the  scene  of  his  activity  for  the  next  seven  years.  He  helped  in  the  blockade 
and  occupation  of  Toulon  and  cooperated  from  his  squadron  with  the  Austrian 
army  which  was  disputing  Napoleon's  progress  into  Italy  along  the  Riviera.  When 
it  seemed  to  the  admiralty  wisest  to  abandon  the  Mediterranean,  Nelson  evacu- 
ated Bastia,  on  Corsica,  bringing  with  him  all  the  British  property,  despite  the 
resistance  of  the  inhabitants;  and  later  he  effected  the  evacuation  of  Elba.  Under 
Jervis  he  fought  in  the  battle  of  St.  Vincent.  As  his  ship  proceeded  in  battle- 
line,  according  to  orders,  past  the  enemy's  fleet,  he  saw  clearly  that  the  thing  to 
do  was  to  leave  the  battle-line  to  prevent  the  separated  portions  of  the  enemy's 
fleet  from  uniting.  This  he  did,  singlehanded,  without  orders,  and  his  ship  was 
terribly  punished  before  he  was  supported  by  Collingwood  and  others;  but  his 
action  prevented  the  union  of  the  enemy  and  insured  the  greater  victory.  In 
this  engagement  two  of  the  enemy's  ships  had  become  entangled  in  each  other's 
rigging.  Nelson  ran  alongside  of  one  and  boarded  both  of  them,  receiving  the 
swords  of  two  vanquished  Spanish  captains  at  once.  Again  he  had  seen  the  big 
thing  to  do  and  had  done  it.  For  his  gallantry  and  intelligence  he  was  knighted. 
He  next  attempted  to  capture  the  island  of  Teneriffe,  but  was  defeated  and  lost 
his  right  arm  in  the  effort  (July  1797). 

The  way  was  now  prepared  for  Nelson's  three  great  campaigns,  hi  which  he 
showed  his  unrivaled  strategy  and  tactics.  The  first  was  his  campaign  to  inter- 
cept Napoleon's  naval  expedition  to  Egypt.  Though  Napoleon  eluded  him, 
Nelson  found  the  French  fleet  in  Aboukir  bay  as  the  day  was  closing.  Without 
hesitation  he  descended  on  the  fleet  and  fought  into  the  darkness;  and  only  two 
of  the  French  vessels  escaped,  to  yield  to  his  ships  some  months  later. 

Ordered  west,  he  sailed  for  Naples  to  make  repairs.  Here  he  met  Lady 
Hamilton,  his  infatuation  with  whom  persisted  throughout  his  life  and  led  to  the 
divorce  of  his  wife  and  the  scandal  of  England.  At  Naples  he  wasted  much  of 
two  years.  In  1800  he  returned  overland  to  England  in  the  company  of  Sir 
William  and  Lady  Hamilton.  In  the  spring  of  1801  he  was  sent,  under  Admiral 


NELSON.  139 

Sir  Hyde  Parker,  to  destroy  the  confederacy  against  England  (of  Denmark,  Sweden, 
and  Russia)  instigated  by  Napoleon.  When  the  fleet  arrived  at  the  bay  of  Copen- 
hagen the  admiral  regarded  the  enemy  as  impregnable;  but  Nelson  was  per- 
mitted to  attack  with  12  ships-of-the-line  and,  though  his  losses  were  heavy,  he 
won  what  his  fleet  was  sent  for  —  the  dissolution  of  the  confederacy.  Nelson 
was  promptly  given  full  command  over  the  fleet,  relieving  Parker. 

The  third  great  campaign  was  that  against  the  French-Spanish  naval  com- 
bination with  which  Napoleon  planned  to  invade  England.  After  much  effort 
he  finally  succeeded  in  engaging  the  main  fleet  off  Trafalgar,  October  21,  1805. 
He  had  already  carefully  instructed  his  captains  as  to  tactics;  but  on  the  day  of 
battle  the  position  of  the  enemy's  fleet  was  unexpected.  Rapidly  adjusting  his 
tactics  to  meet  the  emergency  and  signaling  "England  expects  that  every  man 
will  do  his  duty,"  he  ordered  Collingwood,  second  in  command,  to  cut  the  enemy's 
line  in  two  near  the  middle  while  Nelson  engaged  the  enemy's  flagship  just  in  front 
of  the  middle.  With  his  27  ships  Nelson  defeated  the  33-ship  fleet  of  the  allies 
and  took  or  destroyed  in  action  18  of  them.  But  Nelson  was  killed  by  a  musket- 
shot  from  the  rigging  of  the  enemy  and  died  on  the  day  of  his  victory. 

In  attempting  to  interpret  the  life-work  of  Nelson  we  do  well  to  consider  the 
words  of  his  greatest  biographer,  Mahan  (1897,  I,  p.  2) : 

"The  man's  self  and  the  man's  work,  what  he  was  and  what  he  did,  the  nature 
which  brought  forth  such  fruits,  the  thoughts  which  issued  in  such  acts,  hopes, 
fears,  desires,  quick  intuitions,  painful  struggles,  lofty  ambitions,  happy  oppor- 
tunities have  blended  to  form  that  luminous  whole,  known  and  seen  of  all,  but 
not  to  be  understood  except  by  the  patient  effort  to  resolve  the  great  result  into 
its  several  rays,  to  separate  the  strands  whose  twisting  has  made  so  strong  a  cord." 

Of  this  "nature"  the  most  striking  characteristic  is  a  dualism  —  on  the  one 
hand  a  prevailing  depression  and  on  the  other  a  tendency  at  times  to  loose  all 
fetters  of  his  spirit  and  exhibit  as  little  control  of  it  as  a  young  child.  In  the  latter 
state  ambition  rises;  fear,  even  reasonable  caution,  disappears;  action  follows 
close  upon  ideas,  and  ideas  often  crowd  one  upon  the  other;  the  output  of  energy, 
of  joy,  of  self-satisfaction  is  extreme;  responsibility  is  readily  assumed.  This 
state  is  that  of  feeble  inhibition;  in  an  extreme  type  of  this  state  "hysterical" 
symptoms  are  shown. 

Nelson  was  often  depressed.  He  repeatedly  writes  in  this  strain.  Thus, 
in  June  1795:  "I  am  out  of  spirits,  although  never  in  better  health."  (Mahan, 
i,  p.  175.)  Some  time  after  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  while  at  Palermo,  he  writes: 
"My  only  wish  is  to  sink  with  honour  into  the  grave,  and  when  that  shall  please 
God,  I  shall  meet  death  with  a  smile.  ...  I  am  ready  to  quit  this  world  of  trouble, 
and  envy  none  but  those  of  the  estate  six  feet  by  two."  Says  Mahan  (i,  413): 
"Mingled  as  these  expressions  were  with  despondent  broodings  over  his  health, 
even  if  the  latter  were  well  founded,  they  are  the  voice  of  a  mind  which  has  lost 
the  string  of  self -content.  The  sense  of  duty  abides,  but  dogged,  cheerless; 
respondent  rather  to  the  force  of  habit  than  to  the  generous  ardor  of  former  days." 
Again,  on  Channel  service,  in  1801,  he  writes  to  Lady  Hamilton:  "My  heart  is 
ready  to  flow  out  of  my  eyes.  I  am  not  unwell  but  I  am  very  low  [i.e.  in  spirits^]. 
I  can  only  account  for  it  by  my  absence  from  all  I  hold  dear  in  this  world"  (Mahan, 
n,  139).  As  a  young  man  of  27,  at  the  island  of  St.  Nevis,  it  was  observed  of  him 
at  a  party:  "He  came  up  just  before  dinner,  much  heated,  and  was  very  silent; 
but  he  seemed,  according  to  the  old  adage,  to  think  the  more.  Having  drunk 


140  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

the  toasts,  he  uniformly  passed  the  bottle,  and  relapsed  into  his  former  taciturnity. 
It  was  impossible  ...  to  make  out  his  real  character;  there  was  such  a  reserve 
and  sternness  in  his  behaviour"  (Mahan,  i,  66). 

In  obvious  contrast  to  the  depressed  state  is  the  active,  self-satisfied,  joyful 
one  which  in  Nelson  often  found  himself.  Of  him  at  the  age  of  22  years  Mahan 
(i,  28)  says:  "His  instinct  .  .  .  was  ever  inclined  to  instant  and  vigorous  action." 
Much  later,  in  1805,  he  suggested  (correctly)  that  Spain  was  contemplating  declar- 
ing war  with  England  and  without  instructions  ordered  a  general  seizure  of  Spanish 
vessels  of  war  and  commerce  throughout  his  station.  And  Mahan  (i,  p.  259) 
adds:  "What  a  wonderful  instinct  it  shows  in  him  that,  with  action  ever  prompt 
to  the  verge  of  precipitancy,  he  made  so  few  blunders  in  deed."  This  promptness 
of  reaction  is  a  hyperkinetic  symptom.  In  such  state  the  inhibitory  mechanism 
seems  to  be  inactive,  and  consideration  of  consequences,  the  weighing  of  advan- 
tages and  disadvantages,  is  omitted.  If  the  hyperkinetic  has  a  good  memory 
of  past  experiences  and  of  historical  incidents  and  is  a  keen  and  sympathetic  ob- 
server, his  "intuitions"  are  corrected  as  they  are  formed  and  his  action  is  generally 
approved.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  hyperkinetic  has  poor  memory  and  obser- 
vation he  is  called  rash,  precipitous,  and  is  generally  regarded  as  dangerous.  Nel- 
son's "intuitions"  were  usually  correct.  It  is  characteristic  of  the  hyperkinetic 
that  he  wants  strongly  to  act  in  accordance  with  his  ideas;  and  if  prevented  he 
becomes  excited.  This  excitation  which  follows  blocking  may  be  regarded  as 
being  biologically  "useful,"  since  in  excitement  the  superrenals  secrete  copiously 
and  their  secretions  strengthen  muscular  contractions,  and  this  added  power  tends 
to  enable  the  excited  person  to  overcome  the  obstacle.  In  Nelson's  case  the  excite- 
ment showed  itself  sometimes  in  the  form  of  impatience.  Having  decided  to  buy 
a  house  in  the  Downs,  he  found  difficulty  in  doing  so.  "As  usual,"  says  Mahan 
(n,  149),  "in  undertakings  of  every  kind,  he  chafed  under  delays."  "[Even] 
'if  the  Devil  stands  at  the  door,'  he  tells  St.  Vincent,  'we  shall  sail  to-morrow 
forenoon.'  The  admiralty  .  .  .  imposed  upon  him  a  delay  under  which  he  chafed 
angrily"  (Mahan,  n,  188).  Angry  outbursts  are,  indeed,  the  next  strongest  symp- 
toms of  excitement.  When  the  admiralty  refused  to  let  him  leave  his  Channel  fleet 
and  come  to  London,  he  breaks  out  angrily:  "'They  are  beasts  for  their  pains/  he 
says:  'it  was  only  depriving  me  of  one  day's  comfort  and  happiness,  for  which  they 
have  my  hearty  prayers.'  His  spleen  breaks  out  in  oddly  comical  ways:  'I  have 
a  letter  from  Troubridge  [of  the  admiralty;  a  former  captain  under  Nelson,  much 
lauded  by  him]  recommending  me  to  wear  flannel  shirts.  Does  he  care  for  me? 
No,  but  never  mind.'  'Troubridge  writes  me,  that  as  the  weather  is  set  hi  fine 
again,  he  hopes  I  shall  get  walks  on  shore.  He  is,  I  suppose,  laughing  at  me;  but 
never  mind.' "  And  these  petulant  remarks  Mahan  (n,  p.  142)  properly  ascribes 
to  "the  excitement  of  baffled  longings."  When  he  lost  the  French  fleet  at  the  West 
Indies  because  of  incorrect  information,  he  wrote  "wrathfully":  "There  would 
have  been  no  occasion  for  opinions  had  not  General  Brereton  sent  his  damned 
intelligence  from  St.  Lucia."  After  the  French  fleet  had  escaped  him  out  of  Toulon 
he  is  described  "as  almost  raving  with  anger  and  vexation"  (Mahan,  n,  289). 

When,  on  the  other  hand,  the  impulse  was  followed  by  action,  the  accom- 
panying emotions  were  in  every  way  agreeable.  The  excitement  of  doing  weak- 
ened the  inhibitions,  and  further  action  followed  easily  and  pleasurably.  It  is 
stated  by  Southey  that  in  battle  Nelson  became  animated  and  even  jovial.  Says 


NELSON.  141 

Mahan  (n,  52):  "The  exultant  delight  unquestionably  felt  by  Nelson  in  battle 
did  not  indicate  insensibility  to  danger,  or  to  its  customary  effects  upon  men, 
but  resulted  from  the  pleasurable  predominance  of  other  emotions  which  accepted 
danger  and  the  startling  tokens  of  its  presence  as  the  accompaniments,  that  only 
enhanced  the  majesty  of  the  part  he  was  called  upon  to  play."  At  the  battle  of 
Copenhagen  his  superior  officer  signaled  him  to  leave  off  action.  "Leave  off 
action!"  he  repeated,  and  then  added,  with  a  shrug,  "'Now  damn  me  if  I  do!' 
He  also  observed,  I  believe  to  Captain  Foley,  'You  know,  Foley,  I  have  only  one 
eye  —  I  have  a  right  to  be  blind  sometimes/  and  then  with  an  archness  peculiar 
to  his  character,  putting  the  glass  to  his  blind  eye,  he  exclaimed,  'I  really  do  not 
see  the  signal.'"1 

This  capacity  for  full  expression  of  his  impulses  and  emotions  is  thus  due  to 
the  circumstance  that  at  times  his  inhibitions  were  feeble.  All  sorts  of  emotions 
at  such  times  were  on  the  surface;  repression  was  weak.  Thus  he  often  expressed, 
naively,  his  longing  for  glory  and  distinction.  One  of  his  friends,  Lord  Radstock, 
states:  "A  perpetual  thirst  of  glory  was  ever  raging  within  him"  (Mahan,  I,  152). 
While  defending  the  Channel  he  writes  to  St.  Vincent:  "I  feel  myself,  my  dear 
Lord,  as  anxious  to  get  a  medal  or  a  step  in  the  peerage  as  if  I  had  never  got  either. 
If  I  succeeded,  and  burnt  the  Dutch  fleet,  probably  medals  and  an  earldom."  Be- 
fore going  into  battle  in  the  Mediterranean  days  he  writes:  "Before  this  time 
to-morrow  I  shall  have  gained  a  peerage  or  Westminster  Abbey."  To  this  love 
of  glory,  vanity  is  closely  allied.  Of  the  period  about  1796  Mahan  (i,  256)  writes: 
"Already  at  times  his  consciousness  of  distinction  among  men  betrays  something 
of  that  childlike,  delighted  vanity,  half  unwitting,  which  was  afterward  forced  into 
exuberant  growth  and  distasteful  prominence  by  the  tawdry  flatteries  of  Lady 
Hamilton  and  the  Court  of  Naples." 

This  abundant  emotional  output  is  seen  in  his  love  affairs.  At  the  age  of  24 
years  in  Canada,  he  fell  desperately  in  love  with  a  fair  Canadian  and  would  impru- 
dently have  offered  to  marry  her  had  not  a  cool-headed  friend  successfully  inter- 
vened. A  year  later  in  Paris  he  met  a  young  Englishwoman,  had  an  exaggerated 
sense  of  her  good  qualities,  writes  "the  most  accomplished  woman  my  eyes  ever 
beheld,"  and  asks  for  money  to  enable  him  to  marry;  but  the  lady  seems  to  have 
refused  him.  At  the  age  of  27  years  he  met  a  young  widow  at  Nevis,  West  Indies, 
and  married  her.  Later,  after  the  battle  of  the  Nile,  he  became  enamored  of  Lady 
Hamilton,  a  woman  with  a  disreputable  past,  and  lived  with  her  publicly,  causing  his 
wife  to  divorce  him.  "Principle  apart, — and  principle  wholly  failed  him, — all  else," 
says  Mahan  (i,  67)  "that  most  appeals  to  a  man's  self-respect  and  regard  for  the 
esteem  of  others  was  powerless  to  exert  control.  Loyalty  to  friendship,  the  sanctity 
which  man  is  naturally  fain  to  see  in  the  woman  he  loves,  and,  in  Nelson's  own 
case,  a  peculiar  reluctance  to  wound  another — all  these  were  trampled  under  foot, 
and  ruthlessly  piled  on  the  holocaust  which  he  offered  to  her  whom  he  worshipped." 
This  is  the  natural  reaction  where  the  inhibition  —  the  self-control  —  is  weak. 

Nelson  showed  strong  religious,  emotional  output,  perhaps  not  to  be  wondered 
at  in  the  son  of  a  minister.  This  is  strongest  at  times  of  great  excitement.  After 
the  battle  of  the  Nile  he  began  his  dispatch:  "Almighty  God  has  blessed  His 
Majesty's  arms."  As  he  is  departing  for  his  last  sea  voyage,  ending  in  Trafalgar, 
he  writes  in  his  diary:  "May  the  great  God  whom  I  adore  enable  me  to  fulfill  the 

1  Statement  by  Colonel  William  Stewart,  in  Mahan,  n,  90. 


142  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

expectations  of  my  country;  and  if  it  is  His  good  pleasure  that  I  should  return, 
my  thanks  will  never  cease  being  offered  up  to  the  Throne  of  His  mercy,  etc." 
(Mahan,  n,  335).  His  ship's  chaplain,  who  was  also  his  confidential  secretary, 
said:  "He  was  a  thorough  clergyman's  son  —  I  should  think  he  never  went  to  bed 
or  got  up  without  kneeling  down  to  say  his  prayers."  He  always  had  divine  service 
on  shipboard  whenever  the  weather  permitted  (Mahan,  u,  160). 

A  part  of  this  same  emotional  output  was  his  strong  expression  of  affection 
for  his  men  and  fellow-officers.  This  was  characteristic.  When  his  squadron 
was  striving  to  beat  the  French  fleet  to  the  West  Indies  he  wrote  to  the  captain  of 
the  slowest  ship  not  to  worry,  he  appreciated  that  his  ship  was  doing  all  it  could. 
When,  on  the  eve  of  the  battle  of  Trafalgar,  he  happened  to  learn  that  a  midship- 
man had  forgotten  to  post  his  letter  on  the  naval  frigate  that  was  already  under 
way  for  England,  he  had  the  frigate  recalled  to  take  the  letter.  Such  thoughtful- 
ness  for  his  men  won  their  loyalty  and  their  enthusiastic  support  in  the  battles 
planned  by  him. 

To  the  superficial  observer  Nelson  thus  appears  as  a  strange  contradiction. 
Lord  Minto  wrote  of  him:  "He  is  in  many  points  a  really  great  man,  in  others 
a  baby."  The  childish  reaction  of  an  adult  is  often  referred  to  as  the  criterion  of 
hysteria;  and  Nelson's  behavior,  at  times,  seems  to  fit  more  nearly  that  category 
than  any  other.  The  emotional  characteristic  of  the  hysterical  is  lack  of  control  — 
easy  excitability,  with  show  of  vanity,  joy,  affection,  religion;  but  also  sometimes 
overactive  drive  and  fearlessness  of  consequences.  On  the  physical  side  the  hys- 
terical often  show  temporarily  numb  areas  on  the  skin  or  they  suffer  temporary 
paralysis.  Such  symptoms  Nelson  repeatedly  suffered.  After  his  trip  to  India 
(1776)  he  for  some  time  lost  the  use  of  his  limbs.  This  happened  again  in  1780. 
He  writes  in  1781:  "I  have  now  perfect  use  of  all  my  limbs,  except  my  left  arm, 
which  I  can  hardly  tell  what  is  the  matter  with  it.  From  the  shoulder  to  my 
fingers'  ends  are  as  if  half  dead."  In  1801,  on  duty  in  the  English  Channel,  he 
writes:  "I  have  all  night  had  a  fever,  which  is  very  little  abated  this  morning; 
my  mind  carries  me  beyond  my  strength,  and  will  do  me  up;  but  such  is  my  nature. 
I  require  nursing  like  a  child"  (Mahan,  n,  139).  He  was  apparently  at  other  times 
subject  to  such  fevers,  which  resembled  the  so-called  hysteric  fevers  that  follow 
great  excitement. 

Nelson  was  not  only  extraordinary  temperamentally,  but  also  intellectually. 
As  Mahan  (i,  83)  says:  "Good  generalship,  on  its  intellectual  side,  is  simply  the 
application,  to  the  solution  of  a  military  problem,  of  a  mind  naturally  gifted  there- 
for, and  stored  with  experience,  either  personal  or  of  others."  Now,  Nelson's 
education,  like  that  of  most  midshipmen  who  enlisted  at  12  years  of  age,  was 
unsystematic,  and  he  never  learned  to  express  himself  well  in  writing;  but  despite 
this  he  had  the  mental  qualities  of  a  "great  intellect."  His  memory  was  tena- 
cious, his  observation  close  and  constant,  and  he  acquired  knowledge  by  extensive 
intercourse  with  men  and,  like  Napoleon  I,  by  provoking  others  to  debate  and 
listening  to  the  discussion  (Mahan,  n,  233).  He  also,  especially  in  his  hypo- 
kinetic  moods,  thought  deeply  and  his  mind  naturally  saw  relations  of  cause  and 
effect.  Hence  he  was  able  to  become  a  great  strategist.  At  30,  even,  he  impressed 
the  home  office  with  the  "justice  and  correctness  of  his  views,  the  result,  as  they 
were,  of  reflection  based  upon  a  mastery  of  the  data  involved."  He  showed  great 
capacity  in  diplomacy.  At  Naples,  in  1793,  he  knew  that  troops  were  wanted  at 


NELSON.  143 

Toulon  and  secured,  without  the  knowledge  of  his  superior  officer,  the  promise 
of  6,000  Italians  to  meet  this  need.  In  Corsica,  when  the  relations  between  the 
general  and  admiral  became  strained,  he  was  the  intermediary  who  secured  the 
desired  cooperation.  It  was  so  throughout  life.  His  own  affectionate,  winning 
nature,  his  pertinacity,  and  thorough  insight  into  the  motives  of  men  added  to  his 
success.  The  hypokinetic  man  is  the  intellectual  ruminant,  the  philosopher, 
because  in  that  state  grosser  movements  are  inhibited  and  there  is  time  to  think. 
Nelson's  depressed  states  made  him  a  strategist  and  statesman;  his  excited  states 
made  him  a  tactician  and  fighter. 

The  advantage  of  Nelson's  hysteroidal,  feebly^inhibited  temperament  for  a  great 
naval  fighter  is  shown  in  the  battle  of  Copenhagen  in  contrast  with  the  calm, 
deliberate  (normal)  temperament  of  Sir  Hyde  Parker,  who  was  in  command  of 
the  expedition.  Parker  was  very  doubtful  of  the  feasibility  of  attacking  the  enemy's 
strong  force  in  Copenhagen  harbor,  but  permitted  Nelson  to  go  with  12  battle- 
ships up  close  to  the  Danish  ships  and  batteries;  and  against  these  Nelson  fought 
so  successfully  that  the  Danes  readily  agreed  to  an  armistice  on  terms  practically 
of  Nelson's  dictation.  The  calm  Parker,  meantime,  stands  with  the  main  fleet 
some  5  to  4  miles  out  and,  without  having  fired  a  gun  himself,  signals  Nelson  in 
the  midst  of  the  battle  to  leave  off  action  —  a  signal  which  Nelson  deliberately 
disobeys.  Nelson  was  able  to  throw  precaution  and  other  minor  considerations 
to  the  wind  in  the  excitement  of  the  anticipated  battle;  but  Parker  could  not  do 
so  and  remained  inactive. 

Three  other  traits  of  Nelson  remain  to  be  discussed  —  ambition,  sense  of  duty, 
and  pertinacity: 

Ambition.  —  The  desire  to  excel  arises  from  love  of  esteem,  an  amour  propret 
a  dislike  to  be  considered  inferior.  In  extreme  cases  it  leads,  by  perversion,  to 
a  desire  for  power  and  supremacy  at  any  cost.  The  instinct  to  be  first,  doubtless, 
is  a  part  of  the  sexual  instinct.  It  shows  itself  in  male  animals  which  fight  for 
leadership  in  the  herd;  such  leadership  gives  them  the  choice  in  matings.  It 
shows  itself  in  females  which  make  themselves  as  attractive  as  possible  in  order 
to  secure  attention  from  the  males.  It  was  strong,  but  not  to  a  perverted  degree, 
in  Nelson.  As  a  lad  he  would  not  be  turned  back  from  going  to  school  by  the 
deep  snow,  as  his  father  relied  on  his  honor  to  get  through  if  possible.  While 
second  lieutenant,  the  captain  called  for  volunteers  to  board  a  captured  prize  when 
the  sea  was  running  high.  The  first  lieutenant  failed  in  the  attempt;  Nelson 
succeeded  and  his  success  gave  him  the  keenest  satisfaction.  Nelson  expressed 
himself  as  "determined  to  climb  to  the  top  of  the  tree"  and  neglected  no  chance, 
however  slight,  that  could  help  him  on.  Of  this  work  at  San  Juan  in  Nicaragua 
he  says:  "I  made  batteries  and  afterwards  fought  them  and  was  the  principal 
cause  of  our  success."  Thus  he  shows  a  naive,  almost  childlike  delight  in  his  own 
performances,  which,  indeed,  he  had  not  overstated.  When  on  the  North  Atlantic 
station,  after  the  American  Revolution,  he  desired  to  be  transferred  to  a  squadron 
going  to  Jamaica,  his  chief  reminded  him  that  where  he  was  was  a  good  place  to 
make  prize  money.  "Yes,"  he  replied,  "but  the  West  Indies  is  the  station  for 
honor"  (Mahan,  I.  37);  and  he  said  on  another  occasion:  "True  honor,  I  hope, 
predominates  in  my  mind  far  above  riches."  Thus  Nelson's  ambition  and  insight 
combined  led  him  to  prefer  the  supremacy  of  achievement  by  daring  and  national 
aggrandizement  to  the  supremacy  of  wealth. 


144  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

Sense  of  duty.  —  This  is  closely  related  to  ambition.  In  Nelson's  case  it  was 
the  appreciation  of  the  fact  that  he  must  subordinate  the  immediate  gratification 
to  larger  interests.  As  he  tells  his  betrothed:  "Duty  is  the  great  business  of  a 
sea  officer  —  all  private  considerations  must  give  way  to  it,  however  painful  it 
is."  Again,  he  writes  to  his  wife:  "I  have  pride  in  doing  my  duty  well,  and  a 
self-approbation,  which  if  it  is  not  so  lucrative,  yet  perhaps  affords  more  pleasing 
sensations"  (Mahan,  i,  133).  His  last  signal  at  Trafalgar  before  "close  action" 
was  "England  expects  every  man  will  do  his  duty,"  and  his  last  words:  "Thank 
God,  I  have  done  my  duty;  God  and  my  country." 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  his  devotion  to  duty  did  bring  him  that  fame  which  he 
idolized.  If  devotion  to  duty  and  fame  did  not  achieve  the  end  of  a  eugenical 
mating  it  was  because  a  certain  feebleness  in  the  inhibition  of  the  sex  impulse 
led  him  to  marry  before  he  had  acquired  fame.  It  did  make  possible  a  later  ille- 
gitimate mating,  with  Lady  Hamilton,  at  a  higher  social  level  than  the  first,  and 
its  product  was  Horatia,  his  only  child  who  survived  infancy. 

Strength  and  tenacity  of  convictions.  —  This  trait  is  a  part  of  the  depressed 
temperament.  The  hyperkinetics  readily  and  quickly  change  their  ideas  and 
even  ideals,  but  the  hypokinetics  are  tenacious  of  them.  Nelson  said:  "I  feel 
I  am  perfectly  right,  and  you  know  upon  these  occasions  I  am  not  famous  for 
giving  up  a  point."  As  a  captain  in  the  West  Indies  he  disputed  the  right  of  a 
civil  officer — "Commissioner  of  the  Navy"  —  to  fly  the  commodore's  pennant 
and  to  give  him  orders,  and  insisted  on  this  principle.  "Under  a  conviction 
of  right  he  throughout  life  feared  no  responsibility  and  shrank  from  no  conse- 
quences" (Mahan,  p.  52).  He  stuck  to  his  conviction  that  American  ships,  after 
the  Revolution,  had  no  right  to  trade  in  the  British  West  Indies,  although  in  doing 
so  he  opposed  his  naval  superior  and  the  civil  governments  of  the  islands.  Finally 
the  courts  decided  that  his  contention  was  correct.  These  instances  are  char- 
acteristic of  his  reactions  throughout  life. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  origin  of  the  constitutional  traits  which  determined 
Nelson's  reactions.  We  look  with  interest  for  the  traits  of  Nelson's  descendants, 
and  here  we  find  few  data.  Of  Horatia,  generally  regarded  as  his  daughter  by  Lady 
Hamilton,  it  was  observed  by  Nelson,  Grenville,  and  Hamilton:  "Horatia  is  like  her 
mother;  will  have  her  own  way,  or  kick  up  a  devil  of  a  dust."  This  insistence  upon 
carrying  out  ideas  was,  of  course,  strongly  seen  at  times  in  Nelson  also.  Horatia 
married  Philip  Ward  and  had  a  son,  Nelson  Ward,  about  whom  details  are  wanting. 

Nelson's  fraternity  comprised  11,  of  whom  3  died  in  infancy.  Besides  Horatio 
there  were: 

Maurice,  born  in  1753,  who  secured  through  the  assistance  of  his  mother's 
brother,  Captain  Maurice  Suckling,  a  comptroller  of  the  navy,  a  position  as  clerk 
in  the  navy  office.  Maurice  was  rather  apt  to  be  in  debt  and  difficulties,  from  which 
he  was  once  rescued  by  Horatio.  It  was  not  until  he  was  over  40  that  his  father 
was  able  to  write:  "He  has  the  income  of  a  gentleman"  (Matcham,  1911,  p.  126). 
In  1801  he  was  promoted  to  the  principal  seat  in  the  naval  office  and  great  regret 
was  felt  when  he  died,  childless,  shortly  after. 

Susannah  (1755-1813),  who  married,  hi  1780,  Thomas  Bolton.  She  had  a 
cheerful,  affectionate,  plucky  temperament.  She  had  2  sons  and  4  daughters. 
Of  the  sons  Thomas  became  the  second  Earl  Nelson  and  had  many  descendants, 
including  Rear  Admiral  Maurice  Horatio  Nelson  (1832-1906).  George  died  at 
sea  at  the  age  of  12  years. 


NELSON.  145 

William  (1757-1835),  who  was  an  M.  A.  of  Christ  College,  Cambridge,  became 
rector  of  Little  Brandon,  1773.  In  1784  he  tried  sea-life  as  chaplain  on  his  brother's 
ship  Boreas,  but  not  caring  for  the  life  he  left  after  a  voyage  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land, "thereafter  living  quietly  and  snugly"  (Matcham,  1911,  p.  20).  He  settled 
on  the  family  advowson  of  Hilborough,  was  a  prebendary  of  Canterbury  and  a 
doctor  of  divinity.  On  the  death  of  the  admiral  he  became  the  first  Earl  of  Nelson 
and  immediately  assumed  an  attitude  of  ungraciousness  that  led  to  a  temporary 
estrangement  from  his  sisters.  His  only  son  died  suddenly  at  the  age  of  20.  His 
daughter  Charlotte  inherited  the  title,  from  the  admiral,  of  Duchess  of  Bronte"  and 
married  the  second  Baron  Bridport,  great-nephew  of  Admiral  Alexander  Hood. 
Despite  this  union  of  the  strains  of  two  of  England's  greatest  admirals,  neither 
her  son  Alexander  nor  any  of  her  6  grandsons  showed  exceptional  performance. 

Anne  (1762-1783),  who  died  in  her  twenty-first  year  after  nine  days'  illness, 
due  to  coming  out  of  a  ballroom  immediately  after  dancing.  (Matcham,  1911,  20.) 

Edmund  (1762-1790),  who  was  unenterprising  and  unsuccessful.  He  joined 
in  partnership  with  his  sister  Susannah's  husband  in  various  undertakings,  and 
died,  unmarried,  of  tuberculosis. 

Suckling  (1764-1799),  who  was  "silent  and  reserved,"  good-natured,  indolent, 
and  fond  of  sport.  He  tried  business  with  no  success,  was  constantly  hi  financial 
difficulties,  and  yet  he  was  easily  influenced  for  good.  He  took  holy  orders,  was 
his  father's  curate,  and  died  when  still  young  and  unmarried. 

Catherine  (1767-1842),  the  "Kitty"  of  Nelson  and  his  favorite  sister,  who 
was  the  most  like  him  of  any  of  the  family  —  warm-hearted,  energetic,  petulant 
at  times,  thorough  and  content  in  domestic  life,  and  constantly  interested  in  men 
and  things.  In  1787  she  married  George  Matcham  (1753-1833),  who  was  born 
in  Bombay,  where  his  father  was  superintendent  of  the  marine  of  the  East  India 
Company.  Sent  early  to  London  to  school,  Matchman  entered  the  service  of  the 
company  in  India,  traveled  extensively,  went  from  India  to  England  overland,  and 
finally  settled  in  England,  1785,  as  a  country  gentleman,  being  especially  interested 
in  inventions  and  public  improvements.  Of  their  three  sons,  two  attained  some 
success  in  the  law  and  one  migrated  to  Australia,  where  he  died. 

Thus  it  appears  that  all  four  of  Nelson's  brothers  were  without  the  drive 
that  characterized  him;  indeed,  they  were  somewhat,  or  even  strikingly,  indolent 
and  from  them  all  was  descended  only  one  child,  a  daughter,  who  survived  to  marry. 
The  sisters  were  livelier  and  two  of  them  had  descendants;  but  these  descendants 
apparently  showed  few  traits  of  the  admiral.  It  would  be  interesting  to  learn 
more  about  Catherine's  son,  whose  migration  to  Australia  suggests  a  love  of  new 
scenes  and  perhaps  ambition.1 

On  the  paternal  side  Lord  Nelson  is  said  to  have  come  from  a  family  of  clergy- 
men. His  father,  Rev.  Edmund  Nelson  (1722-1802),  is  shown  by  his  letters 
(Matcham,  1911)  to  be  a  gentle,  sweet-tempered  English  gentleman,  interested 
affectionately  in  the  affairs  of  his  numerous  children,  who  were  early  bereft  of  their 

1  Female  lines  in  which  a  future  admiral  may  arise  are:  1,  daughters  of  Susanna:  a,  Catherine, 
who  married  (1803)  Capt.  Sir  William  Bolton,  Royal  Navy;  b,  Elizabeth,  who  married 
Rev.  Henry  Girdlestone;  2,  daughters  of  Catherine:  a,  Catherine,  who  married  (1820) 
John  Bendyshe,  lieutenant, Royal  Navy,  of  Cambridgeshire,  and  had  5  sons  and  4  daugh- 
ters; b,  Elizabeth,  who  married  (1824)  Arthur  Davies,  post  captain,  Royal  Navy; 
c,  Harriet,  who  married  (1819)  Edward  Blanckley,  captain,  Royay  Navy;  d,  Horatia 
who  married  (1826)  Henry  W.  Mason,  lieutenant,  Royal  Navy;  and  e,  Susannah,  who 
married,  1832,  Alexander  M.  Moore,  of  County  Tyrone. 


146  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

mother.  He  brought  up  his  children  with  gentleness  and  religious  instruction 
and  followed  them  with  frequent  letters.  To  his  boys  he  used  to  say:  "Remem- 
ber, I  leave  it  to  your  honor."  He  won  respect  and  affection  from  all.  He  was 
of  a  contented  nature,  but  somber  rather  than  jolly.  Ambition,  drive,  dash, 
statesmanship  were  not  his  traits.  His  constitution  was  weak  and  sickly.  His 
only  brother  died  unmarried;  one  of  his  sisters  married  Rev.  John  Goulty,  rector 
of  Hilborough,  and  their  grandson  was  Robert  Monsey,  Lord  Cranworth,  a  leading 
legal  light,  noted  for  his  sound  sense.  The  father's  father,  Edmund  Nelson  (1693- 
1747),  was  rector  of  Hilborough,  Norfolk,  and  was  without  distinctive  char- 
acteristics. Two  of  Horatio's  first  cousins  on  the  Nelson  side  were  clergymen. 
The  father's  mother  was  Mary,  daughter  of  John  Bland  of  Cambridge,  gentleman, 
and  sister  to  a  chaplain  of  the  Duke  of  Encaster.  Thus,  the  paternal  side  shows 
no  example  of  the  striking  traits  revealed  by  the  great  admiral. 

Let  us  examine  the  maternal  side.  His  mother  was  Catherine  Suckling, 
a  woman  of  "some  force  of  character"  (Moorhouse,  1913,  p.  9).  Her  brother, 
Captain  Maurice  Suckling,  was  an  ambitious  naval  fighter;  as  we  have  seen, 
he  married  a  distant  cousin,  Mary  Walpole,  but  I  have  no  record  of  any  children. 
Another  brother,  William,  had  a  grandson,  William  B.  Suckling,  who  became  a 
rear  admiral. 

The  mother's  father  was  Rev.  Maurice  Suckling,  D.  D.,  of  whom  I  have  no 
further  data.  His  brother  Robert  had  a  great  grandson,  Maurice,  who  was  hi  the 
Royal  Navy. 

The  mother's  mother  was  Anne  Turner,  of  whose  traits  there  is  no  infor- 
mation, but  her  mother  was  Mary  Walpole,  the  sister  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  (1676- 
1745),  England's  great  prime  minister,  created  first  Earl  of  Orford.  On  this  side, 
then,  we  find  ambition,  great  capacity  for  work,  and  the  hyperkinetic  drive. 
Another  brother  of  Mary  was  Gilfridus  Walpole  (1683-1726),  who  commanded 
the  Lion,  of  60  guns,  in  a  gallant  action  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  1711.  He  died 
at  the  age  of  43  years.  Here  we  see  a  possible  nomadic  trait,  love  of  adventure, 
and  capacity  for  naval  fighting. 

While  the  gene  for  nomadism  is  sex-linked  and  may  be  carried  in  eggs  through 
generations,  but  not  in  male  zygotes,  this  is  not  true  of  the  genes  for  hyperkinesis. 
Since  there  is  no  evidence  of  a  hyperkinetic  temperament  hi  either  parent,  or 
even  in  the  four  grandparents,  it  seems  probable  that  in  Nelson  that  inhibition 
to  danger,  which  is  so  marked  in  other  members  of  the  family,  was  prevented 
by  a  dominant  mutation  that  permitted  the  weakening  of  such  inhibitory 
mechanism. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  HORATIO   NELSON. 

II  (M  F  F  F),  Robert  Suckling,  high  sheriff  of  Norfolk.  12  (M  F  F  M),  Anne  Wode- 
house.  13  (M  M  M  F),  Robert  Walpole  (1650-1700),  a  prominent  Whig  in  Parliament.  I  4 
(M  M  M  M),  Mary  Burwell,  daughter  of  Sir  Jeffrey  Burwell. 

I  1  (M  F  F),  Robert  Suckling,  high  sheriff  of  Norfolk.  II  2  (M  F  M),  Sarah  Skelton. 
II  3  (M  M  F),  Sir  Charles  Turner,  died  1738.  II  4  (M  M  M),  Mary  Walpole,  died  1711.  Fra- 
ternity of  M  M  M:  II,  5  Robert  Walpole,  first  Earl  of  Orford  (1676(1745),  the  celebrated  prime 
minister  of  England.  II  6,  Horatio  Walpole  (1678-1757),  a  diplomat  of  the  first  class.  II  7, 
Galfridus  Walpole,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

Fraternity  of  M  F:  III  1,  Robert  Suckling.  Ill  2,  Dorothy  Berney.  Ill  3  (M  F),  Rev. 
Maurice  Suckling.  Ill  4  (M  M),  Anne  Turner,  died  1768.  Ill  5  (F  F),  Rev.  Edmund  Nelson 
(1693-1747).  Ill  6  (F  M),  Mary  Bland.  Fraternity  of  F  M:  III  7,  Rev.  John  Bland.  Ill  8, 
Bryant  Bland. 


NELSON. 


147 


IV  1,  Richard  Suckling.     IV  2,  Anne  Kibert.     Fraternity  of  M:   IV  3,  Maurice  Suckling, 
of  the  Royal  Navy.     IV  4,  William  Suckling.     IV  5,  Elizabeth  Browne.     IV  6  (M),  Catherine 
Suckling  (1725-1767).     IV  7  (F),  Rev.  Edmund  Nelson  (1722-1802).     IV  10,  Rev.  John  Goulty. 

V  1,  Robert  Suckling  (died  1812),  of  the  army.     V  2, 
Susanna  Webb.     V  3,  Colonel  William  Suckling  (born  1762). 
V  5,  Thomas  Bolton.    Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  6,  Susanna 
Nelson  (1755-1813).     V  7,  Anne  Nelson  (1762-1783).     V  9, 
Maurice  Nelson  (born  1753),  a  clerk  in  the  Navy  Office. 
V  10,  William  Nelson  (1757-1833),  a  rector.    V  11,  Sarah 
Yonge.    V  12,  Catherine  Nelson  (1767-1842).    V  13,  George 
Matcham   (1753-1833),  in   the  service  of  the  East  India 
Company.      V  14,    Edmund    Nelson    (1762-1790).     V  15, 
Suckling   Nelson    (1764-1799),   a  curate.      V  16   (consort), 
Frances  Woodward.  V  17  (Propositus),  HORATIO  NELSON. 

V  18,  Lady  Hamilton. 

VI  1,  Robert  George  Suckling,  a  captain,  Royal  Artil- 
lery.   VI  2,  Maurice  Suckling  (died  1820),  of  the  Royal  Navy. 
VI 3,    Rev.    John    Suckling.     VI  4,  Anna  Maria   Suckling 
(1765-1848).     VI  5,  Sir  Charles  Burrard    (1793-1870),  an 
admiral    of  the  Royal    Navy.     VI  6,    Louisa   Lushington. 

VI  7,   William  Benjamin  Suckling,  a  rear  admiral.     VI  9, 
Catherine  Bolton.     VI  10,  Sir  William  Bolton,  of  the  Royal 
Navy.     VI  11,  Elizabeth  Anne  Bolton.     VI  12,  Rev.  Henry 
Girdlestone.     VI  13,   Thomas   Bolton  (1786-1835),  second 
Earl  Nelson.     VI  14,  Frances  Eyre.    VI  15,  George  Bolton 
(1787-1799),  died  at  sea.     VI 17,  Charlotte  Nelson.    VI  18, 
Samuel,  second  Lord  Bridport.    VI  19,  Catherine  Matcham. 
VI  20,  John  Bendyshe,  a  lieutenant,  Royal  Navy.     VI  21, 
Elizabeth  Matcham.     VI  22,  Arthur  Davies,  a  post  captain, 
Royal  Navy.     VI  23,    Harriet  Matcham.     VI  24,  Edward 
Blanckley,  a  captain,  Royal  Navy.    VI 25,  Horatio  Matcham. 
VI  26,  Henry  Mason,  a  lieutenant,   Royal   Navy.     VI  27, 
Susannah   Matcham.     VI   28,    Alexander    Moore.     VI  29, 
George  Matcham  (born  1789),  a  lawyer  and  author.    VI  30, 
Charles  Horatio  Matcham  (1806-1844),  went  to  Australia. 
VI  31,    Nelson    Matcham   (1811-1886),  a  barrister-at-law. 

VI  32,  Horatia  Nelson.    VI  33,  Philip  Ward.    VI  43,  Robert 
Monsey,  Lord  Cranworth. 

VII 1,  Emily  Burrard.  VII 2,  Maurice 
Horatio  Bolton  (1832-1906),  a  rear  admiral. 

VII  3,  Horatio  Bolton,  third  Lord  Nelson. 
VII  4,  John  Horatio  Bolton  (born  1825), 
vicar  of  Scottow.     VII  5,   Rev.  Edward 
Bolton  (1833-1859).    VII  6,  William  Henry 
Bolton     (1835-1863).     VII    8,    Alexander 
Nelson   Hood,    first  Viscount  Bridport,  a 
colonel    of  the    Scots   Guards.      VII  11, 
Richard  Bendyshe  (born  1822),  a  curate. 
VII 14,  Henry  D.  Blanckley,  became  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy  in  1844.    VII  15,  Alex- 
ander Moore  (born  1833),  a  general. 

VIII 1,  Maurice  Henry  Horatio  Bolton 
(born  1864),  a  commander  of  the  Royal 
Navy.  VIII  2,  Rev.  Edward  John  Bolton 
(born  1867).  VIII  3,  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Charles  Burrard  Bolton,  born  1868.  VIII 
4,  Horatio  William  Bolton  (born  1871), 
registrar  of  the  supreme  court,  Ceylon. 


148  HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BTJEKE,   SIR  B.,  and  A.     1909.      A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and 

Baronetage.     London:  Harrison  and  Sons.     2570  pp. 
BURKE,  SIR  B.     1914.     A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Landed  Gentry  of  Great 

Britain.     London:   Harrison.     2102  pp. 

CALLENDER,  G.    1912.    The  Life  of  Nelson.    London:  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.    xxxviii  +  154  pp. 
MAHAN,  A.     1897.     Life  of  Nelson.     Boston:   Little  and  Brown.     2  vols. 

MATCHAM,  M.    1911.   The  Nelsons  of  Burnham  Thorpe.   London  and  New  York:  J.  Lane.   306pp. 
MOORHOUSE,  E.  H.     1913.     Nelson  in  England,  A  Domestic  Chronicle.     New  York:    E.  P. 

Button  &  Co.     xi  +  274  pp. 
NELSON,  T.     1908.     A  Genealogical  History  of  the  Nelson  Family  with  an  Introduction  by  the 

Right  Hon.  The  Earl  Nelson.     King's  Lynn:   Thew  and  Son. 

O'BRYNE,  W.     1849.     A  Naval  Biographical  Dictionary.     London:    J.  Murray.     1400  pp. 
RUSSELL,  W.     1890.    Horatio  Nelson  and  the  Naval  Supremacy  of  England.    New  York: 

G.  Putnam's  Sons,    xiv  +  357  pp. 

45.  JEREMIAH  O'BRIEN. 

JEREMIAH  O'BRIEN  was  born  in  1744,  at  Kittery,  Maine.  As  a  young  man 
he  was  engaged  in  lumbering  and  shipping  and  became  a  leader  in  the  town.  In 
June  1775  a  Boston  merchant,  convoyed  by  a  British  armed  schooner  Margaretta, 
appeared  at  Machias  for  lumber.  Having  learned  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  and 
believing  that  the  lumber  would  be  used  to  fortify  the  British  in  Boston,  the  towns- 
people, led  by  the  father  of  the  propositus  (Morris  O'Brien),  at  first  declined  to  sell, 
but  later  agreed  to  exchange  lumber  for  the  needed  provisions  that  the  merchant 
vessel  carried;  but  the  captain  refused  to  sell  food  to  the  leaders  of  the  opposition. 
This,  and  the  demands  of  the  officer  in  charge  of  the  Margaretta  that  the  liberty 
pole  which  the  townspeople  had  erected  should  be  taken  down,  stirred  the  reso- 
lution of  the  patriots.  A  number  of  the  residents  of  nearby  towns  met  at  Morris 
O'Brien's  house  and  decided  to  seize  the  Margaretta.  One  day  a  local  sloop,  the 
Unity,  was  filled  with  townspeople  carrying  various  kinds  of  weapons,  a  small  cannon 
was  mounted  on  the  deck,  six  of  Morris  O'Brien's  sons  went  on  board,  and 
Jeremiah  was  elected  captain.  They  ran  alongside  the  Margaretta,  boarded  and 
captured  her,  and  made  her  officers  and  crew  prisoners.  This  was  the  first  naval 
battle  of  the  Revolution.  When  two  armed  sloops  were  sent  out  from  Halifax, 
to  capture  O'Brien,  he  and  Captain  Foster,  of  the  Machias  Liberty  and  Falmouth 
Packet,  respectively,  captured  the  two  sloops  and  brought  them  both  to  Machias. 
Then  O'Brien  took  his  prisoners  to  Portland  by  vessel  and  thence  to  Cambridge 
overland.  Commissioned  by  the  Massachusetts  provincial  congress,  Jeremiah 
and  John  O'Brien,  commanding  the  Machias  Liberty  and  the  Diligence  (captured 
from  the  British),  respectively,  cruised  for  two  years  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf 
of  Maine  and  captured  various  British  vessels.  In  1780  the  brothers  built  the 
Hannibal,  24  guns,  for  privateering,  but  she  was  captured  by  two  British  frigates 
and  Jeremiah  was  placed  in  the  prison-ship  Jersey.  Taken  to  Plymouth,  England, 
he  escaped  from  prison  and  crossed  the  English  Channel  in  a  boat  propelled  by 
oars.  He  returned  to  Machias,  where  he  remained  the  rest  of  his  life  as  collector 
of  customs.  When,  during  the  War  of  1812,  the  British  officers  searched  his  house, 
he  gave  them  refreshments  and  as  they  toasted  the  king  he  toasted  success  to  the 
American  arms.  He  died  at  Machias,  September  1818. 

Brothers.  —  John  0  'Brien,  born  in  Scarboro,  Maine,  1750,  was  one  of  the 
party  that  on  June  12,  1775,  captured  the  British  armed  schooner  Margaretta  off 
Machias.  He  was  the  first  to  board  the  Margaretta  when  the  Unity  collided  with 


O'BRIEN.  149 

her  and,  as  the  latter  withdrew,  was  left  alone  on  the  enemy's  ship.  Seven  mus- 
kets were  discharged  at  him,  but  he  was  not  hit;  then  they  charged  at  him  with 
bayonets,  but  he  jumped  overboard  and  swam  to  the  Unity  uninjured,  despite 
the  hail  of  balls  from  the  British  vessels.  John  was  made  first  lieutenant  on  the 
Vigilant  after  she  and  the  Machias  Liberty  had  been  fitted  out.  In  1780  he  and 
his  brother  Joseph  built  the  Hannibal,  carrying  24  guns,  for  privateer  service. 
John  captured  important  prizes  in  her  during  her  first  cruise.  As  captain  of 
various  vessels  he  made  numerous  captures  in  the  next  year  or  two.  Once,  chased 
by  a  naval  frigate  into  Long  Island  Sound,  he  ran  up  the  Thames  river  (up  which 
the  frigate  could  not  go  at  night  because  of  her  draft).  He  made  a  sort  of  raft, 
put  lights  upon  it,  and  sent  it  down  the  river  the  same  night;  the  frigate  fired 
at  it  and  sailed  away  concluding  that  it  had  sunk  its  opponent.  After  the  war 
he  settled  in  Newburyport  and  was  ship-owner  and  captain;  was  a  man  of  public 
affairs  and  charitable;  he  exercised  a  large  hospitality  and,  by  his  contemporaries, 
is  said  to  have  had  no  idea  of  the  meaning  of  fear.  He  died  in  1826. 

Gideon,  born  at  Scarboro,  Maine,  January  14,  1746,  was  on  the  Unity  in  her 
capture  of  the  Margaretta,  and  was  a  captain  in  the  Continental  army,  1782,  being 
detailed  at  Machias.  In  1822  he  was  elected  representative  to  the  Maine  legis- 
lature. 

William,  also  one  of  the  Unity  crew,  always  followed  the  sea  and  died  at  Bil- 
boa,  Spain,  1781.  He  married  Lydia  Clarkson  (Widow  Toppan)  in  1790  at  New- 
buryport, and  had  a  daughter,  Lydia,  who  was  the  mother  of  John  Parker  Hale. 
This  grandson  of  William  O'Brien  (born  at  Rochester,  Straff ord  county,  New 
Hampshire,  March  31,  1806)  was  graduated  at  Bowdoin,  1827  and  entered  law 
practice  in  1830  and  the  legislature  in  1832.  In  Congress,  1843-1845,  he  defended 
the  right  of  petition  and  in  1845  he  refused  to  vote  for  the  annexation  of  Texas, 
against  the  direction  of  his  State  legislature.  In  1846  he  was  again  in  the  State 
legislature,  was  made  speaker,  and  six  days  later  elected  to  the  United  States 
Senate.  There  he  was  the  first  and  for  two  years  (1847-1849)  the  only  avowed 
opponent  of  slavery.  He  was  eloquent,  witty,  and  full  of  good  humor,  which 
made  him  liked,  despite  his  views.  Always  a  reformer,  between  1850  and  1852 
he  secured  laws  to  abolish  flogging  and  grog  rations  in  the  navy.  He  declined 
a  presidential  nomination  by  the  Liberty  party  in  1847,  but  accepted  that  of  the 
Freesoilers  in  1852.  In  1853  he  removed  to  New  York,  but  in  1855  went  again 
to  the  Senate  from  New  Hampshire  and  kept  his  seat  there  until  1865,  gradually 
witnessing  the  success  of  the  views  early  advocated  by  him.  Sent  to  the  court  of 
Spain,  he  had  some  disagreements  with  the  secretary  of  the  legation  that  caused  a 
scandal.  Later  mental  as  well  as  physical  disorders  appeared  and  he  died  in  1873. 

Brother  Dennis  O'Brien  also  was  one  of  the  Unity  crew,  and,  finally,  Joseph, 
a  lad  of  16  years,  the  youngest,  who  was  forbidden  to  go,  but  nevertheless  secreted 
himself  on  the  sloop,  was  a  brave  fighter  in  the  attack  on  the  Margaretta. 

The  most  distinguishing  character  of  this  fraternity  is  great  daring  and  absence 
of  fear.  Of  Jeremiah  an  acquaintance  said  "a  man  who  knew  no  fear."  Again, 
"Captain  Jeremiah  O'Brien  was  as  fearless  as  the  king  of  the  forest,  not  for  a  mo- 
ment hesitating  to  throw  himself  into  the  forefront  of  any  cause  by  him  freely 
espoused  or  to  face  any  peril,  however  great,  toward  which  the  voice  of  duty  called 
him  in  the  prosecution  of  that  cause."  Similarly,  John  O'Brien  all  alone,  practi- 
cally unarmed,  leaps  on  a  war  vessel  full  of  armed  men  —  a  rash  and  reckless  act. 
So,  too,  the  16-year-old  Joseph,  though  warned  of  danger,  stows  himself  away  to  be 


150  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

carried  to  the  fight.    And  in  later  life  we  find  the  three  older  brothers  active  in  the 
Revolution,  on  sea  or  land,  in  some  of  the  most  hazardous  occupations. 

Unfortunately  nothing  is  known  of  the  maternal  side  except  that  the  mother's 
father  was  a  sea  captain.  The  father  was  at  the  siege  of  Louisburg,  but  was 
ordinarily  a  tailor  and  later  a  lumberman. 

Love  of  the  sea  was  marked  hi  this  fraternity;  the  lads  were  taught  to  sail  a 
boat  by  their  father. 

It  is  clear  that  Jeremiah  O'Brien  is  a  typical  hyperkinetic.  "Into  whatever 
undertaking  he  enlisted  he  threw  his  whole  soul";  he  was  outspoken  and  fiercely 
patriotic,  of  a  high  sense  of  honor,  a  man  of  "that  temperament  which  is  sus- 
ceptible of  high  excitement,  constitutional  ardor,  spirit,  full  of  fire."  x  "By  tem- 
perament he  was  impulsive  almost  to  the  point  of  rashness  and,  in  action,  particu- 
larly when  thoroughly  aroused,  he  was  impetuous  and  irresistible  as  the  raging 
torrent  —  exhibiting  at  such  times  a  forcefulness  of  character  which  under  ordinary 
circumstances  was  not  apparent  to  the  casual  observer."  "Outspoken  he  was  — 
and  fear  of  consequences  was  never,  so  far  as  the  author  has  been  able  to  gather, 
allowed  to  bridle  his  tongue  when  once  indignant  feeling  or  great  thought  throbbed 
in  heart  or  brain  and  pressed  for  utterance,  and  individual  and  aggregate  of  indi- 
viduals found  the  same  when  once  Captain  O'Brien  felt  his  keen  sense  of  justice 
outraged." 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JEREMIAH  O'BRIEN. 

I  1(  M  F), Keen,  a  sea  captain 

sailing  from  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,      j 
I  2  (M  M),  died  quite  young. 

II  1  (F),  Morris  O'Brien  (1715-99), 
learned  the  tailor's  trade,  migrated  from     _ 
Ireland  to  United  States  in  1738.    In  1750 

he  was  in  Scarboro,   Maine;    in   1765  he 

removed  to  Machias,  where  he  started  a  ^  fSj— f  ••  (j  cL/"")  HI  fT]  r^  f^\ 

sawmill  and  became  a  prosperous  lumber  '     v/"L— '   n  ^     •F^  •— '  •— '  ^-s  W 

man.     He  was   present   at   the   siege   of 

Louisburg,  1745.     When  his  sons  went  to 


attack  the  British  vessel  Margaretta  he 
followed  down  the  river  in  a  rowboat  with 
a  surgeon.  II  2  (M),  Mary  Keen.  „ 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  Mary 
O'Brien.     Ill    3,    Gideon    O'Brien    (born 

1746),  one  of  the  Unity  crew  (see  text).  Ill  4,  John  O'Brien  (born  Scarboro,  Maine,  1750)  (see 
text).  Ill  5,  William  O'Brien,  (see  text).  Ill  6,  Lydia  Clarkson.  Ill  7,  Dennis  O'Brien,  one 
of  the  Unity  crew.  Ill  8,  Joseph  O'Brien,  at  the  age  of  16  years  was  on  the  Unity  (see  text). 
Ill  9,  Martha  O'Brien.  Ill  10,  Joana  O'Brien.  Ill  11,  (Propositus),  JEREMIAH  O'BRIEN. 

III  12  (consort),  Hannah  Toppan. 

IV  1,  Lydia  O'Brien.     IV  2, Hale.     Children  of  Propositus:    IV  3,  Maria   O'Brien. 

IV  4,  Rev.  Jeremiah  Chaplin,  president  of  Waterville  College,  Maine.     IV  5,  John  O'Brien 
(1790-1866),  was  a  captain  of  the  marines  in  the  War  of  1812  and  was  confined  for  ten  months 
in  an  English  prison.     Later  he  became  superintendent  of  the  Dead  Letter  Office  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

V  1,  John  Parker  Hale  (see  text). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

SHERMAN,  A.     1902.    Life  of  Captain  Jeremiah  O'Brien,  Commander  of  the  first  American 

Naval  Flying  Squadron  of  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
SMITH,  W.  B.     1863.     Historical  Sketch  in  Memorial  of  the  Centennial  Anniversary  of  the 

Settlement  of  Machias  (Maine).     Machias:    C.  Fair  bush. 

1  Sherman,  1902,  p.  105. 


PARKER.  151 


46.  WILLIAM  HARWAR  PARKER. 

WILLIAM  H.  PARKER  was  born  in  1827.  As  a  boy  he  read  Marryat's 
novels,  was  alwaj^s  fond  of  adventure,  of  hearing  and  telling  stories,  and  of  fun. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  October  1841,  at  the  age  of  14  years,  and 
was  ordered  to  the  Carolina,  one  of  Matthew  C.  Perry's  squadron,  where  he  studied 
navigation.  In  1846  he  was  on  the  Potomac,  sent  to  Port  Isabel  to  support  General 
Taylor.  In  1847-1848  he  studied  at  Annapolis.  After  passing  his  examination 
and  in  search  of  adventure,  he  selected  a  sloop-of-war  going  to  Africa  rather  than 
a  fine  frigate  for  the  Mediterranean.  When  an  American  brig  dragged  ashore 
in  a  storm,  young  Parker  rowed  over  to  her  in  a  gale  and  helped  save  her.  In 
1853  to  1857  he  was  an  instructor  in  mathematics  at  the  Naval  Academy  and  after- 
wards in  navigation  and  astronomy,  then  in  seamanship  and  naval  tactics.  In 
April  1861  he  resigned  his  lieutenant's  commission  and  joined  the  Confederates 
and  was  attached  to  the  Beaufort  squadron.  He  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Roanoke  island  and  the  weak  defense  of  Elizabeth  City.  In  command  of  the 
Beaufort,  he  participated  in  the  battle  between  the  Merrimac  and  the  Cumberland 
and  Congress  the  day  before  the  Monitor  arrived  in  Hampton  Roads.  He  was 
called  on  for  the  examination  and  classification  of  midshipmen  in  the  Confederate 
Navy  and,  in  July  1863,  he  organized  the  Confederate  Naval  Academy,  of  which 
he  was  superintendent  until  the  fall  of  the  Confederacy.  At  the  fall  he  and  his 
naval  men  guarded  the  coin  chest  of  the  Confederacy  for  over  30  days.  He  was 
in  the  service  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Company  from  1865  to  1874,  and  for  a  time  the 
captain  of  a  steamer  running  between  Panama  and  San  Francisco.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works  on  naval  tactics  and  in  1883  published  his  entertaining 
"Recollections  of  a  naval  officer."  He  died  suddenly  hi  1896. 

Captain  Parker  had  4  brothers:  (1)  Robert.  (2)  Foxhall  Alexander,  who 
was  executive  officer  at  the  Washington  navy  yard  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  and  did  much  to  protect  Washington  in  the  early  days  of  the  war;  he  became 
a  commodore  in  the  United  States  navy,  and  chief  signal  officer;  commanded  the 
Boston  navy  yard  in  1877-1878,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy  at 
Annapolis  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1879.  Like  his  brother  William,  he  had 
literary  gifts.  He  wrote  two  books  on  tactics  and  two  on  the  howitzer,  all  of 
which  are  used  as  text-books  in  the  Naval  Academy.  A  son,  William  H.,  is  in 
the  navy.  (3)  Richard,  who  was  a  young  man  of  fine  intellect,  became  master 
in  the  United  States  volunteer  navy.  (4)  Daingerfield,  who  entered  the  army  in 
1861  and  was  breveted  for  gallantry  at  Gettysburg;  he  became  a  colonel  of  infan- 
try and  retired  in  1896.  Thus  this  was  a  fraternity  of  fighters  and  administrators, 
with  a  preference,  on  the  whole,  for  the  sea. 

The  father  of  William  H.  Parker's  fraternity  was  Foxhall  Alexander  Parker, 
who  rose  to  the  highest  rank  (commodore)  of  his  day  in  the  United  States  navy. 
The  mother  was  Sara,  daughter  of  General  Robert  Bogardus,  of  New  York  City, 
who  was  colonel  of  the  Forty-first  regiment  of  infantry  in  the  War  of  1812.  The 
father's  father  was  William  Harwar  Parker  (born  in  1752),  who  was  an  officer 
in  the  Virginia  navy.  Two  of  the  latter's  sons  became  brilliant  lawyers,  one  a 
United  States  senator.  In  his  fraternity  all  the  males  were  fighters.  These  are 
all  descended  in  the  male  line  from  George  Parker,  who  early  settled  in  Accomac 
county,  Virginia,  from  whom  also  are  descended  the  Parker-Upshurs. 


152  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

To  the  latter  branch  belongs  Thomas  Parker,  a  captain  of  infantry  at  German- 
town  (1777) ;  he  was  captured  by  the  British  and,  as  the  British  commander  rode 
along  and  asked  each  of  the  Americans  what  his  occupation  was,  Parker  stood 

erect  and  said:    "I  am,  as  my  father  before  me  was,  a  gentleman,  and  be  d d 

to  you!"  His  brother  George  was  a  judge.  A  sister,  Anne  Parker  (born  1763), 
married  Littleton  Upshur  and  had  a  large  family.  One  of  her  sons,  George  Parker 
Upshur  (1799-1852),  rose  in  the  United  States  navy  to  the  rank  of  commander. 
Another,  Abel  Parker  (1790-1844),  went  with  his  brother  Arthur  to  Yale,  but  left 
and  entered  Princeton  in  1806.  Abel  was  suspended,  along  with  ten  others,  as  a 
leader  of  resistance  to  the  authority  of  the  college.  He  studied  law  under  William 
Wirt  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1810.  Abel  had  a  sister  who  married  a  Mr. 
Nottingham  and  had  a  son,  John  Henry,  who  changed  his  surname  to  Upshur  at 
the  time  he  was  appointed  midshipman,  November  1841.  He  participated  in  the 
Mexican  war  under  Commodore  Perry  and,  as  lieutenant  on  the  frigate  Cumber- 
land, helped  to  suppress  the  African  slave-trade  in  1858-1859.  During  the  Civil 
War  he  was  on  the  blockading  squadron,  helped  to  reduce  the  forts  at  Hatteras 
Inlet,  North  Carolina,  and  Port  Royal,  led  successful  expeditions  up  the  rivers  of 
South  Carolina,  and  participated  in  the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher  in  1865.  He  was 
created  rear  admiral  in  1884,  was  commander  in  chief  of  the  Pacific  squadron  in 
1884  and  1885,  retired  at  his  own  request  June  1885  (N.  C.  A.  B.,  iv,  316),  and 
died  May  1917.  It  is  noteworthy  that  John  Henry's  fighting  qualities  came 
through  the  maternal  side. 

FAMILY  HISTOKY  OF  WILLIAM  H.  PARKER. 

Common  ancestor,  Captain  George  Parker,  high  sheriff  of  Accomac  county,  Virginia. 

II  (F  F  F  F),  Dr.  Alexander  Parker.    12  (F  F  F  M),  Susanna. 

III  (FFF),   Judge  Richard  Parker    (died   1815).    113    (F  M  F), Sturman.    114 

(FMM), Foxhall. 


if 


Fraternity  of  F  F:  III  1,  Richard  Parker  (born  about  1752),  entered  the  army  in  1776 
and  became  a  colonel  of  the  First  Virginia  regiment.  He  was  killed  at  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina. Ill  2,  Alexander  Parker,  was  a  colonel  of  the  Fifth  Infantry,  United  States  army;  resigned 
1809.  Ill  3,  John  Parker,  was  drowned  while  attempting  to  board  his  ship.  Ill  4,  Thomas 
Parker,  commanded  the  forces  at  Norfolk,  Virginia,  in  1813  or  1814.  Ill  6,  William  Harwar 
Parker  (1752  (?)-1840),  was  an  officer  in  the  Virginia  navy  during  the  Revolution,  commanding 


PARKER.  153 

a  vessel.  After  the  war  he  returned  to  his  plantation.  Ill  7,  Mary  Sturman.  Ill  8,  General 
Robert  Bogardus,  a  distinguished  lawyer  and  colonel  of  the  Forty-first  regiment  of  infantry 
(Regulars)  in  the  War  of  1812.  Ill  10,  Ada  Bagwell.  Ill  11,  George  Parker  (1735-1784). 

III  12,  Susan  Andrews. 

Fraternity  of  F:  IV  1,  Juliet  Parker.  IV  2,  Le  Roy  Daingerfield,  a  first  cousin.  IV  3, 
Robert  Elliot  Parker  (died  1840),  was  a  colonel  in  the  War  of  1812;  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals 
and  United  States  Senator.  IV  4,  John  Parker.  IV  5,  William  Chilton  Parker,  a  brilliant  orator 
and  lawyer,  who  served  in  the  War  of  1812.  IV  6  (F),  Foxhall  Alexander  Parker  (born  ca.  1789), 
entered  the  navy  and  rose  to  highest  rank  of  his  day  —  commodore.  IV  7,  Sara  Bogardus. 

IV  8,  George  Parker  (died  in  infancy).     IV  9,  Anne  Parker,  born  1763.     IV  10,  Littleton  Upshur. 
IV  11,  Captain  Thomas  Parker,  who  was  captured  at  Germantown  (see  text).     IV  12,  George 

Parker   (1761-1826),   a  judge.     IV  13,   Margaret  Eyre.     IV  14, Reed.     IV  15,   Elizabeth 

Parker.     IV  16, Teackle.     IV  17,  John  A.  Parker  (born  1779),  a  member  of  the  house  of 

delegates.     IV  18,  Jacob  Parker  (born  1782). 

V  1  (Propositus),  WILLIAM  H.  PARKER.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    V  2,  Robert  Bogardus 
Parker.     V  3,  Richard  LeRoy  Parker,  was  master  of  a  vessel  in  the  United  States  (volunteer) 
navy.     V  4,  Daingerfield  Parker,  entered  the  army  in  1861  and  became  colonel  of  the  Eighteenth 
Infantry,  retiring  in  1896.     He  was  breveted  for  gallantry  at  Gettysburg.     V  6,  Foxhall  Alex- 
ander Parker,  a  commodore  in  the  United  States  navy.     V  8,  Abel  Parker  Upshur  (1790-1844), 

a  lawyer  who  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  navy  in  1841.     V  9, Parker.     V  10, 

Nottingham.     V  11,  George  Parker  Upshur  (1799-1852),  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in 
1818  and  became  a  commander  in  1847,  when  he  had  charge  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy 
at  Annapolis. 

VI  1,  William  Harwar  Parker,  became  lieutenant  commander  in  the  United  States  navy. 
VI  2,  John  Henry  Upshur  (1823-1917),  assumed  his  mother's  name.     He  accompanied  Perry 
to  Spain  and  was  active  in  the  Civil  War  (see  text).     He  spent  the  later  years  of  his  life  in 
Washington. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

McCABE,  R.     1901.    Abel  Parker  Upshur.     (The  John  P.  Branch  Historical  Papers  of  Randolph- 

Macon  College.     Richmond:    E.  Waddey  Co.)     pp.  188-205. 
PARKER,  W.     1883.    Recollections  of  a  Naval  Officer  (1841-1865).    New  York:    C.  Scribner. 

372  pp. 
SmPFEN,  R.     1898.    The  Parker  Family.    Va.  Mag.  of  Hist.    Vol.  VI,  pp.  301-307,  412-418. 


154  HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

47.  HIRAM  PAULDING. 

HIRAM  PAULDING  was  born  December  11,  1797,  at  Cortland,  Westchester 
county,  New  York.  He  lost  his  mother  at  the  age  of  8  years.  His  boyhood  was 
spent  on  a  farm.  He  early  desired  to  enter  the  army,  but  finally  accepted  an 
appointment  in  1811  to  enter  the  navy  as  midshipman.  Here  he  studied  mathe- 
matics and  navigation.  Ordered  in  1813  to  report  for  duty  on  the  northern  lakes, 
he  saw  service  on  the  Ticonderoga  and  as  lieutenant  had  charge  of  the  quarter-deck 
guns  in  the  great  battle  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  when  the  "matches"  for  firing 
the  guns  gave  out  he  substituted  the  flash  of  his  loaded  pistol.  He  was  highly 
praised  for  his  bravery  and  received  from  Congress  a  sword  and  prize-money. 
In  1815  he  was  on  the  frigate  Constellation  under  Commodore  Decatur,  which 
captured  the  Algerine  cruisers,  and  the  next  year  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant. 
He  then  cruised  for  five  years,  and  later  took  a  year  or  two  on  land  for  further 
schooling  at  the  military  academy  at  Norwich.  On  a  four-year  cruise  in  the 
frigate  United  States  he  performed  special  service  in  conveying  secret  dispatches 
from  Commodore  Hull  to  General  Bolivar,  traveling  nearly  1,500  miles  on  horse- 
back, through  a  wild,  mountainous  country.  He  wrote  an  account  of  this  trip, 
entitled  "Bolivar  in  his  Camp."  Next  he  was  assigned  to  the  schooner  Dolphin, 
commanded  by  John  Perceval,  to  search  for  the  mutineers  of  the  whaleship  Globe. 
When  the  two  survivors  were  found,  Paulding  seized  one  of  them  in  the  face  of 
hundreds  of  natives  armed  with  spears  and  clubs  and,  covering  his  own  body 
with  that  of  his  captive,  marched  to  the  boat,  holding  a  cocked  pistol  to  the  ear 
of  his  prize.  In  1831  Paulding  wrote  an  account  of  this  experience,  full  of  interest 
and  humor.  After  various  minor  cruises  he  was  ordered,  in  1848,  to  command 
the  St.  Lawrence  and  cruise  along  the  coast  of  Europe.  Here  he  exercised  the 
arts  of  diplomacy  and  received  on  board  several  young  Prussians  for  instruction 
in  nautical  affairs;  one  of  these  later  became  commander  in  chief  of  the  German 
navy.  The  St.  Lawrence  also  visited  Southampton.  From  1851  to  1854  Pauld- 
ing was  in  command  of  the  navy  yard  at  Washington.  During  1855  he  was  in 
command  of  the  home  squadron  and  cruised  in  the  West  Indies.  In  1857  he 
visited  Nicaragua  in  the  Wabash,  and  in  December  of  that  year  secured  the  sur- 
render of  the  filibuster  General  William  Walker.  For  this  act  he  was  given  a  sword 
by  the  president  of  Nicaragua;  but  the  War  Department  disapproved  and  relieved 
him  of  his  command;  so  he  retired  to  Huntington,  Long  Island. 

After  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln,  Paulding  was  called  upon  to  take  charge 
of  the  Bureau  of  Detail.  Here  he  arranged  for  the  building  of  ironclads.  He 
urged  the  building  of  the  Monitor  from  Ericsson's  plans.  On  the  secession  of 
Virginia  he  was  sent  to  the  Norfolk  navy  yard  and  took  out  of  the  navy  yard 
what  little  could  be  saved;  he  destroyed  the  rest,  and  towed  the  Cumberland 
to  safety.  The  navy  yard  was  then  completely  destroyed  by  fire.  In  December 
1861  he  was  retired  by  law,  having  reached  the  age  limit,  and  in  July  1862  he  was 
created  rear  admiral.  He  commanded  the  Brooklyn  navy  yard,  1861  to  1863; 
here  he  pushed  forward  the  fitting  out  of  the  Monitor  and  dispatched  her  to  For- 
tress Monroe,  withholding  contrary  dispatches  received  just  before  her  departure. 
When  the  draft  riots  occurred  in  New  York  City,  Paulding  dispatched  two  com- 
panies of  marines  and  placed  small  gunboats  with  light  armaments  at  the  foot 
of  the  principal  streets.  In  1866  he  was  sent  to  the  Naval  Asylum  at  Philadelphia 
as  governor,  and  in  1869  was  appointed  port  admiral  of  Boston,  which  post  he  held 
for  a  time.  He  died  October  20,  1878. 


PAULDING.  155 

Paulding  was  of  a  buoyant  temperament,  took  a  cheerful  and  hopeful  view 
of  things,  and  was  ready  for  fun;  but  he  had  a  horror  of  practical  jokes  and  of 
puns.  He  often  said:  "Life  is  too  short  for  controversy." 

Hiram  Paulding  married,  in  1828,  Anne  M.  Kellogg,  of  Flatbush,  New  York, 
who  had  been  educated  by  her  father,  Jonathan  W.  Kellogg,  a  graduate  of  Yale 
and  the  headmaster  of  Erasmus  Hall  in  Flatbush.  They  had  6  children:  (1) 
Anna;  (2)  Tattnall,  who  was  colonel  of  the  Sixth  Cavalry,  United  States  army, 
and  served  throughout  the  Civil  War.  He  married  Hannah  Huddell  and  had  a  son 
John,  who  is  in  the  insurance  business  and  is  fond  of  sailing,  and  a  daughter  Caro- 
line, who  married  Lieutenant  Raymond  Naile;  (3)  Rebecca,  married  Lieutenant 
Richard  Worsam  Meade  (born  1837),  became  a  vice  admiral,  United  States  navy, 
and  was  the  author  of  two  books,  one  on  "Boat  Exercises"  and  one  on  "Naval 
Construction."  Among  their  children  are:  (a)  Clara,  married  to  George  Breed, 
who  was  a  graduate  of  Annapolis,  but  who  resigned  from  the  navy  to  go  into 
electrical  work,  and  has  3  sons,  all  of  whom  are  naval  officers;  (6)  Richard  W., 
who  served  in  the  Spanish- American  War  and  in  the  Naval  Reserve;  is  now  presi- 
dent of  the  Fifth  Avenue  omnibus  line,  New  York  City;  (4)  Mary  Paulding,  who 
married  Robert  L.  Meade,  brother  of  Richard,  and  brigadier  general  of  United 
States  marines.  (Another  brother,  Henry  Meigs  Meade,  is  paymaster  in  the 
United  States  navy;  their  father  was  in  the  navy  and  helped  lay  out  San  Francisco.) 
Mary  had  4  children:  (a)  May  and  (6)  Henrietta  are  appealed  to  by  form  and 
color  and  do  beautiful  work  inlaying  butterflies,  etc.  Neither  of  the  sons,  (c) 
Robert,  who  died  at  38  years,  or  (d)  John,  was  interested  in  the  navy,  though 
they  sailed  boats.  (5)  Hiram,  who  was  not  fond  of  the  water  and  did  not  learn  to 
sail  a  boat;  he  married  Virginia  Mulligan  and  has  3  daughters  and  a  son  Hiram  3d, 
who  is  fond  of  farming  and  also  of  the  water  and  is  a  scoutmaster.  (6)  Emma, 
who  likes  to  help  organize  and  promote  undertakings  for  the  good  of  the  community. 

Of  Hiram  Paulding's  sibs  little  is  known.  George  was  apparently  a  farmer, 
and  Leonard  was  a  naval  officer  of  merit  and  distinction  and  showed  marked 
gallantry  at  the  capture  of  forts  Donelson  and  Fisher.  He  was  a  man  of  charm- 
ing character,  beloved  by  all  who  knew  him.  His  father  was  John  Paulding 
(1758-1818),  who  in  1775  was  a  private  in  a  militia  regiment  and  at  the  close  of 
the  Revolutionary  war  was  a  major  of  militia.  While  patrolling  the  Hudson  with 
two  others,  John  Paulding  captured  Major  Andre",  found  the  incriminating  papers 
from  Benedict  Arnold  upon  his  person,  refused  the  bribe  he  offered  them  for  his 
release,  and  brought  him  to  headquarters.  John  Paulding  was  thrice  captured 
by  the  British.  By  his  second  wife,  Esther  Ward,  he  had  Hiram  and  Leonard 
Paulding,  naval  fighters,  and  4  other  sons.  It  is  probable  that  the  dash,  fearless- 
ness, and  nomadic  tendencies  of  Hiram  Paulding  came  chiefly  from  his  mother's 
side  though  strengthened  from  the  paternal  side. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  HIRAM  PAULDING. 

I  1  (M  F),  Caleb  Ward  (1728-1792),  of  Peekskill,  New  York.  12  (MM),  Mary  Drake 
(1731-1801),  daughter  of  Benjamin  Drake. 

Fraternity  of  M:  II  1,  Benjamin  Ward  (1750-1817).  II  2,  Abigail  Ward.  II  3,  Solomon 
Fowler.  II  4,  John  Ward  (1752-1846),  an  officer  in  the  Loyal  American  regiment  who  entered 
the  service  of  the  Crown  as  early  as  1776.  During  the  Revolution  he  was  frequently  in  battle. 
In  1783  he  settled  in  New  Brunswick,  where  he  became  a  citizen  and  merchant  of  renown.  II  5, 
PbxEbe  Ward.  II  6,  Samuel  Jones.  II  7,  Mary  Ward.  II  8,  James  Perrott.  II  9  (M),  Esther 
Ward,  died  1804.  II  10  (F),  John  Paulding  (1755-1818),  a  major  of  the  militia  and  one  of  the 
capturers  of  Major  Andre*.  II  11  (consort's  F),  Jonathan  Kellogg,  headmaster  of  Erasmus 


156 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL  OFFICERS. 


Hall.  II  12  (consort's  M),  Mary  Tuttle.  II  13,  Richard  Meade  (born  1778),  navy  agent  and 
consul  at  Cadiz,  Spain.  II  15,  Henry  Meigs,  a  volunteer  in  the  War  of  1812,  was  commissioned 
adjutant.  He  was  a  member  of  Congress,  president  of  board  of  aldermen,  and  recording 
secretary  of  the  American  Institute.  II  16,  Julia  Austin,  of  Philadelphia. 


VI 


Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  George  Paulding,  born  1791.  Ill  2,  John  Ward  Paulding, 
born  1793.  Ill  3,  Sarah  Teed  Paulding,  born  1796.  Ill  4,  James  Paulding,  born  1794.  Ill  5, 
Leonard  Paulding  (born  1799),  a  naval  officer.  Ill  6,  Mary  Paulding  (1802-1803).  Ill  7, 
Susan  Paulding  (1804-1834).  Ill  8,  Caleb  Paulding  (born  1804),  a  farmer.  Ill  9  (Propositus), 
HIRAM  PAULDING.  Ill  10  (consort),  Anne  Marie  Kellogg.  Fraternity  of  consort:  III  11,  War- 
ren Comstock  Kellogg,  an  insurance  agent.  Ill  12,  George  Kellogg,  a  physician.  Ill  13,  George 
Gordon  Meade  (1815-1872),  a  major  general  of  the  United  States  army,  who  commanded  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac  at  Gettysburg  and  to  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  Ill  14,  Richard  W.  Meade 
(1807-1870),  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy.  Ill  15,  Clara  Forsythe  Meigs.  Ill  16, 
Julia  Austin  Meigs,  had  musical  ability.  Ill  17,  Walter  Oddie,  a  landscape  artist.  Ill  18, 
Henry  Meigs  (born  1809),  was  president  of  the  New  York  Exchange.  Ill  19,  Theodore  Meigs 
(born  1814),  was  paying  teller  of  the  Bank  of  America. 

Children  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Anna  Paulding,  was  interested  in  philanthropic  work;  a 
woman  of  great  strength  of  character.  IV  2,  Tattnall  Paulding.  IV  3,  Hannah  Huddell.  IV 
4,  Hiram  Paulding,  a  farmer.  IV  5,  Virginia  Mulligan.  IV  6,  Richard  Mulligan,  a  physician. 
IV  7,  Emma  Paulding,  greatly  interested  in  philanthropic  work.  IV  8,  Rebecca  Paulding, 
compiler  of  her  father's  biography.  IV  9,  Richard  W.  Meade  (born  1837),  a  rear  admiral  of  the 
United  States  navy.  IV  11,  Henry  Meigs  Meade,  born  1840.  IV  12,  Mary  (born  1845)  and 
Clara  (born  1849)  Meade.  IV  13,  Robert  Learny  Meade  (born  1841),  a  brigadier  general, 
United  States  Marines.  IV  14,  Mary  Paulding. 

Children's  children  of  Propositus:  V  1,  John  Paulding.  V  2,  Caroline  Paulding.  V  3, 
Raymond  Neale.  V  4,  Helen,  Julia,  and  Virginia  Paulding.  V  5,  Hiram  Paulding.  V  6, 
Anna  Meade.  '  V  7,  Clara  Meade.  V  8,  George  Breed,  who  is  serving  in  the  navy.  V  9,  Richard 
Meade.  V  10,  Rebecca  Meade.  V  11,  Charlotte  Meade.  V  12,  Henrietta  Meade.  V  13, 
-  Wootton.  V  14,  May  Meade.  V  15,  Robert  Meade.  V  16,  John  Meade. 

Children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  Richard  Breed,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  is 
now  in  the  Coast  Guard  service.  VI  2,  Edward  Breed,  who  was  graduated  from  Annapolis,  is 
an  ensign,  United  States  navy.  VI  3,  -  Breed,  was  graduated  from  the  Naval  Academy, 
Annapolis,  1917. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BOLTON,  R.     1881.     History  of  County  of  Westchester,  New  York.     New  York:    C.  F.  Roper. 

2  vols. 
MEADE,  MRS.  R.     1910.     Life  of  Hiram  Paulding.     New  York:    Blake  &  Taylor  Co.     ix  + 

321  pp. 
MEIGS,  H.     1901.     Record  of  the  Descendants  of  Vincent   Meigs.     Baltimore:    J.   Bridges. 

374  pp. 


PELLEW.  157 

48.   EDWARD  PELLEW. 

EDWARD  PELLEW  was  born  at  Dover,  England,  April  19,  1757.  He  lost  his 
father  in  1765  and  at  11  years  of  age  was,  with  his  brothers,  thrown  upon  the 
world. 

"  The  resolute,  active,  and  courageous  character  of  the  lads,  however,  brought 
them  well  forward  among  their  equals  in  age.  At  school  Edward  was  especially 
distinguished  for  fearlessness.  Of  this  he  gave  a  marked  instance,  when  not  yet 
twelve,  by  entering  a  burning  house  where  gunpowder  was  stored,  which  no  other 
of  the  bystanders  would  approach.  Alone  and  with  his  own  hands  the  lad  brought 
out  the  powder.  A  less  commendable  but  very  natural  result  of  the  same  ener- 
getic spirit  was  shown  in  the  numerous  fighting  matches  in  which  he  was  engaged. 
If  flogged,  he  declared,  he  would  run  away;  and  as  a  decided  taste  for  a  seafaring 
life  had  already  manifested  itself,  his  guardian  thought  better  to  embrace  at  once 
the  more  favorable  alternative  and  enter  him  regularly  in  the  navy."  (Mahan  1913.) 

On  his  first  cruise  in  the  Mediterranean,  a  midshipman  was  set  ashore  at 
Marseilles  on  account  of  a  quarrel  with  the  commander  of  the  ship,  who  was  grossly 
in  the  wrong.  Pellew  insisted  on  accompanying  his  messmate  and  at  the  age  of 
14  years  had  to  find  his  way  home.  Assigned  to  the  ship  that  was  to  take  Bur- 
goyne  to  America  in  1775,  he  startled  the  general,  who  saw  him  standing  on  his 
head  on  a  yard-arm.  He  dived  from  a  yard-arm  of  a  fast-moving  ship  to  save 
a  seaman  who  had  fallen  overboard  and  succeeded  in  rescuing  him. 

Pellew  saw  active  service  on  Lake  Champlain  in  1776,  when  the  command  of 
the  Carleton  fell  to  him,  and  he  fought  with  skill  and  pertinacity.  On  one  occa- 
sion the  Carleton  lay  close  to  shore,  so  that  the  wind  did  not  fill  her  jib.  Pellew 
sprang  out  on  the  bowsprit  in  the  face  of  a  hail  of  rifle  bullets  from  shore  to  bear 
the  jib  over.  Returning  to  England,  Pellew  was  made  lieutenant  and  served  again 
under  Captain  Pownoll  on  the  frigate  Apollo.  In  a  fight  with  the  French  frigate 
Stanislas  Pownoll  was  killed  and  the  command  fell  on  Pellew,  who  fought  until 
the  enemy's  ship  went  aground  and  claimed  protection  of  the  neutral  flag.  Later  he 
drove  ashore  and  destroyed  several  French  privateers  and  was  made  post  captain. 
Peace  followed  (1783-1793),  and  Pellew  tried  farming,  but  it  was  too  slow  for  him. 
For  five  years  of  this  period  he  commanded  frigates.  He  showed  himself  as  active 
as  the  youngest  sailors  among  the  yards  and  rigging.  Once,  dressed  in  full  uniform 
to  attend  a  state  dinner  on  shore,  Pellew  watched  the  crew  swimming  around  the 
ship  while  one  of  the  ship's  boys  on  deck  called  out  to  the  bathers  that  he  would 
soon  have  a  good  swim  too.  "The  sooner  the  better,"  said  Pellew,  coming  behind 
and  tipping  him  overboard.  Then  he  quickly  saw  that  the  lad  could  not  swim, 
so  in  he  went  himself,  with  all  his  fine  clothes  on,  to  rescue  the  boy.  Pellew  had 
remarkable  capacity  in  handling  a  ship;  and  this  did  not  fail  him  in  his  first  battle 
as  full-fledged  commander  of  a  frigate,  the  Nymphe.  She  came  on  the  French 
CUopatrie,  and,  sailing  alongside  of  her,  engaged  her  in  a  duel.  The  French 
frigate  lost  wheel  and  mizzenmast  and,  thus  uncontrolled,  ran  straight  into  the 
Nymphe.  The  British  boarded  and  captured  her.  Pellew  was  knighted,  and 
his  brother  Israel,  who  had  assisted  him,  was  made  post  captain.  In  continuing 
the  war  with  France,  Pellew  repeatedly  showed  acts  of  personal  bravery  and  bold 
artifice,  as  when  he  personally  saved  the  passengers  and  crew  of  a  merchantman 
who  had  gone  on  the  shore  at  Plymouth,  and  when  he  sailed  into  the  French  fleet 


158  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

at  night  and,  by  making  false  signals,  confused  and  rendered  futile  the  signals  of 
the  commander  in  chief.  Accompanied  by  the  Amazon,  Pellew  in  the  Indefati- 
gable fell  upon  the  French  frigate  Droits  de  I'Homme,  returning  from  Ireland  toward 
France.  With  one  frigate  on  the  right  and  the  other  on  the  left  of  their  quarry 
they  forced  it  through  a  thick  and  gloomy  night  in  a  westerly  gale  upon  the  west 
coast  of  France.  The  Amazon  could  not  beat  her  way  off  against  the  wind  and 
was  also  lost  on  shore,  but  the  Indefatigable,  after  a  fight  with  the  gale  for  24  hours, 
cleared  the  last  promontory  and  escaped  serious  damage.  In  1802  Pellew  was 
a  member  of  Parliament.  In  1804,  having  been  created  rear  admiral  and  com- 
mander in  chief  in  India,  he  cleared  the  Indian  ocean  of  French  cruisers.  In 
1814  he  was  created  Baron  Exmouth.  In  1816  he  destroyed  the  Algerine  fleet, 
shattered  the  sea  defenses  of  Algiers,  and  forced  the  Bey  to  liberate  the  3,000  white 
men  he  held  as  slaves.  For  this  victory  Pellew  was  made  viscount.  He  was 
shortly  after  retired  and  made  vice  admiral  of  England.  He  engaged  in  various 
activities  and  died  in  1833.  He  married  Susannah  Frowde,  and  had  4  sons,  of 
whom  2  became  clergymen  and  2  naval  officers,  respectively  admiral  and  captain. 
A  son  of  the  latter  died  at  28,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy. 

Of  Edward  Pellew's  brothers,  Israel  became  an  admiral.  He  had  dis- 
tinguished himself  under  Nelson  at  Trafalgar  and  on  other  occasions.  Another 
brother  was  a  surgeon,  and  another,  as  ensign,  was  early  killed  in  the  battle  of 
Saratoga.  The  father  of  this  fraternity  was  Samuel  Pellew,  who  commanded 
a  post-office  and  packet  on  Dover  Station.  His  mother  was  a  Langford.  Of  the 
reactions  of  the  parents  and  their  families  little  is  known. 

Pellew  was  a  typical  hyperkinetic.  He  was  not  a  great  strategist,  but  a 
brilliant,  dashing  frigate  commander,  corresponding  to  a  cavalry  leader  on  land. 
A  hyperkinetic  tendency  must,  we  may  infer  from  other  studies,  have  shown  itself 
in  one  or  both  of  his  parents. 

"Throughout  his  youth  the  exuberant  vitality  of  the  man  delighted  in  these 
feats  of  wanton  power.  To  overturn  a  boat  by  press  of  canvas,  as  a  frolic,  is  not 
unexampled  among  lads  of  daring;  but  it  is  at  least  unusual,  when  a  hat  goes 
overboard,  to  follow  it  into  the  water,  if  alone  in  a  boat  under  sail.  This  Pellew 
did,  on  one  occasion,  when  he  was  old  enough  to  know  better,  being  at  the  moment 
in  the  open  channel,  in  a  small  punt,  going  from  Falmouth  to  Plymouth.  The 
freak  nearly  cost  him  his  life,  for,  though  he  had  lashed  the  helm  down  and  hove-to 
the  boat,  she  fell  off  and  gathered  way  whenever  he  approached.  When  at  last 
he  laid  hold  of  her  rail,  after  an  hour  of  this  fooling,  barely  strength  remained  to 
drag  himself  on  board,  where  he  fell  helpless,  and  waited  long  before  his  powers 
were  restored.  It  is  trite  to  note  in  such  exhibitions  of  recklessness  many  of  the 
qualities  of  the  ideal  seaman,  though  not  so  certainly  those  of  the  foreordained 
commander-in-chief.  Pellew  was  a  born  frigate  captain."1 

FAMILY  HISTOBT  OF  EDWARD  PELLEW,  FIRST  VISCOUNT  EXMOUTH. 

II  (F  F  F), Pellew,  a  captain  In  the  navy. 

II  1  (F  F),  Humphrey  Pellew  (died  1721),  a  merchant  of  importance  who  had  a  tobacco 
plantation  on  Kent  Island,  Maryland.     II  2,  Judith  Sparnon  (died  1753).    II  3,  (M  F),  Edward 
Langford. 

III  2  (F),  Samuel  Pellew  (born  1712),  commanded  the  post-office  and  a  packet  on  Dover 
Station.     Ill  3  (M),  Constantia  Langford.     Ill  4,  James  Frowde. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Samuel  Pellew,  a  collector  at  the  port  of  Falmouth;  surgeon 
at  the  stockyards,  Plymouth.  IV  2,  Sir  Israel  Pellew  (died  1832),  an  admiral  in  the  Royal  Navy. 

1  Mahan.    1913.    Page  432. 


PELLEW. 


159 


He  commanded  the  Conqueror  at  Trafalgar  and  distinguished  himself  on  other  occasions.  Ill  3, 
Mary  Gilmore.  IV  4,  John  Pellew,  an  ensign  in  the  army,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Saratoga. 
IV  5,  Catherine  Pellew.  IV  6,  Charles  Louis,  Count  Jejerskjold,  vice  admiral  of  Sweden.  IV 
7,  Jane  Pellew.  IV  8,  Lieutenant  Spriddle,  of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  9  (Propositus),  EDWARD 
PELLEW,  FIRST  VISCOUNT  EXMOUTH.  IV  10,  Susannah  Frowde,  (died  1837).  IV  11,  Mungo 
Dick. 


in 


vn 


V  1,  Rev.  Philip  Anderson.  V  3,  Edward  Pellew,  a  captain  in  the  army,  was  killed  in 
a  duel.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  4,  Fleetwood  Broughton  Pellew  (1789-1861),  an  admiral  of 
the  blue.  V  5,  George  Pellew  (1793-1866),  dean  of  Norwich  and  prebendary  of  York;  author 
and  divine.  V  6,  Edward  Pellew  (1799-1869),  a  clergyman.  V  7,  Marianne  Winthrop.  V  8, 
Emma  Mary  Pellew  (died  1835).  V  9,  Admiral  Sir  Lawrence  William  Halsted.  V  10,  Julia  Pellew 
(died  1831).  V  11,  Richard  Harward,  a  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.  V  12,  Harriet  Barlow. 
V  13,  Pownoll  Bastard  Pellew,  second  Viscount  Exmouth  (1786-1833),  a  captain  in  the  Royal 
Navy.  V  14,  Georgiana  Dick. 

Children's  children  of  Propositus:  VI  1,  Dorothy  M.  Anderson.  VI  2,  Fleetwood  Hugo 
Pellew  (1838-1906),  a  commissioner  of  Dacca.  VI  3,  Edward  (1830-1880),  Rev.  George  Israel 
(born  1831),  and  Arthur  Samuel  (1841-1897)  Pellew.  VI  4,  Pownoll  William  Pellew  (1831- 
1872),  a  commander  in  the  Royal  Navy.  VI  6,  Edward  Pellew,  third  Viscount  Exmouth  (1811- 
1876).  VI  7,  Percy  T.  Pellew  (1814-1848),  an  officer  in  the  Madras  cavalry.  VI  8,  Juliana 
Pellew.  VI  9,  Pownoll  Fleetwood  Pellew  (1823-1851),  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Navy.  VI  10, 
Fleetwood  John  Pellew  (1830-1866).  VI  11,  Barrington  Reynolds  Pellew  (1833-1858),  was  a 
major  who  served  with  distinction  in  the  Kaffir  war,  at  the  siege  of  Sebastopol,  the  storming  of 
Canton,  and  at  the  assault  and  capture  of  Lucknow,  where  he  was  killed.  VI  12,  Caroline  Emma 
Pellew  (died  1832). 

Children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:  VII  1,  Fleetwood  Hugo  Pellew  (born  1871), 
a  captain  in  the  army.  VII  2,  John  Edward  Pellew  (born  1886),  of  the  Royal  Navy. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.  1909.  A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and  Baron- 
etage. London:  Harrison  and  Sons.  2570  pp. 

MAHAN,  A.  1913.  Types  of  Naval  Officers  drawn  from  the  History  of  the  British  Navy. 
Boston:  Little,  Brown  and  Co.  xiv  +  500  pp. 


160  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

49.  GEORGE  HAMILTON  PERKINS. 

GEORGE  HAMILTON  PERKINS  was  born  December  20, 1836,  at  Hopkinton,  Mer- 
rimack  county,  New  Hampshire.  He  was  an  active  country  boy,  not  partial  to 
books.  At  15  years  he  entered  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis,  October  1851, 
being  graduated  there  in  1856,  after  taking  an  extra  year's  work,  with  "the  lowest 
stand  made  in  his  class."  He  was  assigned  to  the  sloop  Cyane,  which  went  to  the 
isthmus  of  Panama  to  preserve  order;  thence  he  transferred  to  the  bark  Release, 
on  which  he  went  to  the  Mediterranean  and  then  to  Paraguay.  In  April  1859 
he  successfully  achieved  the  grade  of  passed  midshipman,  and  four  months  later 
went  to  the  west  coast  of  Africa  in  the  Sumter,  to  help  suppress  the  slave-trade. 
There  he  suffered  shipwreck  and  fevers  and  returned  home,  already  a  lieutenant 
and  with  an  acquired  taste  for  reading,  in  the  autumn  of  1861.  In  February 
1862  he  began  service  on  the  gunboat  Cayuga,  500  tons,  which  went  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Mississippi  river  and  attempted,  with  other  ships,  the  ascent  to  New  Orleans. 
With  Perkins  as  pilot,  the  Cayuga  took  the  lead  in  passing  Forts  Jackson  and 
Philip,  which  guarded  New  Orleans  on  the  south.  On  board  was  Captain  Bailey 
also,  in  charge  of  the  first  three  divisions  of  the  fleet.  The  Cayuga  and  the  other 
ships  passed  at  night  with  few  casualties,  despite  a  terrific  bombardment  by  the 
forts.  Reaching  New  Orleans,  Captain  Bailey  and  Perkins,  without  guard  or 
arms,  walked  through  the  streets,  surrounded  by  a  howling,  threatening  mob, 
to  the  city  hall  and  arranged  for  raising  the  Union  flag.  They  returned  unharmed. 
For  gallantry  hi  this  affair  Perkins  was  promoted  to  be  lieutenant  commander. 
He  was  now  assigned  to  blockade  duty  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  from 
June  1862  until  the  summer  of  1863,  when  he  was  given  command  of  the  gunboat 
New  London,  which  passed  up  and  down  the  river  carrying  powder  to  Banks's 
army.  She  passed  a  Confederate  battery  five  times  successfully,  but  on  the  sixth 
her  boiler  was  pierced  and  exploded.  Nevertheless,  Perkins  saved  both  ship  and 
men.  Placed  now  in  command  of  the  gunboat  Scioto,  he  engaged  in  blockade  duty 
from  July  1863  to  April  1864,  capturing  a  prize.  Given  charge  of  the  monitor 
Chickasaw,  he  participated  in  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  in  which  his  boat  was 
hit  several  tunes.  When  the  Confederate  armed  ram  Tennessee  attacked  the 
fleet,  Perkins  was  told  to  go  in  and  fight  it,  the  other  monitors  being  out  of  action. 
In  this  fight  the  Chickasaw  worked  her  guns  at  50  to  10  yards  from  the  ironclad. 
One  of  her  shots  carried  away  the  Tennessee1 s  smokestack,  an  11-inch  shell  jammed 
her  turret,  and  another  destroyed  the  steering-gear;  no  one  was  hurt  on  the  Chick- 
asaw. A  few  hours  later  the  Chickasaw  advanced  on  Fort  Powell,  guarding  the 
entrance  to  the  bay,  steamed  to  within  100  yards  of  it,  and  reduced  it  so  that 
it  was  evacuated  and  blown  up  by  the  defenders  during  that  night.  Perkins 
remained  on  duty  in  Mobile  bay  until  the  end  of  the  war  and  then  returned  home. 
During  1865-1866  he  was  superintendent  of  ironclads  at  New  Orleans;  then 
followed  a  3  years'  cruise  to  the  Pacific  on  the  Lackawanna.  From  1869  to 
1871  he  was  at  the  Boston  navy  yard,  and  in  September  1870  married  Miss  Anna 
M.  Weld.  In  1871  he  was  made  commander  and,  in  charge  of  the  storeship  Relief, 
carried  food  to  the  famishing  people  of  France.  He  was  in  active  service  until 
in  1891,  when,  heart  trouble  having  developed,  Captain  Perkins  returned  to  his 
paternal  farm  in  New  Hampshire.  Here  he  bought  land  and  purchased  and  drove 
race-horses.  He  lived  during  the  winter  in  Boston,  enjoying  reading  and  com- 
panionship until  he  died  in  October  1899,  of  valvular  heart  trouble. 


PERKINS.  161 

The  prevailing  trait  of  Perkins  is  absence  of  fear  combined  with  adventure- 
sameness  and  pertinacity.  When  about  5  years  of  age  he  set  out  to  catch  a  colt 
in  a  field.  The  colt  eluded  him  and  crossed  a  river  to  another  part  of  the  field; 
the  boy  stripped,  swam  across,  cornered  the  colt,  fastened  the  bridle  (which  while 
swimming  he  had  carried  about  his  own  neck)  and,  mounting  the  colt,  recrossed 
the  river,  dressed,  and  rode  home  in  triumph.  At  6  years  he  was  sent  on  a  neces- 
sary errand  alone  in  the  winter  to  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  10  miles  away  and, 
tied  in  the  sleigh,  made  the  trip  without  mishap.  At  the  Naval  Academy  he 
constantly  broke  the  rules,  entertained  friends  late  at  night,  boxed  on  the  porch, 
and  got  into  numberless  other  scrapes.  "Indeed,  at  times,  he  seemed  almost 
reckless  and  daredevilish."  So  in  war,  he  was  always  first  in  danger  and  enjoyed 
it.  Of  his  walk  to  the  city  hall  of  New  Orleans  surrounded  by  a  mob,  George 
W.  Cable,  an  eye-witness,  says:  "It  was  one  of  the  bravest  deeds  I  ever  saw  done." 
In  the  early  hours  of  the  battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  Perkins  was  seen  on  top  of  the  turret 
waving  his  hat  and  dancing  about  with  delight  and  excitement.  When  the  gun- 
ners in  the  turret,  struck  with  fear  by  the  rapid  sinking  of  the  mined  sister-monitor 
Tecumseh,  were  about  to  rush  from  the  turret,  Perkins  sprang  in  front  of  them  and 
threatened  to  shoot  the  first  man  who  left  his  post,  and  thus  ended  the  trouble. 
When  Perkins  received  the  order  to  fight  the  Tennessee  the  messenger  reported: 
"Happy  as  Perkins  habitually  is,  I  thought  he  would  turn  a  somersault  over- 
board with  joy  when  I  told  him."  Said  Admiral  Farragut  of  him  in  his  report: 
"No  braver  man  ever  trod  a  ship's  deck."  He  was  "as  cool  as  Gushing;  had  as 
little  anxiety  for  personal  safety  as  Nelson."  Of  Captain  Perkins's  father,  Hamil- 
ton Eliot  Perkins,  it  is  said  he  was  "brave  and  plucky — a  positive  man,  from  whom 
George  must  have  inherited  much  of  his  natural  courage."  Also,  Captain  Perkins's 
mother  had  a  brother,  Captain  Paul  R.  George,  who  was  "remarkably  efficient." 

Perkins  was  a  hyperkinetic.  His  good  humor  was  unfailing,  his  joviality  con- 
tagious, his  flashing  eye  commanded  attention.  He  would  often  say  the  opposite  of 
what  he  meant  to  enjoy  the  discomfiture  or  indignation  of  the  reaction,  but  he  was 
never  cruel  in  his  fun.  He  was  versatile  and  constantly  in  action,  even  from  boyhood. 

Perkins  had  a  great  liking  for  animals  and  pets  of  all  kinds,  "a  family  trait, 
come  from  the  Georges."  For  horses  he  had  a  veritable  passion.  He  early  had 
a  pony  of  his  own  and  rode  with  his  father  through  the  woods.  After  he  returned 
to  the  farm  he  purchased  and  drove  race-horses;  perhaps  it  was  their  action  as 
well  as  beauty  of  form  that  appealed  to  him. 

He  was  not  scholarly.  His  teachers  counted  him  dull,  since  he  did  not  take  to 
books;  so  he  was  withdrawn  from  school  and  taught  at  home.  At  the  Naval  Acad- 
emy he  was  at  the  bottom  of  his  class  and  it  was  only  through  the  intervention  of 
a  teacher  that  he  escaped  dismissal.  He  lacked  confidence  in  his  mental  ability. 
He  once  rubbed  out  an  exercise  that  he  had  put  on  the  board  correctly  because, 
on  turning  around,  he  happened  to  see  a  classmate  laughing.  Yet,  in  later  life, 
he  came  to  appreciate  books  and  enjoyed  biography  and  history.  However,  he 
had  never  scholarship  enough  to  be  a  strategist  but  was  eminently  a  fighting  cap- 
tain. He  was  trustful  of  others  and  employed  on  his  farm  a  man  who  had  been 
convicted  of  forgery.  He  was  devoted  to  his  family;  "has  a  quality  that  can  not 
fail  to  touch  the  heart."  His  father  too,  was  genial,  full  of  kindly  humor. 

His  love  of  the  sea  developed  late.  At  8  years  of  age  he  moved  with  his  father 
to  Boston,  where  he  saw  much  of  the  trading-ships  in  which  his  father  was  inter- 
ested, but  showed  no  longing  to  go  on  them  and  willingly  returned  to  the  country. 
So  in  later  life  he  seemed  contented  as  a  gentleman  farmer. 


162 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


Boston :    Houghton 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  GEORGE  HAMILTON  PERKINS. 

II  (M  F  M  F),  Captain  Benjamin  Harriman.  II  3  (MM  F), 
Benjamin  Emery,  a  captain  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Ill  1  (F  F), 
Roger  Eliot  Perkins  (1769-1825). 

IV  1  (F),  Hamilton  Eliot  Perkins,  studied  at  the  Harvard  Law 
School  and  for  sixteen  years  presided  over  the  probate  court  of  Merri- 
mac  county;   was  interested  in  lumbering.     IV  2  (M),  Clara  Bartlett 
George.     Fraternity  of  M:    IV  3,  Captain  Paul  R.  George,  who  was 
remarkably  efficient.     IV  4,  John  H.  George,  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
lawyers  in  New  Hampshire. 

V  1  (Propositw),  GEORGE  HAMILTON  PERKINS. 

Child  of  Propositus:  VI 1,  Isabel  Perkins.  VI  2,  Larz  Anderson 
(born  in  Paris,  1866),  after  being  graduated  from  Harvard,  spent  two 
years  in  travel  around  the  world.  He  was  a  captain  and  assistant 
adjutant  general,  United  States  volunteers,  during  the  Spanish  Ameri- 
can war;  was  appointed  ambassador  extraordinary  and  plenipotentiary 
to  Japan  in  1912. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

CARROLL,   S.    George  Hamilton  Perkins,  U.  S.  N.,  His  Life  and  Letters. 
MifflinCo. 

50.  PERRY  FAMILY. 

MATTHEW  CALBRAITH  PERRY  was  born  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  1794. 
He  entered  (March  1809)  the  United  States  navy  as  a  midshipman  at  the  naval 
station  in  New  York  City.  Within  a  few  months  he  was  on  board  his  brother's 
ship,  the  Revenge,  and  a  little  later  was  made  Commodore  Rodgers's  aid  on  board 
the  President.  He  took  part  in  the  affair  of  the  Little  Belt,  which  precipitated  the 
War  of  1812.  He  accompanied  Commodore  Rodgers  on  his  cruise  in  the  seas  of 
northern  Europe.  In  1813  he  became  lieutenant.  After  the  war  he  made  a  voyage 
to  Holland  on  his  father's  merchantman,  but  in  1817  reentered  the  navy.  He 
was  connected  with  the  colonization  of  Liberia.  He  had  many  encounters  with 
pirates,  and  in  1824  he  sailed  to  the  Mediterranean  as  part  of  the  squadron  to 
protect  United  States  commerce  from  these  pirates.  In  command  of  the  Brandy- 
wine,  he  induced  the  city  of  Naples  to  pay  the  claims  of  American  citizens  for 
ships  and  cargoes  that  had  been  confiscated.  During  his  ten  years  of  shore  duty 
he  organized  the  Brooklyn  (New  York)  naval  lyceum;  conceived  and  advocated 
the  use  of  the  ram  on  war  vessels;  studied  the  system  of  light-houses  on  the  French 
and  English  coasts;  introduced  successfully  the  dioptic  system  of  illumination; 
and  was  superintendent  of  the  school  of  gun-practice  at  Sandy  Hook.  Because 
of  his  great  activity  in  modernizing  the  navy,  he  is  known  as  the  "Father  of  the 
Steam  Navy."  In  1840  he  was  appointed  commodore  in  command  of  the  Brook- 
lyn navy-yard  and  the  New  York  naval  station.  In  1843,  as  commander  of  a 
squadron  of  80  guns,  he  sailed  on  a  mission  to  suppress  piracy  and  the  slave-trade. 
His  services  in  the  Mexican  war  were  most  important  in  gaining  control  of  the 
Western  coast.  In  1853  he  visited  Japan,  and  the  next  year  secured  a  treaty 
whereby  Japan  was  opened  up  to  the  civilization  of  the  West.  Upon  his  return 
he  wrote  a  report  that  was  published  in  three  volumes.  He  suffered  long  from 
a  "rheumatic"  infection  which  caused  his  death  in  1858. 

Matthew  Perry  was  superior  to  his  brother  Oliver  in  most  matters  of  judg- 
ment and  administration.  He  gave  attention  to  detail,  had  a  sense  of  humor, 


PERRY.  163 

carried  on  a  voluminous  correspondence,  had  a  liking  for  the  classics,  reread  the 
Bible  on  every  long  voyage,  often  read  the  service  on  shipboard.  He  was  a  fair 
player  on  the  flute.  His  hatred  of  debt  bordered  on  the  morbid.  He  was  active, 
energetic,  alert,  systematic,  expectant,  eager,  and  earnest.  He  had  a  tense  set  of 
mind.  He  was  stern  and  austere  in  appearance,  but  gentle  underneath.  He  was 
never  afraid  of  responsibility,  had  a  manly  independence,  and  was  very  courageous, 
positive,  and  self-reliant.  He  was  liked  by  children,  to  whom  he  brought  pets 
from  foreign  shores  and  collections  of  shells.  He  had  a  magnetic  personality,  and 
though  blunt  in  his  manner  he  was  genial  socially  and  a  sincere  friend. 

OLIVER  HAZARD  PERRY  (brother  of  Matthew)  was  born  at  South  Kingston, 
Rhode  Island,  1785.  He  was  educated  principally  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island, 
and  in  1799  received  his  commission  as  midshipman.  When  the  navy  was  reduced 
in  1801  he  was  assigned  to  the  frigate  A  dams,  and  that  vessel  with  two  others  was 
sent  to  the  Mediterranean  to  clear  the  sea  of  pirates.  When  the  embargo  was 
laid  by  Congress  in  1807  he  was  placed  in  command  of  a  flotilla  of  gunboats  on  the 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  station  until  1810.  In  1812  he  sought  and  obtained  per- 
mission to  join  the  forces  on  the  lakes.  There  he  cleverly  defeated  the  English 
at  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  by  abandoning  his  riddled  ship  for  a  fresh  one.  The 
United  States  Congress  voted  him  thanks,  presented  him  with  a  sword,  and  gave 
him  the  rank  of  captain.  He  took  an  important  part  in  the  military  operations 
around  Detroit  during  the  rest  of  the  war  and  attained  the  rank  of  commodore. 
He  married  Elizabeth  Mason.  While  in  command  of  a  vessel  in  the  West  Indies 
he  died  of  yellow  fever  in  1819. 

He  was  tall  and  graceful.  His  brow  was  massive,  full,  and  lofty;  his  features 
regular  and  elegant;  his  eyes  full,  dark,  and  lustrous;  his  mouth  uncommonly 
handsome;  his  teeth  large,  regular,  and  white.  His  countenance  was  cheerful 
and  mild,  and  he  seemed  to  have  an  uncommon  share  of  beauty.  He  had  a  strong, 
well-poised  mind  and  good  common  sense.  He  was  fond  of  horses  and  was  an 
excellent  rider;  he  was  also  an  excellent  fencer.  For  the  pen  he  had  an  extreme 
aversion,  though  he  was  well  versed  in  history  and  biography.  He  had  a  fine 
taste  for  music  and  was  a  skilled  performer  on  the  flute.  He  wrote  a  rapid,  easy, 
elegant  hand.  He  was  industrious,  energetic,  prompt  to  decide,  decisive,  and 
discriminating.  As  a  naval  officer  he  was  sensitively  alive  to  the  appearance  of 
his  ship.  He  had  a  sweet  and  gentle  disposition,  though  he  was  easily  aroused  by 
injustice.  His  temper  was  violent  when  aroused,  but  he  was  not  disturbed  by  petty 
irritability.  He  was  enterprising,  firm,  daringly  courageous,  and  immovable  in  his 
decisions.  He  had  the  faculty  of  arousing  strong  affection  for  himself  in  others;  he 
was  affectionate,  courteous,  unsuspicious,  generous,  strict,  and  domestic  in  taste. 

Let  us  now  analyze  further  the  Perry  traits,  especially  as  seen  in  Oliver  H. 
and  Matthew  C.  Perry. 

Love  of  adventure  and  absence  of  fear.  —  Of  Oliver  it  is  said  that,  as  a  child, 
one  of  his  chief  characteristics  was  "an  utter  disregard  of  danger.  He  knew  no 
fear,  a  quality  which  was  nobly  exemplified  throughout  life."  An  incident  reveal- 
ing Oliver's  confiding  and  thoroughly  courageous  disposition  is  still  preserved  in 
the  family.  When  scarcely  more  than  2  years  of  age,  he  was  playing  one  day  with 
an  older  child  in  the  road  in  front  of  his  grandfather's  house.  A  horseman  was 
rapidly  approaching,  when  the  older  boy,  seeing  the  danger,  ran  out  of  the  way, 
calling  to  Oliver  to  do  the  same.  But  the  little  fellow  sat  still  until  the  horse  was 
almost  upon  him,  when,  as  the  man  drew  rein,  he  looked  up  and  lisped  to  him, 


164  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

"Man,  you  wud'nt  wide  over  me,  wud  youh."  The  horseman,  who  was  a  friend 
of  the  family,  dismounted  and  carried  Oliver  into  the  house,  where  he  related  the 
occurrence  with  great  interest  and  with  as  much  pride  as  if  it  had  been  his  own 
child.  He  thought  the  boy's  conduct  gave  token  of  some  very  worthy  qualities. 

At  5  years  of  age  Oliver  went  to  school  and,  as  the  school  was  some  distance 
from  his  home,  he  used  to  take  his  cousins,  who  lived  on  an  adjoining  farm,  to  and 
from  their  lessons.  They  had  no  brother  and,  although  they  were  older  than 
Oliver,  were  glad  to  accept  his  boyish  protection  in  adventures  on  the  road.  No 
one  thought  it  strange,  as  he  was  large  for  his  years  and  inspired  a  confidence  in 
his  manliness  which  was  amply  justified.  From  his  earliest  boyhood  he  seemed  to 
exercise  an  influence  over  those  who  approached  him,  which  was  soon  converted 
into  affectionate  regard  by  his  graceful  manners  and  by  a  display  of  quiet  firmness 
and  calm  self-composure.  The  distinction  that  he  afterwards  acquired  excited 
no  astonishment  among  the  friends  of  his  youth;  it  seemed  but  the  realization  of 
the  promise  which  his  early  years  had  inspired."1 

Oliver  was  a  fearless  and  well-poised  rider  of  horses,  of  which  he  was  very 
fond.  At  the  age  of  16  years  he  commanded  the  naval  schooner  Revenge.  Having 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  American  ship  Diana,  whose  captain  was  fraudulently 
retaining  her  and  had  put  her  under  the  protection  of  two  British  gunboats,  Oliver 
fell  in  with  a  large  and  powerful  British  ship  which  demanded  the  nature  of  his 
convoy.  This  Oliver  refused  to  give  and  put  himself  and  crew  into  position  to 
board  suddenly  the  powerful  and  menacing  ship  if  she  attempted  force.  The  diffi- 
culty was  amicably  adjusted.  When,  in  January  1811  (through  the  fault  of  the 
pilot),  his  schooner  went  on  the  rocks  west  of  Point  Judith,  he  stayed  on  the  schooner, 
over  which  the  wintry  waves  dashed,  until  as  the  sun  set  she  began  to  go  to  pieces; 
and  he  was  thus  able  to  save  most  of  her  valuables.  When  the  War  of  1812  broke 
out  Oliver  preferred  the  post  of  adventure  on  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Newport 
Station.  On  Lake  Erie  he  fought  one  of  the  bloodiest  naval  battles  in  history, 
considering  the  number  of  persons  engaged.  After  all  of  his  guns  had  been  rendered 
unworkable  and  four-fifths  of  his  men  were  dead  or  severely  wounded,  he  rowed 
to  a  fresh  vessel.  "Unconscious  or  unmindful  of  danger,  Perry  continued  to  stand 
erect  in  the  boat,  with  his  brave  oarsmen  imploring  him  not  to  expose  himself 
thus  needlessly.  For  .  .  .  the  enemy  .  .  .  had  at  once  directed  a  heavy  fire 
of  great  guns  and  musketry  at  the  'small  boat.'"  "Yet  the  unconquerable  Perry 
stood  unmoved  and  defiant."  In  the  fresh  vessel  he  won  a  decisive  victory  and 
complete  capture  of  the  British  fleet.  A  few  weeks  later  Perry,  on  horseback, 
acting  as  General  Harrison's  aide,  participated  in  the  defeat  of  the  British  land 
forces.  It  is  said  that  a  British  broadside  threw  the  American  cavalry  into  con- 
fusion, from  which  they  were  rallied  by  a  call  from  Perry,  who  dashed  in  among 
them.  Oliver  was  at  that  time  28  years  of  age. 

Matthew  Perry  showed  the  same  traits  of  love  of  adventure  and  fearlessness. 
At  13  years  of  age,  on  hearing  of  the  fight  between  the  Leopard  and  the  Chesapeake, 
he  desired  to  go  into  the  navy.  Of  him  at  25  years  of  age  it  is  said:  "A  thirst 
for  enterprise  and  adventure"  led  Perry  to  apply  for  an  appointment  on  the  Cyane, 
going  to  Guinea,  Africa."  The  dangers  of  the  coast  lured  him."  (Griffis,  1890, 
p.  51.)  After  his  death,  Admiral  Sands  wrote  of  him:  "He  was  a  man  of  great 
personal  bravery,  as  well  as  all  the  Perrys,  of  undaunted  courage  and  gallantry." 

(Griffis,  p.  400.) 

»  Mills,  J.  C.,  1913.,  p.  5. 


PERRT.  165 

A  younger  brother,  James  Alexander  Perry  (born  1801),  was  with  Oliver  on 
the  Lawrence  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  age  of  13  years.  "Having  two 
musket  balls  pass  through  his  cap,  and  his  face  blackened  by  powder  and  smoke, 
the  little  fellow  was  laid  low  in  front  of  the  commander,  by  the  flying  hammock, 
which  had  been  torn  from  the  nettings  by  a  cannon  ball.  He  was  only  bruised  and 
slightly  wounded  by  small  particles  and  soon  resumed  his  duties."  He  received 
a  sword  of  honor  from  Congress  for  his  conduct.  He  was  drowned  while  still 
young,  attempting  to  save  a  sailor's  life. 

This  adventurousness  and  fearlessness  are  found  elsewhere  in  the  family. 
The  following  incidents  indicate  the  nature  of  the  reactions  of  their  father,  Captain 
Christopher  Raymond  Perry  (Mills,  p.  17) : 

"Capt.  C.  R.  Perry  was  sent  to  St.  Domingo  to  aid  Toussaint  against  the 
rebel  Rigaud.  On  the  9th  of  February,  1800,  while  cruising  off  Cape  Tiburon, 
a  number  of  Rigaud's  barges  were  discovered  at  anchor  under  the  protection  of 
three  forts  on  the  coast.  Captain  Perry  at  once  stood  in,  and,  after  a  spirited  bom- 
bardment of  the  forts  for  about  30  minutes,  they  were  silenced  with  a  loss  to  them 
of  a  number  of  killed  and  wounded,  the  General  Greene,  meanwhile,  receiving 
only  a  few  shots  in  her  hull  and  rigging."  But  he  was  prevented  from  seizing 
the  gun-vessels  by  the  arrival  of  an  unfriendly  vessel. 

"On  approaching  Havana  harbor  convoying  a  merchant  ship,  a  British 
line-of-battle  ship  appeared  and  fired  a  shot  across  the  bow  of  the  merchantman. 
As  the  warship  now  sent  out  a  boat  to  board  the  merchantman  Captain  Perry 
sent  a  shot  between  the  brig  and  the  boat.  The  line-of-battle  ship  at  the  same  time 
bore  down,  and  her  commander  hailed  Captain  Perry  to  demand  in  no  uncertain 
tone  why  his  boat  had  been  fired  upon.  '  To  prevent  her  from  boarding  the  Ameri- 
can brig  which  is  under  my  convoy  and  protection,'  the  captain  promptly  replied. 
This  brought  the  rejoinder  that  it  was  very  strange  that  one  of  His  Majesty's 
74-gun  ships  could  not  board  an  American  brig.  'If  she  were  a  first-rate  ship 
with  her  120  guns,'  replied  Captain  Perry  in  thundering  tones,  'she  should  not  do 
so  to  the  dishonor  of  my  flag.' " 

Christopher  R.  Perry's  sister,  Elizabeth,  married  a  farmer  named  Stephen 
Champlin,  a  distant  cousin,  who  had  served  in  the  Revolution.  Their  son,  Stephen 
Champlin,  ran  away  to  sea  at  the  age  of  16,  and  was  in  command  of  the  little 
schooner  Scorpion,  of  2  guns,  in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  The  first  shot  in  the  battle 
was  fired  from  the  British  flagship.  Perry  could  hardly  restrain  his  men.  The 
first  shot  in  reply  was  made  by  Champlin,  who  had  a  long  gun,  and  it  is  stated 
that  Champlin  fired  the  last  shot.  The  Scorpion  stood  near  the  Lawrence  and  kept 
up  a  constant  fire.  (Mills,  pp.  129,  147.)  For  a  little  gunboat  the  Scorpion  played 
her  part  no  less  well  under  Champlin's  command  than  the  Lawrence  under  Perry's. 

The  mother's  side  contributed  fearlessness,  also.  Sarah  Alexander  "believed 
her  own  people  the  bravest  in  the  world."  (Griffis,  1890,  p.  14.)  Of  her  it  is  said 
that  she  had  "a  degree  of  force  of  mind  and  energy  of  character  not  often  found 
in  her  own  sex  and  seldom  equaled  in  ours";  and,  again,  "Mrs.  Perry  was  a 
woman  of  strong  feelings  and  eminently  courageous  temperament."  (Mackenzie, 
N.  S.,  p.  843,  pp.  21,  28.)  After  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie  an  old  farmer  stoutly 
maintained  that  it  was  Mrs.  Perry  who  had  "licked  the  British."  (Griffis,  p.  14.) 

A  sister  of  Oliver  and  Matthew,  Ann,  married  Commodore  George  W. 
Rodgers,  himself  a  gallant  officer  and  commodore  in  the  navy.  Of  their  sons, 
Alexander  was  killed  while  leading  a  regiment  in  the  storming  of  Chapultepec  and 


166  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

George  W.  entered  the  navy  at  the  age  of  14  years  and  was  killed  in  1863,  while 
chief  of  staff  of  Dahlgren,  who  said  that  he  was  an  officer  "of  the  highest  pro- 
fessional capacity  and  courage." 

This  trait  of  fearlessness  is  widely  disseminated  among  more  distant  male 
relatives  of  the  Perrys.  Thus  General  Nathanael  Greene,  perhaps  second  only  to 
Washington  among  colonial  generals,  was  a  second  cousin  to  Christopher  R.  Perry. 
C.  R.  Perry's  mother's  father,  Oliver  Hazard,  was  second  cousin  to  General  Benedict 
Arnold.  A  more  remote  cousin  is  Ezek  Hopkins,  first  head  of  the  Colonial  navy. 

Pertinacity  is  another  Perry  trait.  This  was  marvelously  displayed  by  Oliver 
in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  Only  18  out  of  101  of  the  men  on  board  the  Lawrence 
were  uninjured.  A  British  officer  reported  of  the  Lawrence  that  "it  would  be  im- 
possible to  place  a  hand  on  the  broadside,  which  had  been  exposed  to  the  enemy's 
fire,  without  covering  some  portion  of  a  wound,  either  from  grape,  round,  canister, 
or  chain  shot."  The  masts  were  so  much  injured  that  they  rolled  out  in  the  first 
severe  gale.  Yet  not  till  every  gun  was  out  of  commission  did  Perry  move,  and  then 
not  to  surrender  the  helpless  ship  but  to  retire  to  another  and  continue  the  fight! 

Matthew  had  much  of  this  quality,  which  ne  showed  in  diplomacy  with  the 
Japanese.  On  his  first  arrival  at  Uraga,  the  vice  governor  called  and  stated  that 
discussion  could  be  held  only  at  Nagasaki;  he  was  informed  that  the  admiral 
would  not  go  to  Nagasaki.  The  next  day  the  governor  called  and  was  again 
informed  that  the  admiral  would  not  go  to  Nagasaki.  Finally,  the  Japanese 
yielded  and  agreed  to  receive  the  letter  from  the  president  of  the  United  States. 
After  delivering  the  letter  Perry  stated  that  he  would  return  in  a  few  months 
for  the  reply.  He  did  so,  and  decided  that  he  would  receive  the  reply  at  the  capital 
city.  Repeatedly  he  was  told  that  that  was  impossible;  he  persisted,  the  Japanese 
acceded;  they  met  at  Yokohama.  As  point  by  point  was  haggled  over,  "Perry 
intimated  his  readiness  to  stay  in  the  bay  a  year  or  two  if  necessary."  (Griffis, 
p.  363.)  Finally  a  satisfactory  treaty  was  arranged  and  signed.  "It  was  Perry's 
pertinacity  that  first  conquered  for  himself  a  fleet  (to  go  to  Japan);  his  thorough- 
going method  of  procedure  in  every  detail  and  his  powerful  personality  and  in- 
vincible tenacity  in  dealing  with  the  Japanese  that  won  a  quick  and  permanent 
success  without  a  drop  of  blood."  (Griffis,  p.  374.) 

In  temperament  the  two  Perrys  differed  slightly.  From  youth  Oliver  was 
the  more  excitable  and  liable  to  occasional  outbursts  of  temper.  (Mills,  p.  26.) 
At  the  age  of  13  years  he  and  some  fellows  were  sailing  boats  and  planks  on  the 
shallow  waters  of  the  Pawcatuck  near  his  home.  In  a  play  sea-fight,  Oliver's  craft 
happened  to  be  run  down  by  that  of  his  playmate.  Whereupon  "Oliver's  rage 
became  ungovernable,  and  for  a  minute  or  two  he  was  anxious  for  an  actual  set- 
to,  to  recover  the  lost  advantage  of  the  day."  (Mills,  p.  13.)  After  his  victory  in 
his  ship  in  Tunis  bay  in  1816,  he  struck  one  of  his  officers  a  blow  for  showing  what  he 
(Perry)  conceived  to  be  a  disrespectful  attitude.  Over  this  a  duel  was  eventually 
held,  in  which  Perry,  who  was  ready  to  apologize,  refused  to  fire  at  his  opponent. 
Matthew  seemed  to  have  his  temper  better  in  hand,  but  he  was  regarded  as  "some- 
thing of  a  martinet."  Both  were  very  energetic,  working  hard  and  keeping  tense. 
Both  were  insistent  on  discipline  and  stood  for  duty  all  over. 

Oliver  was  a  man  of  action,  primarily,  and  reached  his  highest  achievement 
in  battle.  He  wrote  little,  and  disliked  writing.  But  he  made  rapid  progress 
in  mathematical  astronomy,  so  that  when  he  left  school  at  13  years  of  age  his 
teacher  declared  "that  he  was  the  best  young  navigator  in  Rhode  Island."  (Mills, 


PERRY.  167 

p.  10.)  After  his  first  trip  to  Algeria  it  was  noted  that  he  had  formed  the  habit 
of  studious  thought  and  reading  for  improvement  of  his  mind  and  he  then  devoted 
himself  to  advanced  courses  in  mathematics  and  astronomy.  Matthew  was 
the  greater  student.  At  every  port  he  made  a  study  of  conditions  and  people. 
"On  the  cruise  of  the  Brandywine  he  directed  the  studies  of  the  young  midship- 
men, advised  them  what  books  to  read,  what  historical  sites  to  visit,  and  what  was 
most  worth  seeing  in  the  famous  cities. "  (Griffis,  p.  97.)  While  stationed  at  the 
Brooklyn  navy-yard  he  organized  the  Lyceum  "to  promote  the  diffusion  of  useful 
knowledge,  to  foster  a  spirit  of  harmony  and  a  community  of  interests  in  the 
service,"  etc.  Specimens  were  collected  and  cared  for;  books  and  pictures  were 
gathered.  Matthew  Perry  became  recognized  as  a  scientific  student  and  was 
offered  command  of  the  United  States  exploring  expedition  to  the  Antarctic,  which 
he  declined  and  which  was  eventually  led  by  Charles  Wilkes.  Meanwhile,  he 
showed  such  special  knowledge  of,  and  interest  in,  steam  naval  vessels  that  he  was 
given  command  of  the  first  one  built  for  our  navy,  the  Perry,  1837,  and  met  with 
intelligence  as  well  as  pertinacity  the  opposition  of  seamen  to  replacing  sails  by 
propellers  and  steam-engines.  In  the  same  year  he  suggested  the  utilization  of 
the  ramming  facility  of  the  steam  war-vessel.  In  1838  Perry's  knowledge  and 
scientific  interest  were  utilized  in  a  trip  to  Europe  to  look  into  the  matter  of  an 
extended  system  of  light-houses,  which  he  had  urged,  and  the  new  methods  that  were 
revolutionizing  naval  methods.  Never  was  more  brilliantly  illustrated  the  value  to 
a  nation  of  the  student  in  the  navy  than  in  the  case  of  Matthew  C.  Perry.  He  was 
a  good  deal  of  a  naturalist  also;  he  brought  shells  and  plants  from  his  distant  trips. 
His  report  of  the  Japanese  expedition  is  accompanied  by  scientific  reports  on  species 
brought  back  and  examined  by  naturalists.  A  son  of  Oliver  and  Matthew's  sister, 
Ann  Maria,  is  Christopher  Raymond  Perry  Rodgers,  who  was  in  1874-1878,  and 
again  later,  superintendent  of  the  Naval  Academy,  an  evidence  of  scholarship. 

Both  of  the  Perrys  were  self-reliant,  each  in  his  own  way.  Early  trained  to 
assume  responsibility,  they  did  so  in  emergencies  and  with  such  intelligence, 
courage,  and  pertinacity  that  they  were  invincible.  Both  were  faithful  to  duty. 
This  involved  a  certain  conservatism,  and  this  was  shown  in  the  way  in  which  they 
cherished  throughout  life  the  religious  teachings  of  their  mother.  "She  trained 
them  to  the  severest  virtue,  purest  motives,  faithfulness  for  sacred  things.  The 
habit  which  Matthew  C.  Perry  had  of  reading  his  Bible  through  during  every 
cruise,  his  scrupulous  regard  for  the  Lord's  day,  the  American  Sunday,  his  taste 
for  literature,  and  his  love  for  the  English  classics  were  formed  at  his  mother's 
knee."  (Griffis,  pp.  13,  14.)  Oliver  was  less  evidently  religious.  Yet,  as  he 
returned  after  his  victory  on  the  Niagara  to  the  decks  of  the  Lawrence,  he  said: 
"The  prayers  of  my  wife  have  prevailed  in  saving  me";  and  in  reporting  to  the 
secretary  of  the  navy  he  begins:  "It  has  pleased  the  Almighty  to  give  to  the  arms 
of  the  United  States  a  signal  victory."  The  emotional  side  of  Oliver  was,  indeed, 
well  developed;  he  had  a  fine  taste  for  music  and  was  a  skilled  performer  on  the 
flute.  He  was  affectionate  and  aroused  strong  affection  for  himself  in  others. 
When  the  British  officers  surrendered  their  swords  to  him  at  Lake  Erie  he  re- 
quested them  to  retain  their  sidearms.  Later  the  British  commander  toasted 
"Commodore  Perry,  the  gallant  and  generous  enemy."  Much  of  the  native 
culture  and  grace  shown  by  the  Perrys  is  found  in  their  father's  mother's  family, 
the  Hazards.  Of  Mercy  Hazard's  father,  Oliver  Hazard,  it  is  said,  "he  had  ele- 
gant manners  and  cultivated  tastes." 


168  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

PERBY  FAMILY. 

Fraternity  of  F  M  F  M  F  F  F:  13,  Joanna  Arnold.  I  4,  William  Hopkins  (from  whom  is 
descended  Esek  Hopkins,  No.  27). 

II  1  (F  M  F  M  F  F),  Benedict  Arnold  (1615-1678),  president  of  the  Providence  Planta- 
tions and  colonial  governor  of  Rhode  Island.     II  2  (F  M  F  M  F  M),  Damans  Westcott. 

III  1  (F  M  F  M  F),  Caleb  Arnold  (born  1644).     Fraternity  of  F  M  F  M  F:    III  3,  Bene- 
dict Arnold.     Ill  4,  Mary.     Ill  5  (M  M  F  F  F),  James  Wallace,  Lord  of  Dundonald,  was  a 
colonel  of  the  British  army  until  he  signed  the  Solemn  League  and  Covenant  of  1643  and  was 
forced  to  flee  to  Holland,  where  he  died  in  1678.     He  was  in  direct  descent  from  Sir  Richard  Wal- 
lace, own  paternal  uncle  of  William  Wallace,  the  great  Scotch  patriot.     Ill  7,  Ann  Borodel, 
of  Irish  ancestry.     Ill  8,  George  Denison,  born  about  1618,  a  brilliant  Indian  fighter  (see  George 
Dewey,  F  F  F  M  M  F). 

IV  1  (F  F  F  F),  Edward  Perry  (born  in  England,  1630),  came  to  New  England,  where  he 
showed  himself  "an  unusually  militant  Broadbrim  and  retaliated  upon  his  persecutors  by  writing 
a  railing  accusation  against  the  court  of  Plymouth."     IV  2  (F  F  F  M),  Mary  Freeman.     IV  3, 
(F  M  F  F),  George  Hazard,  a  large  land-owner  who  was  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  militia.     IV 
4  (F  M  F  M),  Penelope  Arnold.     IV  5,  Captain  Benedict  Arnold.     IV  6,  Hannah  King.     IV 
7  (M  M  F  F),  James  Wallace,  settled  in  Ireland.     IV  9,  George  Denison  (1653-1711). 

Fraternity  of  F  F  F:  V  1,  Rest  Perry.  V  2,  Jacob  Mott.  V  3  (F  F  F),  Benjamin  Perry 
(1677-1742),  removed  to  Rhode  Island.  V  4  (F  F  M),  Susannah  Barber.  V  5  (F  M  F),  Oliver 
Hazard,  a  man  of  property.  V  6  (F  M  M),  Elizabeth  Raymond.  V  7,  Benedict  Arnold  (1741- 
1801),  a  general  in  the  Continental  army  and  a  traitor.  V  8  (M  M  F),  James  Wallace.  V  10, 
Samuel  Denison  (born  1686). 

VI  1,  Mary  Mott.     VI  2,  Nathanael  Greene,  a  Quaker  preacher.     VI  3  (F  F),  Freeman 
Perry  (1733-1813),  a  physician  who  owned  surveying  instruments.     He  was  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  and  president  of  the  town  council  of  Kingston.     VI  4  (F  M),  Mercy 

Hazard    (1740-1810).     VI  5    (M  F), Alexander,    of    Ireland.     VI  6    (MM), Wallace. 

Fraternity  of  M  M:   VI  7,  William  Wallace.    VI  9,  Thomas  Reynolds,  a  Presbyterian  minister 

of  Delaware.     VI  11,  Gideon  Denison  (born  1724).     VI  12,  Elizabeth .     VI  13,  Benjamin 

Butler  (1739-1787),  a  blacksmith  of  Norwich,  a  witty  and  original  man  who  was  very  eccentric. 
In  1776  he  was  imprisoned  on  charge  of  "defaming  the  Honorable  Continental  Congress."     VI 
14,  Diadema  Hyde. 

VII  1,  Nathanael  Greene  (1742-1786),  a  brilliant  general  of  the  Continental  army,  who 
had  command  of  the  southern  army  during  the  Revolution.     Fraternity  of  F:    VII  2,  Joshua 
Perry  (1756-1802),  a  surgeon  in  Colonel  Church's  battalion.     VII  3,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry,  lost 
at  sea  in  about  1873.     VII  4,  Elizabeth  Perry  (1762-1811).     VII  5,  Stephen  Champlin,  a  farmer, 
a  double  distant  cousin.     VII  6,  Mary  and  Susan  Perry.     VII  7,  George  Hazard  Perry.     VII  8, 
Christopher  Raymond  Perry  (1761-1818),  a  sea  captain  who  served  with  distinction  upon  armed 
vessels  during  the  Revolutionary  war;  in  1798  he  became  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy. 
Later  he  became  collector  of  internal  revenue  at  Newport  and  Bristol.     VII  9  (M),  Sarah  Alex- 
ander Wallace,  born  in  Ireland,  1768.     VII  10,  William  Bailey  Wallace,  an  attorney  of  the  King's 
Bench,  Dublin.     VII  11,  Robert  Wallace.     VII  12,  James  Wallace,  served  under  Cornwallis 
in  India,  where  he  died,  1794.     VII  13,  Alexander  Wallace,  served  in  the  army  under  Cornwallis, 
and  also  commanded  a  merchantman.     VII  14,  Charles  Wallace,  was  a  surgeon  in  the  British 
army  and  was  on  board  the  Invincible  when  Howe  defeated  the  French  in  1795.     VII  15,  John 
Rodgers,  born  in  Scotland,  1726,  settled  in  Maryland  about  1750.     He  was  a  captain  of  a  regiment 
of  militia  during  the  Revolution.     VII  16,  Eliza  Reynolds  (born  in  Delaware  in  1742  or  1743), 
was  a  woman  of  great  strength  of  character.     VII  17,  Gideon  Denison  (born  1753),  was  a  merchant 
of  Norwich,  Connecticut,  who  removed  to  Maryland  where  he  engaged  in  land  speculation.     VII 
18,  Jerusha  Butler  (born  1762),  an  active  and  energetic  woman.     VII  19,  Thomas  Butler  (born 
1769),  was  educated  at  Yale  College.     VII  20,  Benjamin  Butler  (born  1764),  practiced  medicine 
for  a  time,  then  became  a  merchant,  and  later  a  shipping  merchant.     Afterwards  he  went  to  New 
York,  where  he  engaged  in  brokerage,  but  finally  settled  in  Oxford,  New  York. 

VIII  2,  Stephen  Champlin  (1789-1870),  rose  to  the  rank  of  commodore  in  the  United 
States  navy.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    VIII  3,   OLIVER  HAZARD  PERRY   (see  text).     VIII  4, 
Elizabeth    Mason.     VIII 5,    Jane   Perry    (1799-1875).     VIII 6,    William   Butler    (1790-1850), 
a  surgeon  in  the  United  States  navy,  and  agent  to  the  Cherokee  Indians.     From  this  marriage 
came  the  Butlers  of  South  Carolina,  who  were  noted  for  their  military  ability.    VIII  7,  Ray- 
mond Henry  Jones  Perry  (1789-1826),  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy.     VIII  8,  James  Alex- 


PERRY.  169 

ander  Perry  (born  1801),  a  naval  officer.  VIII  9,  Nathanael  Hazard  Perry  (born  1802),  became 
a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy  and  later  a  purser.  VIII  10,  Sarah  Wallace  Perry, 
a  bit  eccentric.  VIII  11,  Ann  Marie  Perry  (1797-1856).  VIII  12,  George  Washington  Rodgers 
(1787-1832),  entered  the  navy  in  1804  and  was  on  board  the  Wasp  when  she  engaged  the  Frolic. 
For  gallantry  in  the  War  of  1812  he  received  a  medal  from  Congress  and  a  sword  from  Maryland. 

VIII  13,  Maria  Ann  Rodgers.     VIII  14,  William  Pinkney  (1764-1822),  a  statesman,  senator, 
and  diplomat  of  considerable  note,  independent  and  eloquent.     His  brother  Ninian  was  a  soldier, 
traveler,  and  author.     VIII  15,  Rebecca  Rodgers.     VIII  16,  Andrew  Gray.     VIII  17,  Alexander 
Rodgers.     VIII  18,  Thomas  Reynolds  Rodgers,  a  physician.     VIII  19,  Mary  Rodgers.     VIII 
20,  Howes  Goldsborough.     VIII  21,  Elizabeth  Rodgers.     VIII  22,  JOHN  RODGERS  (1733-1832), 
rear  admiral  (see  No.  56).     VIII  23,  Minerva  Denison  (1784-1877),  musical.     VIII  24  (Proposi- 
tus),  MATTHEW  CAILBRAITH  PERRY.     VIII  25,  (consort)  Jane  Slidell  (born  1797),  sister  to  VIII 
28,  a  very  beautiful  woman.     Fraternity  of  consort:   VIII  26,  John  Slidell  (1793-1871),  a  states- 
man who  was  captured  during  the  Civil  War  with  his  compatriot,  Mason,  on  the  Trent.    VIII  27, 
Alexander  Slidell  Mackenzie  (1803-1848),  assumed  the  surname  of  his  maternal  uncle.    At  the 
age  of  12  years  he  entered  the  navy  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  commander.     He  had  considerable 
literary  ability  and  wrote  several  naval  biographies.     VIII  28,  Julia  Slidell,  sister  to  VIII  25, 
married  C.  R.  Perry  (see  also  IX  9). 

IX  2,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  (born  1815),  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  navy,  who  re- 
signed in  1848.     IX  3,  Christopher  Raymond  Perry  (born  1816),  was  graduated  from  the  United 
States  Military  Academy,  West  Point.     IX  4,  Christopher  Grant  Perry  (born  1812),  a  physician. 

IX  5,  Frances  Sergeant.     IX  6,  Elizabeth  Perry  (1819-1842).     IX  7,  Rev.  Francis  Vinton.     IX 
8,  Christopher  Raymond  Perry  Rodgers  (1819-1892),  became  a  midshipman  in  1833,  distin- 
guished himself  during  the  Civil  War,  and  in  1874  was  commissioned  a  rear  admiral.     IX  9, 
Julia  Slidell  (VIII  28).     IX  10,  John  Rodgers,  a  captain  in  the  United  States  navy.     IX  11, 
George  WTashington  Rodgers  (1822-1863),  a  naval  commander  during  the  Civil  War.     IX  12, 
Alexander  Perry  Rodgers,  who  was  killed  at  Chepultepec.     IX  13,  Sarah  Rodgers  (1831-1901). 
IX  14,   Charles  Pinkney   (1797-1835),   a  diplomatist  and  journalist.     IX  15,   Edward  Coate 
Pinkney  (1802-1828),  entered  the  navy  when  14  years  of  age  but  resigned  because  of  a  quarrel 
with  his  superior  officer;  went  to  Mexico  intending  to  join  the  navy,  but  killed  a  native  and  had 
to  flee  from  the  country.     He  wrote  a  number  of  exquisite  poems.     IX  16,  Frederick  Pinkney, 
journalist,   poet,  and  attorney.     IX  18,   John  Rodgers   (1812-1882),   a  rear  admiral.     IX  19, 
Ann  Elizabeth  Hodge.     IX  20,  Frederick  Rodgers.     IX  21,  Henry  Rodgers,  a  lieutenant  in  the 
United  States  navy.     IX  22,  Augustus  Frederick  Rodgers,  head  of  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey, 
was  in  the  naval  service.     IX  23,  John  H.  Rodgers.   IX  24,  William  Pinkney  Rodgers,  a  lawyer. 
IX  25,  Ann  Minerva  Rodgers.     IX  26,  Col.  John  Navarre  Macomb.     IX  27,  Jerusha  and  Eliza- 
beth Rodgers.     IX  28,  Louisa  Rodgers.     IX  29,  Montgomery  Meigs  (1816-1892),  upon  being 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  West  Point,  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant 
in  the  Engineer  Corps.     During  the  Civil  War  he  was  quartermaster  general.     Later  he  became 
an  engineer  and  architect.     IX  30,  Colonel  Robert  S.  Rodgers.     Children  of  Propositus:   IX  31, 
Sarah  Perry.     IX  32,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry,  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  Marines,  became 
consul  to  Hong  Kong.     IX  33,  Jane  Hazard  Perry.     IX  34,  John  Hone.     IX  35,  John  and  Wil- 
liam Perry.     IX  36,  Anna  and  Susan  Perry.     IX  37,  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry,  became  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  United  States  navy  in  1835,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain,  retiring  in  1867. 

IX  38,  Harriet  Taylor.     IX  39,  Caroline  Slidell  Perry.     IX  40,  August  Belmont  (born  1816), 
a  well-known  banker.     IX  41,  Isabella  Perry.     IX  42,  George  Tiffany. 

X  1,  Thomas  Sergeant  Perry  (born  1841),  sometime  editor  of  the  North  American  Review. 

X  2,  Lilla  Cabot,  an  artist  and  author.     X  3,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  (1842-1913).    X  4,  Frances 
Sergeant  Perry.     X  5,  Dr.  William  Pepper.     X  6,  John  F.  Rodgere,  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  army.    X  7,  Thomas  Slidell  Rodgers,  a  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  navy.     X  8, 
Raymond  Perry,  was  executive  officer  on  the  Iowa  throughout  the  Spanish  American  war  and  was 
advanced  five  numbers  in  rank  for  "eminent  and  conspicuous  conduct"  in  the  battle  off  Santiago; 
holds  the  rank  of  rear  admiral.    X  9,  William  Ledyard  Rodgers,  a  commander  of  the  United 
States  navy.    X  10,  Fredericka  and  Helen  Rodgers.    X  11,  Montgomery  Meigs  Macomb  (born 
1852),  was  graduated  fourth  in  his  class  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  and  served 
during  the  Spanish  American  war,  being  created  a  brigadier  general  in  1910.     X  12,  Augustus 
C.  Macomb,  a  major  in  the  United  States  army.    X  13,  Charles  and  Vincent  Meigs.    X  14, 
John  Rodgers  Meigs  (born  1842),  was  graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class  from  the  United  States 
Military  Academy  and  was  killed  in  1864,  having  been  advanced  to  captain  and  major  for  gal- 
lantry.   X  15,  Mary  Meigs  (born  1843).    X  16,  Colonel  Joseph  Taylor,  United  States  army. 


170  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

X  17,  Montgomery  Meigs  (born  1847),  an  engineer  of  note.  X  18,  Louisa  Meigs  (born  1854). 
X  19,  Archibald  Forbes,  a  noted  English  war  correspondent.  Children's  children  of  Propositus: 
X  20,  Frederick  Rodgers  (born  1842),  was  appointed  to  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in 
1857  and  served  with  the  blockading  squadron  during  the  Civil  War.  He  had  command  of  the 
Puritan  during  the  Spanish-American  war  and  was  promoted  rear  admiral  1899.  X  21,  John 
Augustus  Rodgers  (born  1848),  was  appointed  to  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1863 
and  saw  active  service  during  the  Civil  War.  In  1897-1898,  as  executive  officer  of  the  Indiana, 
he  took  part  in  the  destruction  of  Cervera's  fleet  and  was  advanced  five  numbers  in  rank  for 
"eminent  and  conspicuous  service,"  being  made  rear  admiral  in  1898.  X  23,  Jane  Rodgers. 
X  24,  John  F.  Meigs.  X  25,  Perry  Belmont  (born  1851),  member  of  Congress,  envoy  extraor- 
dinary and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Spain;  a  major  inspector  general  in  the  United  States 
Volunteers;  a  capitalist  of  New  York  City.  X  26,  August  Belmont  (born  1853),  a  capitalist  and 
financier.  X  27,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  Belmont  (1858-1908),  was  educated  at  the  United  States 
Naval  Academy  and  served  in  the  navy  two  years;  later  a  banker  and  politician.  X  28,  Freder- 
icka  Belmont,  born  1854.  X  29,  Samuel  Howland.  X  30,  Raymond  Belmont  (1866-1887).  X 
31,  Jane  Perry  Belmont  (1856-1875). 

XI  1,  John  Taylor,  a  captain,  United  States  army.  XI  2,  Mongtomery  Meigs  Taylor, 
a  lieutenant,  United  States  navy.  Children's  children's  children  of  Propositus:  XI  3,  John 
Rodgers,  a  lieutenant,  United  States  navy. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BALDWIN,  J.,  &  W.  CLIFT.  1881.  A  Record  of  the  Descendants  of  Captain  George  Denison 
of  Stonington,  Connecticut.  Worcester:  Tyler  &  Seagrave.  5  +  423  pp. 

DEAN,  J.,  H.  DROWNE,  and  E.  HUBBARD.  1879.  Genealogy  of  the  Family  of  Arnold  in 
Europe  and  America  with  Brief  Notices.  (In:  New  England  Historical  and  Genea- 
logical Register  for  Oct.  1879.) 

GRIFFIS,  W.  1880.  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry.  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  &  Co.  xvi  -f 
459  pp. 

HALL,  A.  1909.  Biographical  Memoir  of  John  Rodgers.  (Nat.  Acad.  of  Sci.  Biogr.  memoirs) 
Washington.  Vol.  6,  pp.  81-92. 

HAZARD,  C.     1895.     The  Hazard  Family  of  Rhode  Island.     Boston:   Hazard,    vi  +  293  pp. 

LYMAN,  O.     1905.     Commodore  Oliver  Hazard  Perry.     New  York:    Harper  &  Bros.     2  vols. 

MILLS,  J.  1913.  Oliver  Hazard  Perry  and  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  Detroit:  J.  Phelps.  6 
+  278  pp. 

NILES,  J.     1821.     The  Life  of  Oliver  Hazard  Perry.     Hartford.     O.  Cooke.     xii  +  14-384  pp. 

PATJLLIN,  C.     1910.     Commodore  John  Rodgers.     Cleveland:    A.  Clarke  &  Co.     434  pp. 

PERKINS,  M.  1895.  Old  Houses  of  the  Ancient  Town  of  Norwich.  Norwich:  Press  of  the 
Bulletin  Co.  621  pp. 

PERRY,  C.     1913.     The  Perrys  of  Rhode  Island.     New  York.     T.  Wright.     7-115  pp. 

RICHARDS,  G.  1833.  Memoir  of  Alexander  Macomb.  New  York:  McElrath,  Bangs  &  Co. 
x,  11-130  pp. 


PERRY. 


171 


H 


172  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


51.  JOHN  WOODWARD  PHILIP. 

JOHN  WOODWARD  PHILIP  was  born  at  Kinderhook,  Columbia  county,  New 
York,  August  26,  1840.  He  entered  the  Naval  Academy  September  1856,  and 
in  July  1862  was  commissioned  lieutenant.  Until  1865  he  was  executive  officer 
of  the  Chippewa,  Pawnee,  and  Montauk  in  succession,  blockading  the  South  Atlan- 
tic seaboard.  After  the  war  he  was  executive  officer  of  various  flagships.  For 
two  years  he  commanded  a  Pacific  mail  steamer;  in  April  1877  he  commanded  the 
Woodruff  scientific  expedition  around  the  world,  and  for  several  years  was  assigned 
to  survey  work  on  the  coast  of  Mexico  and  Central  America.  He  was  given  vari- 
ous commands,  was  inspector  of  the  cruiser  New  York  while  building,  was  for  three 
years  commandant  of  the  Boston  navy-yard,  and  in  October  1897  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  battleship  Texas.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war  the 
Texas  went  with  Commodore  Schley's  squadron  to  the  south  coast  of  Cuba.  In  May 
1898  they  lay  off  the  entrance  of  Santiago  harbor,  and  on  July  3,  when  Cervera's 
fleet  essayed  to  escape  from  the  harbor,  the  12-inch  shells  of  the  Texas  did  remark- 
able execution  and  the  Texas  was  herself  little  damaged.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
Philip  was  made  commodore  and  placed  in  command  of  the  North  Atlantic  squad- 
ron. He  was  commandant  of  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  from  1899  until  his  death 
the  next  year. 

Philip  was  prevailingly  of  the  nervous  type  of  temperament,  with  little  tendency 
to  repress  his  emotions.  "As  a  boy  he  was  full  of  pranks;  was  in  all  the  devilry 
in  a  mild  form  which  his  mates  indulged  in  —  chalking  the  teacher's  rush-bottomed 
chair,  freezing  up  the  academy  bell  so  that  it  couldn't  be  rung,  shooting  beans 
from  the  back  of  a  large  hall  at  the  time  of  an  'exhibition'  of  compositions  and 
recitals  at  the  Academy.  With  a  deep-seated  belief  in  democracy,  he  caught  a 
long-haired  son  of  a  rich  family  and  filled  his  hair  with  burrs,  so  that  the  hair  had 
to  be  cut  off.  While  still  in  his  kilts  he  would  fight  his  brother  at  family  prayers. 
At  the  Academy  he  led  a  hazing  party  that  tarred  and  feathered  an  unpopular 
midshipman.  His  humor  was  irrepressible.  At  the  Naval  Academy  he  would 
get  his  section  laughing  while  he  sat  stolid;  he  received  demerits  almost  daily 
for  loud  laughing  in  the  mess-hall.  Indeed,  in  his  course,  he  received  more  than 
the  maximum  of  demerit  marks,  mostly  for  loud  laughing,  smoking  a  pipe,  or 
endeavoring  to  cover  the  shortcomings  of  others." 

His  initiative  was  shown  when  at  8  years  of  age  his  father  sent  him  to  drive 
a  horse  and  carriage  to  an  adjoining  town.  When  but  a  short  distance  from  home 
a  wheel  of  the  carriage  broke  down.  Instead  of  returning  home  he  unhitched 
the  horse,  got  on  his  back,  went  on  to  a  smithy,  ordered  the  wheel  repaired,  rode 
on  to  fulfil  his  errand  and  on  returning  picked  up  the  repaired  vehicle.  As  a  young 
lieutenant,  left  hi  charge  of  the  ship  off  Havana  harbor,  which  the  captain  thought 
wise  not  to  try  to  enter  because  of  adverse  winds,  he  brought  the  ship  into  the 
harbor.  As  an  executive  officer  he  was  remarkably  successful  in  obtaining  favor 
and  respect  of  his  commanding  officers. 

He  was  honorable.  Even  as  a  boy  he  paid  for  the  pane  of  glass  in  a  neigh- 
bor's house  which  he  accidentally  broke  with  a  stone.  He  resented  having  his 
word  doubted. 

He  early  had  a  nomadic  tendency.  As  a  boy  he  wrote  on  the  flyleaf  of  a  book: 
'Would  I  were  a  missionary." 


PHILIP. 


173 


He  was  quick  in  response  in  an  emergency.  In  the  battle  off  Santiago  the 
Texas  was  chasing  the  Spanish  ships  when  the  Brooklyn  emerged  out  of  the  smoke 
right  ahead.  He  instantly  ordered  "full  speed  astern/'  which  prevented  the 
collision. 

He  was  full  of  sympathy,  as  when  in  the  battle  the  Vizcaya  of  Cervera's  fleet 
blew  up  on  the  beach  and  the  men  on  the  Texas  started  to  cheer,  Captain  Philip 
held  out  his  hand  and  said:  "Don't  cheer,  men;  those  poor  fellows  are  dying!" 
His  emotional  output  is  illustrated  by  the  incident  that  when  the  battle  was  over 
he  called  all  hands  aft  and  invited  those  who  felt  so  inclined  to  stand  bareheaded 
and  offer  silent  thanks  to  God.  At  the  Brooklyn  navy-yard  Philip  was  interested 
in  developing  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association. 

Of  relatives  of  Philip  we  have  secured  little  information.  One  of  his  sons 
entered  the  naval  service.  His  father,  John  Henry  Philip,  received  instruction  at 
the  Troy  Polytechnic  Institute  and  after  studying  medicine  at  Vermont  Medical 
College  practiced  medicine  in  Columbia  county.  A  great-grandfather,  George 
Philip,  was  a  captain  in  the  American  army  during  the  Revolution  and  served 
as  commissary  of  subsistence.  The  mother's  father  was  Dr.  Theodore  Woodward, 
professor  of  surgery  at  Vermont  Medical  College. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  JOHN  WOODWARD  PHILIP. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  George  Philip  (died  1806,  aged  54),  was  a  captain  in  the 
American  army  during  the  Revolutionary  war  and  served  as  commissary 
of  subsistence.     12  (FFM),  Jane  Ostrander. 

II  1   (F  F),  John  G.   Philip   (1783-1834).    II 3   (M  F),  Theodore 
Woodward,  was  one  of  the  founders  as  well  as  professor  of  surgery  at  the 
Castleton  Medical  College,  Castleton,  Vermont. 

III  1  (F),  John  Henry  Philip  (born  1811),  practiced  medicine.    Ill 
2  (M), Woodward. 

IV  1  (Propositus),  JOHN  W.  PHILIP. 

Children  of  Propositus:   V  1,  Woodrow  Philip,  a  midshipman  in  the 
navy.    V  2,  Barrett  Philip. 


IV 


MACLAY,  E.  S.    1903. 
280pp. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Life  and  Adventures  of  Jack  Philip. 


New  York:    Illustrated  Navy. 


174  HEREDITY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL  OFFICERS. 

52.  ARTHUR  PHILLIP. 

ARTHUR  PHILLIP  was  born  in  London,  October  11,  1738.  At  13  years  of  age 
he  was  sent  to  Greenwich  school;  at  17  he  was  bound  to  the  ship  Fortune,  serving 
under  Captain  Everet;  and  at  23  was  a  lieutenant.  In  1763  he  married  and 
settled  down  as  a  country  gentleman  and  farmer.  When  Portugal,  in  1775,  went 
to  war  with  Spain,  he  offered  his  services  and  organized  the  Portuguese  fleet, 
but  resigned  in  1778,  after  having  given  services  that  were  highly  appreciated. 
In  1787  he  was  commissioned  captain  general  and  governor  in  chief  of  New  South 
Wales  and  took  600  male  and  180  female  convicts  to  Botany  Bay.  As  governor 
he  displayed  energy  and  wisdom,  1788-1792.  In  1814,  shortly  before  his  death, 
he  was  made  admiral. 

Phillip  was  an  organizer  and  administrator.  He  invariably  knew  how  to  go 
about  the  work  in  hand  and  had  confidence  in  his  ability  to  complete  it.  In  start- 
ing on  his  voyage  which  led  to  the  foundation  of  Australia,  he  suggested  that  a 
ship  be  sent  to  the  Friendly  Islands  to  bring  the  breadfruit  plant  and  women  to 
Australia.  He  strongly  recommended  marriage  among  the  convicts,  of  whom 
he  took  both  sexes.  Later  he  urged  free  immigration,  saying:  "I  would  not  wish 
convicts  to  lay  the  foundations  of  an  empire." 

He  made/ew  personal  friendships,  and  would  shrink  from,  if  not  abhor,  talking 
or  writing  about  himself,  even  to  his  relatives.  During  his  long  exile  in  Australia 
he  never  alluded  to  his  family,  with  whom  he  could  communicate  only  at  long 
intervals.  He  left  no  children.  Little  is  known  about  his  family.  His  father 
was  born  in  Frankfurt,  Germany,  and  taught  languages  in  England. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BECKB,  L.,  and  W.  JEFFREY.    1899.    Admiral  Phillip.    New  York:    Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 
xxx  +  336  pp. 


PORTER.  175 

53.  PORTER  FAMILY. 

DAVID  DIXON  PORTER  was  born  at  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  in  1813.  Reserved 
with  his  father  (David  2d)  when  1 1  years  old  in  a  cruise  against  the  West  Indian 
pirates.  At  the  age  of  13  he  received  a  midshipman's  commission  from  Mexico  and 
served  with  credit  under  his  father  throughout  her  war  with  Spain.  Having  been 
captured  by  a  Spanish  frigate,  the  lad  was  taken  to  Havana,  guarded  for  a  time, 
and  then  released.  In  February  1829  he  was  commissioned  a  midshipman  in  the 
United  States  navy.  For  12  years  he  was  on  the  Mediterranean  and  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey.  The  Mexican  war  gave  Lieutenant  Porter  a  better  oppor- 
tunity to  show  his  valor.  As  captain  of  the  Spitfire  he  took  part  in  the  actions  at 
Vera  Cruz  and  Tuxpan.  After  the  war  he  commanded  mail  steamers  plying 
between  New  York  and  Panama.  He  once  entered  Havana  harbor  against  the 
prohibition  of  the  Spanish  government  and  defied  the  guns  of  Morro  Castle,  which 
were  not  fired  upon  him.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  Porter  was  assigned 
to  the  command  of  the  Powhatan  and  ordered  to  secure  Fort  Pickens,  Pensacola, 
to  the  Union,  and  this  he  did.  While  blockading  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  the  idea  of  capturing  New  Orleans  came  to  him  and,  after  it  had  been  accepted 
by  the  Navy  department,  he  cooperated  with  Farragut  in  carrying  it  out,  and 
ran  by  Fort  Jackson  and  Fort  St.  Philip,  which  defended  New  Orleans  on  the 
river.  Later,  Porter  bombarded  the  Vicksburg  forts  from  the  river  while  Farra- 
gut passed  them.  In  September  1862  he  was  made  acting  rear  admiral  and  given 
command  of  the  Mississippi  squadron,  which  aided  in  an  important  way  the  fall 
of  Vicksburg.  Toward  the  end  of  1864  he  captured  Fort  Fisher  the  main  one  of 
the  defenses  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  after  the  general  commanding  the 
land  forces  had  concluded  it  was  impregnable.  After  the  war  Porter  was  made 
vice  admiral  and  succeeded  to  the  rank  of  admiral  on  Farragut's  death  in  1870. 
From  1865  to  1869  he  was  superintendent  of  the  United  States  Naval  Academy. 
He  wrote  a  life  of  his  father,  the  "History  of  the  Navy  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion" 
(1887),  two  novels,  anecdotes  of  the  war,  and  numerous  essays;  he  greatly  prized 
his  novels.  He  died  at  Washington,  February  13,  1891.  He  married,  in  1839, 
Georgia  Ann,  daughter  of  Commodore  Daniel  Tod  Patterson,  who  commanded 
the  naval  forces  cooperating  with  General  Jackson  at  the  battle  of  New  Orleans, 
and  sister  of  Captain  Carlisle  P.  Patterson,  superintendent  of  the  United  States 
Coast  Survey  (1874-1881).  They  had  4  sons:  Major  Essex  Porter,  United  States 
army,  retired;  Captain  Carlisle  P.  Porter,  of  the  United  States  marine  corps; 
Lieutenant  Theodoric  Porter,  born  in  1849,  graduate  of  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy,  United  States  navy;  and  Richard  Porter.  They  had  also  2  daughters, 
the  elder  the  wife  of  Captain  Leavitt  C.  Logan,  United  States  army,  and  the 
younger  the  wife  of  Charles  H.  Campbell. 

Some  of  the  Porter  traits  which  were  responsible  for  his  achievements  were: 

Nomadism.  —  As  a  child,  contact  with  naval  men  who  visited  his  father 
roused  a  desire  to  go  to  sea,  and  he  was  at  sea  most  of  his  life  from  the  age  of  10 
years. 

Love  of  adventure.  —  This  alone  could  lead  a  boy  to  court  the  dangers  of  naval 
warfare  at  the  age  of  16  years. 

Intrepidity.  —  When  he  challenged  Rowan  to  a  duel  he  was  fearless  of  conse- 
quences. His  plans  to  capture  the  fort  at  San  Juan,  to  reduce  Forts  Jackson  and 
St.  Philip  before  Vicksburg,  and  to  capture  Fort  Fisher,  were  made  with  con- 


176  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

sideration  of  the  requirements  of  each  case  but  undeterred  by  the  tremendous 
personal  danger  involved.  As  his  biographer  says,  there  was  "in  him  an  entire 
absence  of  bodily  fear." 

Porter  was  a  marked  hyperkinetic.  He  was  "  self-confident,  self-reliant, 
filled  with  the  courage  of  his  convictions"1  (p.  48).  He  had  "an  irrepressible 
good  humor,  a  positive  exhilaration  of  spirits,  at  times  an  almost  boyish  jocu- 
larity." 2  He  had  a  jesting,  easy  way  of  taking  the  most  perilous  situations.3  His 
was  a  curious  vein  of  humor,  almost  sardonic  in  its  character,  never  malicious, 
but  rising  at  times  to  the  level  of  an  impish  audacity.4  He  had  a  boyish  fondness 
for  skylarking  which  he  never  entirely  outgrew.  Perhaps  the  most  compre- 
hensive term  to  describe  in  a  word  his  peculiar  temperament  is  buoyancy.  He 
was  never  discouraged.  No  matter  how  bad  the  conditions,  no  matter  how  much 
circumstances  seemed  to  make  against  him,  his  spirits  rose  in  adversity  and  carried 
him  lightly  over  what  would  have  been  to  other  men  the  most  dismal  prospects 
of  disaster.6  He  had  an  impulsive  frankness  of  expression  which  not  infrequently 
carried  him  beyond  the  bounds  of  prudence.  He  always  had  a  ready  command 
of  expletive  which  he  did  not  hesitate  to  use.6 

"He  was,  in  his  youth,  full  of  alertness  and  dash."  There  was  about  him  all 
his  life  a  certain  quality,  "  lawless  or  dare-devil "  —  that  went  far  to  make  the  strong 
personality  of  the  future  admiral.7  Porter's  bold  plans  were  conceived  by  a  mind 
"essentially  original,  lawless,  dare-devil."8 

"In  temperament  Porter  was  restless,  eager,  energetic.  He  had  the  mental 
make-up  of  a  born  fighter,  of  an  officer  who  finds  his  true  opportunity  only  in  war 
and  in  struggle,  who  before  and  during  the  contest  had  but  one  idea  —  to  whip 
the  enemy  —  and  who  bends  all  his  ingenuity  and  resource,  all  his  mental  and 
physical  force  to  that  end  without  too  much  regard  to  the  risk  of  consequences 
either  to  himself,  his  ship,  or  his  men.  He  was  not  only  alert  and  daring  in  battle, 
but  he  had  the  temperament  which  makes  the  battle  everything  for  the  moment, 
and  which  seems  to  develop  instantly  within  the  man  who  has  all  the  qualities  of 
mind  and  heart  that  the  battle  demands."9  "The  actual  moments  of  fighting 
have  for  him  an  uncommon  zest  which  showed  itself  plainly  in  his  high  spirits  and 
more  intense  mental  activity." 10 

Like  most  hyperkinetics,  Porter  was  very  attractive  to  others.  All  of  the 
officers  who  served  under  him  showed  a  personal  devotion  to  him.11  It  is  said 
that,  among  other  things,  "his  directness  of  speech,  his  independence  of  routine 
and  contempt  for  red  tape,  and  last,  but  perhaps  not  least,  his  strong  vein  of  boy- 
ish humor,  which  he  never  took  pains  to  repress  —  all  attracted  the  President." 12 

His  books,  which  he  seemed  impelled  to  write,  were  not  of  "any  marked 
importance,  for  the  admiral  was  not  a  man  of  letters  but  a  man  of  action,  and 
he  had  no  faculty  of  literary  construction  or  expression." 13 

Executive  ability.  —  Porter  had  not  only  dash  but  also  self-control  enough  to 
plan  and  carry  out  details.  "But  that  which  distinguished  him  from  others  was 
that  ...  he  had  to  an  uncommon  degree  those  qualities  of  independent  judg- 
ment, boldness,  energy,  and  tenacity  combined  with  a  rapid  and  instinctive  stra- 

1  Soley,  1903,  p.  48.  •  Ibid.,  p.  472.  •  Ibid.,  p.  59.  u  Ibid.,  p.  258. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  474.  •  Ibid.,  p.  476.  •  Ibid.,  p.  63.  »  Ibid.,  p.  232. 

»  Ibid.,  p.  478.  7  Ibid.,  p.  40.  w  Ibid.,  p.  475.  »  Ibid.,  p.  463. 
«  Ibid.,  p.  476. 


PORTER.  177 

tegic  perception  which  mark  the  greatest  of  naval  commanders.  In  addition,  he 
had  a  certain  mental  habit,  rarely  found  in  its  full  development  in  such  an  eager 
and  original  nature,  but  almost  equally  impressive  in  ship  life,  of  careful  and 
exact  attention  to  important  details  of  preparation.  .  .  .  He  was  not  fussy 
or  overminute,  and  he  was  never  tied  down  by  any  preconceived  theories  as  to  the 
use  of  a  particular  instrument  or  agency  where  any  other  would  do  as  well;  but  he 
looked  narrowly  into  the  conditions  that  were  to  confront  him  and  took  care 
to  be  ready  to  meet  them."  l 

As  an  organizer  he  was  superior.  "His  two  great  objects  were  celerity  and 
efficiency.  He  cared  very  little  about  methods.  He  had  a  perfect  sense  of  logical 
proportion  in  the  affairs  with  which  he  was  dealing;  and  whether  large  or  small, 
provided  they  were  important,  he  could  give  them  the  attention  they  deserved. 
This  faculty  of  taking  in  the  whole  of  a  large  field  of  view  at  a  single  glance  and  at 
the  same  time  giving  minute  application  to  essential  details  was  characteristic  of 
all  of  Porter's  work,  whether  he  was  dealing  with  questions  of  organization  or 
with  the  larger  problems  of  strategy  in  the  conduct  of  actual  operations."2 

The  combination  of  executive  ability  and  hyperkinetic  dash  was  a  fortunate 
one.  "It  is  in  these  moments  of  battle  that  we  see  Porter  at  his  best,  for  here  we 
find  in  its  fullest  development  that  extraordinary  combination  of  a  cool  and  even 
professional  judgment,  operating  with  arrow-like  swiftness  and  precision  in  direct- 
ing his  entire  force,  with  a  most  intense  physical  energy  and  activity." 3 

Literary  impulses.  —  These  were,  as  we  have  seen,  strong,  though  the  product 
was  not  of  high  grade  and  lacked  finish.  His  father  wrote  two  books. 

DAVID  PORTER  (David  2d)  was  born  at  Boston,  February  1,  1780.  At  the 
age  of  18  he  was  appointed  midshipman  on  the  frigate  Constellation  and  received 
award  for  his  services  when  that  vessel  fought  L'Insurgente,*  1799.  He  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant  in  1800,  was  assigned  to  the  schooner  Experiment,  and  fought 
West  Indian  pirates.  He  was  active  in  the  naval  battles  against  Tripoli,  was 
captured  with  the  Philadelphia 6  and  imprisoned  in  Tripoli  until  the  close  of  the 
war  (1805).  In  1808,  as  commander,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  sailing-master 
at  the  New  Orleans  naval  station.  In  July  1811  he  was  assigned  to  the  command 
of  the  frigate  Essex,  32  guns,  which,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  1812,  set  out 
with  orders  to  pursue  British  ships.  On  August  13,  the  Essex  captured  the 
Alert.  Porter  decided  to  take  his  ship  to  the  Pacific  and  destroy  the  British  whal- 
ing interests  there.  During  the  year  1813  he  captured  numerous  British  whalers, 
several  of  which  he  equipped  for  fighting,  and  added  them  to  his  fleet.  British 
frigates  having  been  sent  to  seize  him,  he  put  into  the  Marquesas  Islands  for 
repairs,  was  led  to  slaughter  the  Typee  villagers,  and  then  set  sail  for  Valparaiso, 
arriving  there  January  1814.  Here  he  was  "bottled  up"  by  the  British  frigate 
Phcebe,  36  guns,  accompanied  by  the  sloop-of-war  Cherub  (20  guns).  He  even- 
tually engaged  them  both,  but  the  range  of  the  enemy's  guns  were  greater  than  his 
own  and,  as  his  own  ship  had  lost  its  maintop  in  a  storm,  he  could  not  get  near 
enough  to  the  enemy  to  inflict  damage.  When  only  75  of  his  crew  of  225  were 
left  effective  for  duty  and  his  ship  was  on  fire  he  surrendered  to  save  the  lives  of 
the  wounded.  The  survivors  returned  home  in  one  of  the  captured  whalers, 
under  parole.  Off  Sandy  Hook  they  were  held  up  by  a  British  frigate,  but  Porter 
rowed  ashore  to  Long  Island  in  a  whaleboat  at  night  to  avoid  parleying  with  the 

1  Soley,  1903,  pp.  93,  94.  »  Ibid.,  p.  471.  •  Ibid.,  pp.  24,  58,  109,  185. 

1  Ibid.,  p.  468.  «  Ibid.,  p.  187. 


178  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

British  captain.  For  eight  years  (1815-1823)  Porter  was  on  the  board  of  naval 
commissioners,  and  then  resigned.  From  1824  he  had  charge  of  a  fleet  for  sup- 
pressing piracy  hi  the  West  Indies.  Considering  the  nation  insulted  by  a  certain 
incident  at  Porto  Rico,  he  demanded  a  prompt  apology,  was  found  guilty  of  a 
breach  of  international  law,  and,  feeling  outraged,  resigned  his  commission.  In 
August  1826  he  became  commander  hi  chief  of  the  Mexican  navy;  he  served  through 
the  Spanish-Mexican  war  and  then  returned  to  the  United  States.  He  served  in 
diplomatic  posts  in  the  Barbary  States  and  Constantinople,  where  he  died  hi  1843. 

The  traits  of  David  Porter  which  were  related  to  his  achievements  were: 

Love  of  sea.  —  At  an  early  age  the  boy  displayed  the  restless  energy  which 
ever  afterwards  characterized  him.  As  he  grew  in  years  he  developed  a  fondness 
for  a  sea  life.  His  desires  were  abundantly  satisfied  in  his  early  career.  But 
serving  on  the  board  of  navy  commissioners  was  not  to  his  taste.  "Captain 
Porter's  restless  nature  would  not  permit  him  to  sit  quietly  in  an  office,  attending 
to  ministerial  affairs.  Before  he  had  been  a  year  on  the  board  of  commissioners 
he  began  to  weary  of  the  work." 

He  was  hyperkinetic.  As  a  boy  he  indulged  in  "madcap  pranks,"  for  being 
a  boy  of  ungovernable  spirits  he  was  always  getting  into  scrapes  which  frequently 
caused  him  much  inconvenience.1  "As  a  young  naval  officer  his  spirits  never 
flagged;  he  was  impulsive  and  sometimes  too  severe,  but  his  impulsiveness  was 
tempered  by  a  generous  spirit."  His  temper  was  very  quick  and  he  would  flash 
up  like  powder  at  anything  he  considered  in  the  least  insulting  or  showing  a  want 
of  respect  towards  him.  While  a  midshipman,  he  was  called  by  an  abusive  name 
by  the  drunken  officer  of  the  deck;  Porter  knocked  him  down.  It  was  only  in 
trifles  that  he  lost  his  self-control.  Under  great  provocation  he  often  maintained 
command  of  his  temper.  He  was  fond  of  practical  jokes. 

There  was  an  artistic  element  in  David  Porter.  He  made  sketches  on  his 
cruise  on  the  Essex  and  some  of  these  were  published  in  his  account  of  the  cruise. 
This  esthetic  appeal  showed  itself  in  a  fondness  for  horses  2  that  led  him  to  pur- 
chase some  fine  Arabians;  also,  he  was  a  great  admirer  of  female  beauty.3 

Obstinacy  is  a  marked  trait.  In  a  desperate  encounter  on  the  Experiment, 
in  which  the  captain  gave  up  his  ship  for  lost,  Lieutenant  Porter  took  command 
himself,  ignoring  his  superior,  and  fought  the  battle  to  a  successful  issue.  Off 
Valparaiso  he  fought,  in  the  Essex,  two  British  vessels,  though  his  maintop  had 
been  carried  off  by  a  storm.  Porter  returned  their  fire  "with  so  great  effect  as 
to  compel  his  enemies  to  retire  for  repairs;  but  the  Phcebe,  on  returning  to  the 
action,  opened  on  him  with  her  long-range  guns  from  a  point  beyond  his  carron- 
ades.  Porter  saw  that  his  only  hope  now  lay  in  the  desperate  chance  of  boarding 
the  larger  of  his  adversaries,  and  with  this  hope  bore  down  on  her  with  the  little 
sail  he  could  still  carry,  but  the  Englishmen  kept  steadily  away,  and  the  Essex, 
hulled  at  almost  every  shot,  became  a  helpless  wreck,  filled  with  dead  and  wounded 
seamen."  He  planned  to  run  her  ashore  and  blow  her  up,  but  adverse  winds  pre- 
vented. "Still  he  made  another  effort  to  board,  only  to  subject  himself  to  repeated 
raking,  then  let  go  his  sheet  anchor  to  bring  his  broadside  to  bear  again,  only  to  part 
with  his  hawsers  in  the  effort,  and  kept  up  a  steady  cannonade  until  his  ship  was  on 
fire,  his  boats  shot  away  and  but  75  men  out  of  225  left  for  effective  duty."  "His 
obstinate  bravery  won  the  enthusiastic  admiration  and  respect  of  all  his  foes."  4 

1  Porter,  1875,  p.  11.  »  Ibid.,  p.  411. 

*  Ibid.,  p.  408.  *  National  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography,  ii,  p.  99. 


PORTER.  179 

DAVID  PORTER  senior  was  bred  to  the  sea.  He  commanded  the  sloop  Delight 
(6  guns),  detailed  in  1778  to  intercept  British  supply-ships;  later  he  commanded 
the  Aurora  (10  guns),  with  the  rank  of  captain.  He  was  captured  and  confined 
in  the  prison-ship  Jersey,  on  which  his  brother  Samuel  was  confined  and  died. 
David  made  his  escape  and  continued  his  active  cruising  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
He  then  commanded  a  ship  in  the  West  India  trade.  Once  in  Santo  Domingo 
his  ship  was  boarded  by  a  British  press-gang.  "Porter  armed  his  men  and  after 
a  short  and  sharp  struggle  drove  the  intruders  from  the  ship  with  considerable 
loss."  "His  courage  and  spirit  on  this  occasion  were  rewarded  by  an  appoint- 
ment as  sailing-master  in  the  reconstructed  navy."  He  spent  his  declining  years 
at  the  naval  station  at  New  Orleans,  of  which  his  son  had  command.  He  died 
in  1808. 

In  David  Porter  senior  we  see  the  same  love  of  the  sea,  the  same  quickness  in 
an  emergency  that  are  found  in  his  son  and  grandson.  Obstinacy  showed  in  him, 
also.  The  love  of  the  sea  goes  back  on  the  male  line  to  Alexander  Porter,  father 
of  David,  senior,  who  was  a  merchant  captain  and  served  in  the  colonial  wars. 

Obstinacy  and  audacity  are  seen  also  in  Captain  David  H.  Porter  (VI  1), 
son  of  David  2d's  sister  Anne,  who  married  her  cousin,  Alexander  Porter.  David 
H.  Porter  was  a  most  capable  naval  officer  who  accompanied  David  senior,  his 
uncle,  to  Mexico  and  was  given  command  of  the  Esmeralda,  in  which  raider  David 
Porter  2d  was  placed.  The  Mexican  crew  mutinied,  but  Lieutenant  David 
H.  handled  the  situation  well  with  stern  discipline.  In  a  second  expedition,  when 
compelled  to  retire  before  a  superior  force,  Captain  David  H.  was  planning  with 
"the  stubborn  tenacity  which  he  possessed  in  common  with  the  rest  of  his  family, 
an  audacity  that  was  little  less  than  sheer  recklessness,"  to  give  the  slip  to  his 
pursuer  and  return  for  his  quarry.  But  his  ship  was  overtaken  and  he  was  killed 
while  in  action. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  DAVID  DIXON  PORTER. 

II  (F  F  F),  Alexander  Porter  (born  1727),  was  a  merchant  and  a  captain  who  served  in 
the  colonial  wars. 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  1,  Samuel  Porter,  was  bred  to  the  sea  and  sought  active  service  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  was  captured  and  confined  on  the  prison-ship 
Jersey,  where  he  died  from  his  wounds.  II  4  (F  F),  David  Porter  (died  1808),  was  bred  to  the 
sea;  in  1780  he  was  commissioned  a  captain  in  the  State  navy  of  Massachusetts  (see  text).  II  6, 
William  Anderson,  born  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  1763,  at  the  age  of  15  joined  the  Con- 
tinental army  and  served  5  years.  He  held  various  political  offices  and  in  1809  was  elected  to 
Congress,  retaining  his  seat  till  1815.  Ill  7,  Elizabeth  Dixon,  of  Virginia. 

III  1,  Alexander  Porter.     Fraternity  of  F:   III  2,  Anne  Porter.     Ill  4,  Mary  Porter.     Ill 
5, Brown.     Ill  6,  John  Porter,  entered  the  United  States  navy  in  1806  and  died  a  com- 
mander in  1831.     Ill  8  (F),  David  Porter  (1780-1843)  (see  text).     Ill  9  (M),  Evelina  Anderson. 
Fraternity  of  M:    III  10,  Thomas  Anderson,  "something  of  a  fire-eater"  (quarrelsome);   had  a 
strong  sense  of  humor.     Ill  11  (consort's  F),  D.  J.  Patterson,  a  commodore  in  the  navy. 

IV  1,  David  H.  Porter,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Mexican  navy  who  was  killed  in  action  (see 
text).     IV  2,  John  R.  Brown,  a  diplomat  at  Constantinople.     IV  3,  Fitz-John  Porter  (born 
1822),  entered  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  and  served  with  distinction  through  the 
Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  rising  to  the  rank  of  general.     IV  4,  Bolton  Porter,  a  midshipman, 
was  lost  at  sea.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  5,  Evelina  Porter.     IV  6,  Captain  Harris  Heap. 
IV  7,  Imogene  Porter.     IV  8, Harris.     IV  9,  William  D.  Porter  (1810-1865),  served  through- 
out his  life  in  the  navy.     During  the  Civil  War  he  commanded  the  Essex  and  distinguished  himself 
in  the  capture  of  the  Arkansas.     He  died  as  a  result  of  his  injuries.     IV  10,  Theodoric  Porter, 
was  the  first  officer  killed  in  battle  during  the  Mexican  war.     He  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Fourth 
Infantry  and  was  killed  after  volunteering  to  search  for  another  officer.     IV  11,  Thomas  Porter, 
entered  the  Mexican  navy  and  died  of  yellow  fever  while  a  midshipman.    IV  12,  Henry  Ogden 


180 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


Porter,  also  entered  the  navy.  He  was  executive  officer  of  the  Hatteras  when  she  was  sunk  by 
the  Alabama.  He  died  of  his  wounds  in  1869.  IV  13,  Hambleton  Porter,  died  of  yellow  fever 
when  a  passed  midshipman  in  the  home  squadron.  IV  14  (Propositus),  DAVID  DDCON  PORTER. 
IV  15  (consort)  Georgia  Ann  Patterson.  Fraternity  of  Consort:  IV  16,  Carlile  Patterson,  entered 
the  navy,  but  left  it  to  engage  in  the  United  States  Coast  Survey,  of  which  he  became  head. 


Children  of  Propositus:  V  2,  Captain  L.  C.  Logan,  United  States  navy.  V  3,  Essex  Porter, 
a  major  in  the  United  States  army.  V  4,  C.  P.  Porter,  served  in  the  United  States  marine  corps. 
V  5,  Richard  Porter.  V  7,  Charles  H.  Campbell.  V  8,  Theodoric  Porter  (born  1849),  was 
graduated  from  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  in  1869.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  commodore 
and  retired  in  1908.  He  served  43  years  in  the  United  States  navy,  20  years  being  spent  at  sea. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

JOHNSON,  W.     1883.     Historical  Sketch  of  Chester,  on  Delaware.     Chester:   Republican  Steam 

Printing  House,     vi  +  336  pp. 
PORTER,  D.     1875.     Memoir  of  Commodore  David  Porter  of  the  United  States  Navy.     Albany: 

J.  Munsell.    ix  +  427  pp. 
SOLEY,  J.  R.     1903.    Admiral  Porter.    New  York:    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    vii  +  499  pp. 


FEEBLE.  181 

54.   EDWARD  PREBLE. 

EDWARD  PREBLE  was  born  at  Falmouth,  Maine,  August  15,  1761.  He  was 
blessed  from  boyhood  with  a  vigorous  constitution  and  was  little  inclined  to  seden- 
tary amusements.  His  leisure  hours  of  youth  were  devoted  to  hunting  and  other 
active  exercise  and  he  was  very  skillful  with  a  gun.  Thus  on  one  occasion  he 
brought  down  five  sparrows  singly  at  successive  shots.  He  was  sent  to  Dummer 
Academy  to  be  fitted  for  college,  but  close  study  was  not  adapted  to  his  temper- 
ament. He  left  school  and  worked  for  a  time  on  his  father's  farm,  until  one  day 
he  suddenly  threw  down  his  hoe,  declaring  he  would  do  no  more  such  work,  and, 
trudging  afoot  to  Falmouth,  he  entered  at  the  age  of  16  on  board  a  privateer. 
Thus  he  realized  a  desire  he  had  long  expressed  —  to  go  to  sea.  In  1779  his  father 
procured  for  him  a  midshipman's  warrant  in  the  Massachusetts  State  marine. 
He  made  several  cruises  in  the  ship  Protector,  in  one  of  which  she  was  captured 
by  the  British  and  Preble  was  confined  for  a  time  hi  the  prison-ship  Jersey,  but 
eventually  released  through  the  intervention  of  a  friend  at  New  York.  As  first 
lieutenant  he  entered  on  board  the  sloop  of  war  Winthrop,  under  Captain  George 
Little,  and  distinguished  himself  by  capturing,  in  Penobscot  harbor,  an  armed 
English  brig  more  powerful  than  his  own  vessel.  After  the  war  he  visited  various 
parts  of  the  world  and  resided  in  foreign  countries  as  agent  of  an  American  com- 
mercial house.  In  1798  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant  and  the  following  year 
captain.  In  1803  he  took  command  of  a  squadron  of  six  vessels,  of  which  the 
Constitution  was  the  flagship,  and  set  out  to  protect  American  commerce  from 
the  attacks  of  the  Barbary  States.  The  Sultan  of  Morocco  readily  yielded  to  the 
display  of  force  and  firmness  of  Preble,  and  he  next  turned  to  Tripoli  and  sent 
the  Philadelphia  and  Vixen  to  blockade  its  coast.  In  chasing  an  enemy  vessel  the 
Philadelphia  unfortunately  ran  aground  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli  and  was  seized 
by  the  enemy,  who  took  her  into  the  inner  harbor  and  made  her  officers  and  men 
prisoners.  Through  the  intrepidity  of  Stephen  Decatur,  jr.,  who  entered  the 
harbor  and  fired  the  ship,  the  capture  of  the  Philadelphia  was  rendered  of  little 
avail.  The  following  summer  Preble  bombarded  Tripoli  with  such  destruction 
of  the  Tripolitan  navy  lying  there  that  negotiations  for  peace  were  begun;  but  the 
terms  offered  not  appearing  suitable  to  Preble,  he  prepared  for  a  second  assault 
and  subsequent  attacks  were  made.  Before  satisfactory  terms  were  definitely 
arranged  Preble  was  relieved  of  his  command  by  Commodore  Barren,  who  arranged 
the  treaty  that  provided  for  mutual  exchange  of  prisoners  and  waived  further 
payment  of  tribute  —  the  terms  originally  set  by  Preble.  On  returning  home 
Preble  was  offered  the  secretaryship  of  the  navy,  but  failing  health  led  him  to 
decline.  He  died  hi  1807. 

Edward  Preble  was  a  large  man,  over  6  feet  tall,  and  of  striking  figure.  His 
manners  were  polished  and  courtly  and  his  address  pleasant.  His  naval  operations 
against  the  Barbary  States  were  comprehensive,  direct,  and  sufficient.  "He  acted 
upon  the  principle  that  'the  boldest  measures  are  the  safest.'"  He  had  an  "un- 
governable temper,  yet  had  the  rare  faculty  of  making  and  retaining  friends." 
He  was  a  good  disciplinarian  and  no  feuds  arose  among  his  officers. 

Preble  married  Mary  Deering  (1770-1851),  whose  father,  Nathaniel  Deering 
(1739-1795),  of  Kittery,  Maine,  was  a  boat-builder  and  shipped  merchandise 
after  the  war.  They  had  a  son,  Edward  Deering  Preble  (1806-1846),  who  is  said 
to  have  had  a  predilection  for  the  sea,  but  his  mother  opposed  his  desires  in  this 


182  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

respect.  He  graduated  from  Bowdoin  College  in  1825,  indulged  in  literary  pur- 
suits, and  traveled  much  in  foreign  countries.  On  his  final  return  home  he  was 
frequently  a  member  of  the  city  government,  and  commanded  the  Portland  rifle 
corps.  Courteous,  like  his  father,  he  rather  shunned  society.  He  married  Sophia 
Wattles,  of  Alexandria,  Virginia.  Their  son,  Edward  Ernest,  born  1842,  entered 
the  United  States  navy  as  midshipman  1859;  he  was  navigator  of  the  United  States 
steam  sloop  Kearsarge  when  she  met  and  defeated  the  Alabama;  was  lieutenant 
on  the  Susquehanna  at  the  capture  of  Fort  Fisher;  was  lieutenant  commander 
1866,  and  in  1870  in  the  Pacific  squadron. 

Of  Edward  Preble's  sibs  there  are:  (1)  Martha,  married  to  Thomas  Oxnard, 
a  man  who  was  fonder  of  study  and  meditation  than  of  action,  but  all  of  whose 
sons  were  seamen  and  two  were  privateersmen.  (2)  Ebenezer,  a  merchant.  (3) 
Joshua,  about  whom  little  is  known.  (4)  Enoch,  who  began  his  trading  voyages 
at  the  age  of  16  and  went  to  all  the  countries  touching  the  Atlantic.  He  held 
many  positions  of  trust  and  honor  after  he  abandoned  the  sea  at  the  age  of  61 
years.  He  was  prudent,  discreet,  temperate  in  habits,  and  physically  strong  and 
healthy.  He  married  Sally  Cross  and  had  two  sons;  the  elder,  Eben  (1802-1845), 
had  a  great  predilection  for  the  sea,  but  his  father  discouraged  it.  He  was  a 
merchant  all  his  life.  He  also  had  a  natural  taste  for  drawing,  especially  ships. 
The  younger  son  was  George  Henry  (1816-1885),  who  entered  the  navy,  partici- 
pated actively  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars,  and  was  a  man  of  ripe  scholarship, 
a  lover  of  books,  and  an  author  of  several  historical  works.  (5)  Statira,  who  mar- 
ried Captain  Richard  Codman  and  had  two  sons  who  died  young.  (6)  Henry, 
who  (1770-1825)  went  repeatedly  from  the  United  States  to  Paris  and  went  to 
Italy  intending  to  open  a  mercantile  house  in  Tuscany,  but  abandoned  the  plan. 
Subsequently  he  opened  houses  in  various  cities  of  France.  He  suffered  financial 
losses  and  plunged  into  deep  melancholy.  He  was  United  States  consul  at  Palermo 
and  first  United  States  commercial  agent  to  Turkey.  He  visited  Algiers,  Tunis, 
Tripoli,  and  other  ports.  He  had  the  family  taste  for  drawing  and  painting. 
He  married  Frances  Wright  and  had  two  daughters,  both  with  artistic  talent, 
and  a  son,  Edward,  who  died  at  the  age  of  20  years  of  tuberculosis,  having  planned 
to  be  a  merchant.  The  younger  daughter,  Frances,  married  Thomas  Barlow, 
secretary  to  the  United  States  legation  to  France,  and  both  of  their  sons  were 
nomadic.  Of  the  elder,  Francis  Joel  Barlow,  it  is  said  he  had  "the  Preble  roving 
tendency."  He  wished  to  be  a  surgeon  in  the  navy.  He  died  in  Australia,  at  the 
age  of  26  years.  The  younger  son,  Frederick  (1830-1864),  was  a  clerk  on  river 
boats,  entered  the  United  States  navy  as  engineer,  and  was  eventually  drowned 
in  the  sinking  by  a  torpedo  of  the  monitor  Tecumseh  as  she  attempted  to  enter 
Mobile  bay  at  the  van  of  Farragut's  squadron. 

The  foregoing  family  history  is  instructive,  inasmuch  as  the  sons  of  Martha, 
the  sister  of  Edward  and  Frances,  the  daughter  of  Henry  Preble  the  nomad,  are 
markedly  nomadic.  The  son  of  Enoch  Preble  and  Sally  Cross  became,  it  is  true, 
a  rear  admiral,  but  we  know  little  about  the  mother's  family.  Edward  Preble's 
son  was  nomadic,  but  this  son's  mother's  father  was  a  navigator. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  artistic  and  literary  faculty  in  the  Prebles.  Doubt- 
less, the  "call  of  the  sea"  is  often  a  keen  appeal  to  an  artistic  sense. 

For  the  origin  of  the  Preble  traits  we  look  to  the  father,  Jedediah,  sailing- 
master  and  brigadier  general,  who  had  a  violent  temper  like  his  son  Edward; 
and  to  the  mother's  father,  Joshua  Bangs,  who  was  a  shipmaster.  Jedediah 


PREBLE. 


183 


married  a  second  time,  Martha  Junkins,  about  whose  parents  nothing  is  known, 
and  3  of  their  4  sons  were  at  sea  and  the  other  was  an  Indian  interpreter  and  soldier. 
A  grandson  became  a  religious  paranoiac. 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  EDWARD  PREBLE. 

Fraternity  of  M  F:  II,  Edward  Bangs  (1694-1756),  was  a  shipmaster  and  merchant  of 
much  enterprise.  I  2  (M  F),  Joshua  Bangs  (born  Brewster,  Massachusetts,  1691),  settled  in 
Falmouth,  Maine,  in  1735,  where  he  was  a  shipmaster  and  merchant  who  held  many  town  offices. 
I  3  (M  M),  Mehitable  Clarke  (1686-1761). 


II 1  (consort's  F),  Nathaniel  Deering  (born  Battery,  Maine  in  1739  and  died  in  1795), 
was  a  boat-builder.  II 2  (consort's  M),  Dorcas  Milk,  of  Falmouth,  Maine.  II  3  (M),  Mehitable 
Bangs,  a  bustling,  energetic  woman,  "fully  alive  and  attentive  to  the  interests  and  business  of 
her  husband."  She  died  of  apoplexy  in  1805.  II  4  (F),  Jedediah  Preble  (born  at  York, 
Maine,  1707),  held  a  captain's  commission  in  1746,  and  was  commissioned  lieutenant  colonel 
of  a  regiment  that  took  part  in  the  expedition  to  the  eastern  frontiers  of  the  province.  He  accom- 
panied the  expedition  that  removed  the  French  Acadians,  and  finally  held  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general.  He  is  reputed  to  have  been  the  first  to  ascend  to  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington. 

II  5,  Martha  Junkins.     II  6,  Samuel  Barlow,  a  farmer. 

Ill  1  (consort),  Mary  Deering  (1770-1851).  Ill  2  (Propositus),  EDWARD  PRBBLB.  Fra- 
ternity of  Propositus:  III  3,  Martha  Preble  (1754-1824).  Ill  4,  Thomas  Oxnard  (born  in  Boston, 
1740),  was,  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution,  a  collector  of  customs  in  Maine.  In  1787  he 
officiated  as  reader  of  the  Episcopal  church  but  eventually  he  became  a  Unitarian  clergyman 
(see  text).  Ill  5,  Ebenezer  Preble  (1757-1817),  was  a  distinguished  merchant  of  Boston.  Ill 
6,  Joshua  Preble  (1759-1803).  Ill  7,  Enoch  Preble  (1763-1842),  a  shipmaster  and  office  holder. 
[1 8,  Sally  Cross.  Ill  9,  Statira  Preble  (1767-1796).  Ill  10,  Captain  Richard  Codman. 

III  11,  Henry  Preble  (1770-1825),  made  numerous  trading  voyages.     Ill  12,  Frances  Wright, 
married  during  the  French  revolution,  when  a  young  English  girl  in  a  convent  school.     Ill  13, 
Jedediah  Preble  (1734-1782),  died  from  the  effects  of  a  shipwreck.     Ill  14,  Samuel  Preble,  died 
in  the  West  Indies.     Ill  15,  John  Preble,  (1742-1787),  was  an  Indian  interpreter  who  was  lieu- 
tenant colonel  of  the  St.  John's  Expedition  of  1777.     Ill  16,  William  Preble  went  to  sea  and  was 
never  heard  from  again.     Ill  17,  Lucy  Preble,  born  1744.     Ill  18,  Jonathan  Webb,  of  Boston. 
Ill  19,  Joel  Barlow  (1754-1812),  served  in  skirmishes  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  became 
a  brigade  chaplain.     He  then  took  up  the  study  of  law  and  followed  literary  pursuits,  becoming 
quite  renowned  as  a  poet.    In  1795  he  was  consul  at  Algiers  and  in  1811  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  France. 

Child  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  Edward  Deering  Preble  (1806-1846).  IV  2,  Sophia  Wattles,  of 
Alexandria,  Virginia.  IV  3,  Thomas  Oxnard  (born  1775),  commanded,  in  the  War  of  1812,  the 
celebrated  privateer,  True  Blooded  Yankee,  which  created  havoc  in  the  English  Channel.  He 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  France.  IV  4,  Edward  Oxnard  (born  1777),  was  lost  in  the 
privateer  Dash,  which  foundered  at  sea  in  the  War  of  1812.  IV  5,  Ebenezer  Oxnard  (born  1782), 


184  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

died  in  Demerara,  1800.  IV  6,  John  Oxnard  (born  1785),  was  lost  at  sea  in  1812.  IV  7,  Martha 
Oxnard  (1786-1860).  IV  8,  Mary  Oxnard  (1787-1796).  IV  9,  Henry  Oxnard  (1789-1843),  at 
the  age  of  15  years  became  a  mariner,  and  later  in  the  double  capacity  of  master  and  supercargo 
made  numerous  voyages  about  the  world.  He  finally  established  himself  in  Boston,  where  he  be- 
came a  large  ship-owner  and  builder.  IV  10,  Charlotte  Farnham.  IV  11,  Eben  Preble  (1802-1845) 
(see  text).  IV  12,  Adeline  Preble  (born  1805),  was  interested  in  church  work  and  philanthropy. 
IV  13,  Ellen  Bangs  Preble  (1808-1867),  had  the  family  talent  for  drawing  and  painting.  IV  14, 
George  Henry  Preble  (1816-1885),  served  during  the  Mexican  war  as  executive  officer  of  the 
Petrel.  In  the  Civil  War  aided  in  the  capture  of  New  Orleans  and  was  in  active  service  through- 
out most  of  the  war.  He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear  admiral  in  1876.  IV  15,  Susan  Cox. 
IV  16,  Harriet  Preble  (1795-1854),  had  considerable  linguistic,  literary,  musical,  and  artistic 
talent.  IV  17,  Edward  Henry  Preble  (1805-1826),  a  very  promising  youth  with  a  superabun- 
dance of  animal  spirits,  who  broke  down  his  health  by  overstudy.  He  had  considerable  musical 
and  artistic  talent.  IV  18,  Frances  Arnica  Preble  (born  1797),  was  of  a  lively  disposition,  with 
a  talent  for  drawing,  but  she  never  liked  traveling.  She  enjoyed  books  of  travel  and  history. 

IV  19,  Thomas  Barlow  (1784-1859),  was  adopted  by  his  uncle,  Joel  Barlow,  and  was  his  secretary 
at  Paris. 

Children  of  child  of  Propositus:  V  1,  Mary  Preble  (1834-1835).  V  2,  Mary  A.  Preble, 
born  1835.  V  3,  Edgar  Tucker.  V  4,  Alice  Preble,  born  1839.  V  5,  William  H.  Anderson, 
a  paymaster,  United  States  navy,  who  later  became  governor  of  Maine.  V  6,  Edward  Preble 
(born  1842),  of  the  United  States  navy.  V  7,  Mehitable  Oxnard,  born  1791.  V  8,  Enoch  Oxnard 
(1793-1812),  was  lost  at  sea.  V  9,  Stephen  Oxnard  (born  1795),  was  captain  of  a  merchantman 
sailing  out  of  Portland.  V  10,  Anna  Maria  Gracie.  V  11,  Henry  Oxnard  Preble  (born  1847), 
was  captain's  clerk  on  the  United  States  sloop-of-war  St.  Louis  during  the  Civil  War.  He 
became  assistant  professor  of  chemistry,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  V  13,  George 
Henry  Preble,  born  1859.  V  14,  Francis  Emma  Barlow  (1818-1845).  V  15,  Hugh  Wilson. 

V  16,  Arnica  Barlow  (born  1821),  had  artistic  talent.    V  17,  John  D.  Chambers.    V  18,  Harriet 
Barlow  (1824-1827).    V  19,  Francis  Joel  Barlow  (1828-1854)  "dreamed  of  the  navy";    went 
to  Australia.     V  20,  Frederick  Stephen  Barlow  (1830-1864),  an  engineer  in  the  navy  during  the 
Civil  War.     He  volunteered  on  the  monitor  Tecumseh  and  was  drowned  when  she  sank  in  Mobile 
bay. 

VI 1,  Stephen  Oxnard  (1823-1840),  was  captain  of  a  merchantman. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DUDLEY,  D.     1896.    History  and  Genealogy  of  the  Bangs  Family  in  America.    360  pp. 
PREBLE,  G.  H.     1868.    Genealogical  Sketch  of  the  First  Three  Generations  of  Prebles  in  America. 
Boston:  D.  Clapp  &  Son.    iv  +  336  pp. 


RALEIGH.  185 

55.  WALTER  RALEIGH. 

WALTER  RALEIGH  was  born  in  1552  in  Devonshire,  between  Exmouth  and 
Sidmouth.  He  attended  Oxford  for  one  year  and  there  showed  proficiency  in 
oratory  and  philosophy.  He  left  Oxford  in  1566  for  the  French  wars  in  a  company, 
led  by  his  cousin  Henry  Champernoun,  that  was  supporting  the  Huguenot  cause, 
and  he  remained  there  5  or  6  years.  He  was  almost  certainly  in  Paris  at  the 
time  of  the  massacre  on  St.  Bartholomew's  eve  in  1572.  In  1578,  as  captain  of 
the  Falcon,  he  accompanied  his  half-brother,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  on  an  expe- 
dition to  find  the  northwest  passage,  but  this  failed  because  of  internal  dissen- 
sions. Impoverished,  he  sought  to  rehabilitate  his  fortunes  at  the  court  and 
attached  himself  to  the  queen's  favorite.  He  also  entered  the  Irish  service,  advo- 
cated a  ruthless  policy,  and  recommended  assassination  as  a  means  of  getting 
rid  of  the  Irish  leaders.  Returning  to  England,  he  became  a  favorite  and  lover 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  He  now  put  into  operation  a  plan  he  had  long  cherished  — 
that  of  colonizing  the  American  continent  from  crowded  London.  Accordingly, 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  was  sent  with  a  colony  to  St.  John's,  Newfoundland,  in 
1583.  In  the  following  year  Raleigh  ordered  two  captains,  Armadas  and  Barlowe, 
to  explore  the  east  coast  of  North  America,  and  in  1585,  he  sent  out  his  first  colony, 
which  settled  for  a  time  on  Roanoke  island  and  on  their  return  brought  with  them 
the  tobacco  plant.  Colonies  were  sent  out  in  the  two  following  years,  but  they 
also  failed.  In  1588  he  was  serving  as  vice  admiral  in  looking  after  the  coast  de- 
fenses of  Devon.  In  1592  he  was  at  sea  with  a  fleet  to  intercept  the  Spanish  trade. 
In  1595  he  undertook  a  voyage  of  exploration,  gold-hunting,  and  conquest  to  South 
America,  and  wrote  his  book  "Discoverie  of  Guiana."  In  1596  he  took  part 
in  the  capture  of  Cadiz,  and  in  1597  he  cooperated  in  an  expedition  to  the  Azores. 
With  the  death  of  the  Queen,  Raleigh's  fortunes  fell  and  he  was  deprived  of  many 
sources  of  income.  In  revenge  he  took  part  in  some  conspiracies  directed  against 
James  I  and  was  imprisoned.  In  confinement  he  made  chemical  experiments, 
wrote  treatises,  and  began  his  "History  of  the  World."  Promising  to  bring  gold 
from  Guiana,  he  was  released  to  direct  the  expedition.  But  all  he  accomplished 
was  to  lose  his  son,  his  favorite  captain,  and  his  prestige;  and  the  old  sentence 
of  death  was  executed  in  October  1618. 

Raleigh  had  a  craving  for  adventure.  He  could  not  long  remain  on  land  in 
comparative  inactivity.  In  Ireland  he,  with  6  men,  rode  through  an  ambush, 
of  whose  presence  he  was  aware,  to  meet  a  friendly  leader  on  the  other  side.  He 
was  fond  of  fighting.  As  we  have  seen,  he  left  Oxford  to  take  part  in  the  French 
wars  and  was  actively  engaged  in  Ireland  and  at  Cadiz.  He  was  twice  arrested 
for  dueling.  This  adventurous  and  nomadic  trait  is  seen  in  his  mother's  brothers 
and  his  half-brother,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert. 

Raleigh  was  a  hyperkinetic.  He  had  restless  energy  and  much  initiative. 
He  protested  violently  against  the  mismanagement  of  the  Irish  war.  He  trusted 
his  own  opinion  and  did  everything  with  all  his  might.  He  had  imagination  and 
vision.  He  early  urged  that  the  surplus  from  England  should  be  transplanted 
to  the  new  continent;  this  was  partly  also  to  secure  these  lands  for  England. 
Like  many  another  hyperkinetic,  he  had  weak  control  over  his  sex-impulses.  He 
carried  out  even  bizarre  ideas  that  occurred  to  him.  Thus  he  plastered  the  mouth 
and  beard  of  a  great  talker  with  sealing  wax.  Having  made  prisoner  an  Irishman 
who  carried  withes  and  who,  answering  a  demand,  declared  with  spirit  they  were 


186 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


to  hang  English  churls  with,  he  bade  his  men  hang  the  prisoner  to  the  nearest 
tree,  saying  "they  shall  serve  for  an  Irish  kerne."  Raleigh  had  numerous  ideas, 
many  of  which  were  wise.  His  orders  for  discipline  and  sanitation  on  shipboard 
were  eminently  fitting  and  hi  advance  of  his  tune.  He  expressed  his  ideas  readily, 
as  his  poetry,  his  treatises,  and  his  history  prove.  He  was  throughout  a  lover  of 
knowledge  and  found  interrogation  of  nature  a  solace  in  captivity. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  SIB  WALTER  RALEIGH. 

II  (M  M  M  F),  Sir  William  Huddesfield.    12  (M  M  M  M),  Elizabeth  Bozome. 

II  1  (MM  F),  Sir  Edmund  Carew,  a  great  soldier  who  fought  at  Bosworth  Field.  II  2, 
(M  M  M),  Katherine  Huddesfield. 

Fraternity  of  M  M:  III  1,  Sir  William  Carew.  Ill  3,  George  Carew,  D.  D.  Ill  4,  Anne 
Harvey.  Ill  5,  Sir  Henry  Norreys.  Ill  7,  (M  M),  Katherine  Carew.  Ill  8  (M  F),  Sir  Philip 
Champernoun,  of  Modbury.  Ill  9,  (F's  consort's  F)  Giacomo  de  Ponte,  a  merchant  of  Genoa. 
Ill  11  (F's  consort's  F),  John  Drake,  of  Exmouth. 


H 


vn 


IV  1,  Count  de  Montgomery,  leader  of  the  Huguenot  cause.    IV  3,  Sir  Peter  Carew.    IV  4, 
Sir  Peter  Carew,  connected  with  the  western  conspiracy  against  Queen  Mary  of  England.     IV 
5,  Sir  George  Carew,  Earl  of  Totnes,  a  noted  and  accomplished  naval  commander,  who  perished 
in  the  celebrated  Mary  Rose,  sunk  off  Portsmouth,  1545.     IV  6,  Mary  Norreys.     IV  7,  Sir  Arthur 
Champernoun,  was  involved  in  the  conspiracy  against  Queen  Mary  and  was  sent  to  the  tower. 
Later  he  was  vice  admiral  of  the  west  and  was  associated  with  his  nephew  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert 
in  making  plantations  in  Ireland.     IV  8,  John  Champernoun,  of  Modbury.     IV  9,  Katherine, 
daughter  of-  Lord  Mountjoy.     IV  10  (M's  consort),  Otho  Gilbert,  a  gentleman  of   Compton. 

IV  11  (M),  Katherine  Champernoun.     IV  12  (F),  Walter  Raleigh,  a  country  gentleman.    IV 
13  (F's  consort),  Elizabeth  de  Ponte.     IV  14  (F's  consort),  Joan  Drake. 

V  1,  Sir  Thomas  Fulford,  of  illustrious  stock  distinguished  for  its  military  and  naval  enter- 
prise.   V  3,  Gabrielle  de  Montgomery.    V  4,  Gawen  Champernoun  served  in  France  during  the 
civil  wars  under  Count  de  Montgomery  and  in  other  military  capacities.     V  5,  Elizabeth  Cham- 
pernoun.    V  6,  Sir  Edward  Seymour.     V  7,  Henry  Champernoun,  leader  of  a  band  of  English 
volunteers  to  the  Huguenot  camp,  1569.     Half  Fraternity  of  Propositus:    V  8,  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert  (1539-1583),  was  intended  for  the  law,  but  in  1566  he  secured  an  appointment  hi  the 
army,  having  previously  petitioned  for  an  expedition  in  search  of  the  Northeast  Passage.     He 

later  became  a  noted  navigator  and  explorer,  and  perished  at  sea.    V  9, Aucher.    V  10, 

Sir  John  Gilbert,  a  deputy  vice  admiral  of  Devon  who  in  1598  was  preparing  for  an  expedition 
to  Guiana  with  a  fleet  of  13  ships,  but  the  enterprise  did  not  materialize.     V  11,  Adrian  Gilbert. 

V  12  (Propositits),  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH.    Fraternity  of  Propositus:  V  14,  Carew  Raleigh.    V 15, 
John  Radford.    V  16,  Margaret  Raleigh.     V  17,  Mr.  Hull.     V  18,  George  and  John  Raleigh. 
V  19,  Mary  Raleigh.    V  20,  Hugh  Snedale. 


RALEIGH  —  RODGERS.  187 

V  1,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  a  famous  navigator  and  explorer.  VI  2,  Mary  Fulford.  VI 
3,  Bridget  Fulford.  VI  4,  Arthur  Champernoun,  was  "no  less  fond  of  adventure,  and  endowed 
with  no  less  mental  capability,  than  his  ancestors."  He  was  the  owner  of  many  vessels  and  in 
voyages  became  widely  acquainted  with  New  England.  In  1636  secured  a  large  grant  of  land  in 
Maine.  VI  6,  Sir  John  Gilbert.  VI  7,  Captain  Raleigh  Gilbert,  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  great 
enterprise  of  making  settlements  in  North  America,  especially  to  the  Kennebec  river,  1607.  Child 
of  Propositus:  VI  8,  Walter  Raleigh,  was  killed  in  Guiana. 

VII  1,  Francis  Champernoun  (1614-1687),  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Maine.  "He  seems 
to  have  had  a  fondness  for  maritime  life  and  adventure  and  to  have  held  some  position  in  the 
Royal  Navy."  Child's  child  of  Propositus:  VII  2,  Carew  Raleigh. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DE  SELINCOURT,  H.     1908.     Great  Raleigh.     London:   Methuen  &  Co.     xiii  +  310  pp. 
EDWARDS,  E.     1868.     The  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.    2  vols.     London:   Macmillan  &  Co. 
STEELING,  W.     1891.     Sir  Walter  Raleigh.     Oxford:    The  Clarendon  Press,     xii  +  413  pp. 
TUTTLE,  C.     1889.     Captain  Francis  Champernowne,   The  Dutch   Conquest  of  Acadie  and 
other  historical  papers.     Boston:   J.  Wilson  &  Son.     xvi  +  426  pp. 


56.  JOHN  RODGERS. 

JOHN  RODGEES  was  born  in  Harford  county,  Maryland,  in  1773.  He 
attended  village  school  and  at  about  the  age  of  13  years  ran  away  to  Baltimore 
"to  see  square-rigged  ships,"  and  refused  to  return  home  with  his  father;  conse- 
quently the  latter  bound  him  out  for  five  years  as  an  apprentice  to  Captain  Ben- 
jamin Folger,  leaving  him  with  an  injunction  never  to  touch  strong  drinks,  an 
injunction  he  ever  followed.  Young  Rodgers's  steady  habits,  willingness  to  assume 
responsibility,  and  skill  as  a  sailor  soon  won  for  him  the  favorable  appreciation 
of  his  captain.  Before  he  was  18  years  of  age  he  became  first  mate  of  the  Harmony. 
His  apprenticeship  completed,  his  master  recommended  him,  in  1793,  to  the  com- 
mand of  a  fine  merchant  vessel,  the  Jane,  300  tons,  plying  to  European  ports.  As 
master  of  the  Jane,  Rodgers  exacted  absolute  obedience  from  his  crew,  who  early 
learned  to  fear  and  respect  him.  In  all  his  career  he  never  lost  a  vessel  or  ran  one 
aground.  When  the  United  States  naval  vessel  Constellation  was  launched  in  1798, 
Rodgers  was  appointed  her  first  lieutenant  and  executive  officer  (1799).  He  served 
under  Truxton,  displayed  great  gallantry  in  the  fight  (February  9,  1799)  with  the 
French  frigate  L'Insurgente,  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain,  given  command 
of  the  Maryland,  a  20-gun  sloop,  and  ordered  to  watch  for  enemy  (French)  vessels 
at  Surinam.  When  Jefferson  (1801)  decided  upon  reducing  the  size  of  the  American 
navy,  Rodgers's  status  was  for  a  time  uncertain,  and  during  this  period  he  took 
a  schooner  of  goods  to  Santo  Domingo.  Thus  he  happened  to  be  present  at  the 
burning  of  Cristophe  by  the  natives  to  keep  it  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
French,  and  he  there  played  no  insignificant  part  in  saving  life  and  property. 
By  the  following  year  it  had  been  decided  to  retain  Rodgers,  and  he  was  sent, 
in  command  of  the  John  Adams  (of  28  guns),  to  cooperate  with  Commodore  Rich- 
ard V.  Morris  against  Tripoli.  Here  he  secured  an  important  treaty  with  the 
emperor  of  Morocco  and  was  for  a  time  acting  commodore  of  the  Mediterranean 
squadron.  After  a  trip  to  the  United  States,  he  returned  to  the  Mediterranean, 
where  he  soon  assumed  command,  and  concluded,  with  the  aid  of  Consul  Tobias 
Lear,  an  honorable  treaty  of  peace  with  the  pasha  of  Tripoli  and  the  release  of  the 
prisoners  taken  from  the  Philadelphia.  In  the  summer  of  1805,  by  taking  a  bold 
and  spirited  position,  he  secured  a  favorable  treaty  with  the  Bey  of  Tunis, 


188  HEKEDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

From  1809  to  1812  he  was  in  command  of  the  New  York  flotilla  and  naval 
station;  he  presided  at  the  court-martial  of  Commodore  Barren,  superintended 
the  building  of  23  gunboats,  and  performed  numerous  other  duties  devolving 
on  a  celebrated  and  effective  naval  commodore  on  shore.  In  1810  he  was  sent 
out  with  a  fleet  to  protect  American  merchantmen  from  having  their  seamen 
impressed  by  the  British  navy.  In  command  of  the  President  he  fell  in  with  the 
Little  Belt  (May  16,  1811),  which  fired  upon  his  ship  and  led  Rodgers  to  reply  so 
vigorously,  though  it  was  already  dark,  that  the  smaller  vessel  succumbed  to  him. 
This  event  helped  to  precipitate  the  War  of  1812.  Throughout  that  war  he  was 
in  active  service,  fought  with  the  Belvidere,  and  had  his  leg  broken  by  the  explosion 
of  a  gun.  During  the  rest  of  the  war  he  captured  many  English  merchantmen. 

After  the  war  was  over  he  was  offered  the  position  of  secretary  of  the  navy, 
but  declined  it.  He  was  then  made  the  head  of  the  board  of  naval  commissioners 
from  1815  until  1824  and  again  from  1827  until  1837;  he  was  in  command  of  the 
squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  from  1824  to  1827.  His  death  occurred  in  1838, 
his  constitution  having  been  shattered,  in  1832,  by  an  attack  of  Asiatic  cholera 
contracted  in  Washington  while  nursing  the  son  of  his  old  friend  Tobias  Lear. 

John  Rodgers  was  a  man  of  about  medium  height,  erect  figure,  and  military 
carriage.  His  frame  was  solid,  compact,  and  well  proportioned.  His  face  was 
stern  and  imperious.  He  had  a  powerful  physique,  performed  feats  of  skill,  and 
was  rarely  ill. 

John  Rodgers'  special  traits  were: 

Absence  of  fear.  —  It  is  stated  that,  as  a  boy,  hunting  wild  ducks  on  the  banks 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  he  would  sometimes  break  the  ice  and 
swim  after  the  wild  duck  he  had  shot  and  killed  from  the  river  bank.  He  led  the 
boys  of  his  village  in  many  a  daring  venture  (Paullin,  1910,  p.  19).  Shortly  after 
he  had  finished  his  apprenticeship  and  commanded  a  merchant  ship,  he  found 
himself  carried  by  adverse  winds  into  the  North  Sea,  with  provisions  nearly  gone, 
and  with  so  low  a  temperature  that  three  of  his  crew  were  frozen  to  death  and  the 
rest  in  sullen  despair.  When  young  Rodgers  ordered  them  to  go  aloft  and  secure 
the  frozen  rigging  they  refused.  But  he,  stripping  off  jacket  and  shirt,  went  aloft 
himself  to  "show  them  what  a  man  could  do."  At  the  age  of  23  he  witnessed  in 
Liverpool  a  political  procession  favoring  for  Parliament  Sir  Banastre  Tarleton, 
of  ill  fame  in  the  American  revolution.  One  banner  represented  Tarleton  on  horse- 
back charging  a  band  of  fleeing  Americans  whose  national  flag  was  being  trampled 
in  the  dust  by  the  charging  hoofs.  When  Rodgers  saw  this  banner  he  pushed  his 
way  through  the  crowd,  knocked  down  the  astonished  standard-bearer,  and  re- 
turned to  the  inn.  Then,  arming  himself  heavily,  he  called  on  General  Tarleton, 
and  was  assured  the  banner  would  be  destroyed.  A  party  of  Tarleton's  sup- 
porters carried  young  Rodgers  on  their  shoulders  to  his  lodgings  in  admiration 
of  his  spirit. 

While  serving  as  lieutenant  on  the  Constellation  under  Truxton  the  French 
frigate  L'Insurgente  was  sighted  and  engaged  in  battle,  Rodgers  commanding  one 
division  of  the  guns.  When  the  French  vessel  struck  her  colors  Rodgers  was 
ordered  to  board  her  and  to  send  the  officers  to  the  Constellation.  There  was  rela- 
tively little  loss  on  the  American  side.  Truxton  praised  Rodgers's  work  highly 
and  placed  the  prize  in  his  charge  with  11  seamen.  During  a  storm  the  following 
night  she  separated  from  the  Constellation  and  the  163  prisoners  on  board  planned 
to  seize  the  ship.  Rodgers  acted  with  great  promptness  and  resolution.  Seizing 


RODGER8.  189 

all  the  small  arms,  he  drove  the  mutinous  men  into  the  lower  hold  of  the  ship  and 
stationed  at  each  hatchway  a  sentinel  armed  with  a  blunderbuss,  a  cutlas,  and 
pistols  and  gave  him  orders  to  fire  should  the  men  attempt  to  force  a  passage. 
For  two  days  and  three  nights  Rodgers  guarded  the  prisoners  and  navigated  the 
ship,  being  ably  assisted  by  Midshipman  Porter.  Only  by  the  presence  of  mind, 
courage,  and  vigilance  of  the  young  commander  were  the  prisoners  held  in  sub- 
jection." After  the  gale  was  over  L'Insurgente  rejoined  the  Constellation. 

In  1802  he  was  at  Santo  Domingo  which  the  French  had  planned  to  capture. 
When  the  blacks  burned  Cristophe,  Rodgers  spent  the  whole  night  on  shore  in 
rescue  and  succor.  The  American  consul  writes:  he  "displayed  that  dauntless 
spirit  which  he  is  known  to  possess,  and  saved  many  lives." 

At  Tripoli  between  1  and  2  o'clock  in  the  morning,  he  went  in  a  boat  to 
make  soundings  along  shore  and  observe  the  position  of  the  enemy's  cruisers  and 
gunboats.  He  went  close  enough  to  the  shore  to  hear  people  conversing  with 
each  other. 

One  spring,  at  Havre  de  Grace,  when  the  ice  of  the  river  was  breaking  up 
and  moving  down  the  river  with  great  force,  an  object  was  reported  to  him  floating 
on  a  block  of  ice.  By  means  of  a  spyglass  he  discovered  that  it  was  a  woman. 
Rodgers  offered  one  hundred  dollars  to  any  one  who  would  go  with  him  to  her 
rescue,  but  none  accepted  the  offer. 

"Resolving  to  act  alone,  Rodgers  seized  two  planks  and,  by  laying  them 
alternately  from  one  piece  of  ice  to  another,  finally  reached  the  middle  of  the 
swollen  stream  where  the  frightened  woman,  now  nearly  overcome  with  cold  and 
terror,  was  still  supported  on  her  frail  craft  [an  ice  block].  Taking  her  under  his 
arm,  he  began  his  perilous  return,  which  to  the  great  astonishment  of  the  spec- 
tators he  accomplished,  reaching  the  shore  a  considerable  distance  below  the  town." 
(Paullin,  1910,  p.  173.) 

Such  was  the  man  who  fought  the  Little  Belt  at  night;  who  remained  on  deck 
in  the  fight  with  the  Belvidere,  though  his  leg  was  broken,  and  who  did  more  than 
any  other  one  man  to  cripple  England's  commerce  during  the  War  of  1812. 

Just  how  the  hereditary  basis  of  fearlessness  passes  through  the  generations 
is  not  known.  The  father  was  active  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  was  commissioned 
captain  and  possibly  became  colonel.  The  mother  was  a  woman  of  "great  energy 
and  strength  of  character."  A  brother,  George  W.  Rodgers,  received  a  medal 
from  Congress  and  a  sword  of  honor  from  his  State  for  gallantry  shown  as  lieutenant 
on  the  Wasp  in  her  fight  with  and  capture  of  the  British  brig  Frolic,  and  was  later 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  commodore.  He  died  at  the  age  of  45  years. 

John  Rodgers,  by  his  wife  Minerva  Denison,1  had:  Robert  S.  Rodgers,  a 
colonel  in  the  Civil  War;  Frederick,  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  navy,  who 
was  drowned  at  the  age  of  17  years  while  trying  to  rescue  a  companion;  William 
Pinkney,  a  lawyer  in  New  York  City;  Henry,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy,  who  was 

1  Minerva  Denison  was  the  daughter  of  Gideon  Denison  (born  in  1753),  whose  father's  father's 
father's  father  was  George  Denison  (born  in  England  in  1618),  excepting  Captain  John 
Mason  the  greatest  Indian  fighter  of  colonial  days.  Minerva  Denison's  mother  was 
Jerusha  Butler  (born  in  1762),  whose  father,  Benjamin  Butler  (1739-1787),  waa  of  a 
hyperkinetic  temperament,  by  occupation  a  blacksmith.  He  was  witty,  original  (counted 
"eccentric"),  and  a  strong  Tory,  who  in  1776  was  imprisoned  on  the  charge  of  "de- 
faming the  Honorable  Continental  Congress,"  His  two  sons  were  men  of  ability; 
they  were  educated,  but  restless. 


190  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

lost  at  sea  in  1854;  Ann  Minerva,  who  married  Colonel  John  Navarre  Macomb 
(a  nephew  of  Alexander  Macomb,  general  in  chief  of  the  United  States  army, 
1828-1841),  and  had  two  military  sons :  Augustus  F.,  who  became  head  of  the  United 
States  Coast  Survey  party  in  California,  and  John  Rodgers  (born  1812),  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  fraternity.  He  showed  the  same  sort  of  courage  that  his 
father  showed.  In  November  1862  he  was  ordered  to  take  command  of  the 
Weehawken,  one  of  the  new  monitors.  On  her  first  cruise  out  of  New  York  the 
Weehawken  encountered  a  severe  gale  and  doubts  were  entertained  of  her  ability 
to  keep  the  sea.  But  Rodgers  refused  to  put  into  a  refuge  near  at  hand,  saying 
that  he  was  there  to  test  the  sea-going  qualities  of  the  new  class  of  vessels.  In 
an  attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  April  7,  1863,  he  headed  the  line  in  the  Weehawken 
and  remained  under  fire  of  the  batteries  for  2  hours,  during  which  time  his  vessel 
was  struck  53  times.  Two  months  later  the  Weehawken  encountered  the  armored 
Atlanta,  carrying  6  and  7  inch  rifles.  The  Weehawken  fired  5  shots,  4  of  which 
struck  the  Atlanta,  so  injuring  her  that  she  surrendered.  Rodgers  became  rear 
admiral  in  1869  (Hall,  1909,  pp.  81-91).  Frederick,  the  brother  who  was  drowned, 
showed  great  courage  in  his  death.  With  three  companions  he  was  capsized 
in  a  sailboat;  one  was  drowned  immediately.  One  of  the  others  could  not  swim 
and  the  other  two  sought,  with  the  aid  of  an  oar,  to  bring  him  to  shore,  but  failed. 
Rodgers,  completely  exhausted  in  the  effort,  also  sank  before  succor  arrived. 
(Paullin,  p.  383.) 

A  second  marked  trait  of  John  Rodgers  was  orderliness  and  capacity  for  organi- 
zation. From  the  start  he  "exacted  absolute  obedience  from  his  crew."  (Paullin, 
p.  26.)  To  find  out  how  near  his  ship  might  approach  the  batteries  of  Tripoli,  he 
sounded  systematically  at  night.  As  commodore  his  ships  were  models  of  order, 
neatness,  and  regularity.  He  "took  much  pride  in  his  profession  and  exacted 
of  his  officers  an  unhesitating  obedience  and  a  minute  observance  of  naval  cus- 
toms." (Paullin,  p.  163.)  Intemperance,  because  bound  to  cause  disorderliness, 
he  despised.  When  appointed  to  his  first  command,  the  Maryland,  he  immedi- 
ately issued  a  list  of  44  regulations  and  posted  them  in  plain  sight  of  the  officers 
and  crew;  these  related  to  the  ship's  economy,  cleanliness,  gun-practice,  and 
minute  observance  of  naval  customs.  When,  in  1815,  a  board  of  navy  com- 
missioners was  established  he  was  appointed  president  and  held  the  office  for 
19  years.  This  commission  issued  the  most  minute  and  detailed  rules  concerning 
the  duties  of  officers,  equipment  of  ships,  and  the  navy-yard.  They  prescribed 
the  navy  ration.  These  rules  remind  one,  in  then-  detail,  of  Rodgers'  44  regula- 
tions posted  on  the  Maryland.  But  he  and  his  fellow  commissioners  organized 
larger  matters,  such  as  dry  docks,  naval  hospitals,  a  naval  academy,  a  national 
gun  factory,  and  ordnance  department.  They  recommended  a  system  of  increase 
of  naval  vessels.  These  recommendations  were  gradually  adopted. 

This  capacity  for  organization  is  found  also  in  his  son  John,  who  organized 
the  present  Naval  Observatory,  Washington  City.  He  planned  and  carried  out 
experiments  in  acoustics  and  optics  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

John  Rodgers  had  an  innate  love  of  the  sea.  As  a  boy,  growing  up  on  the 
broad  estuary  of  the  Susquehanna,  he  hunted  on  the  sea.  It  is  said  that  books 
treating  of  sailors  and  seafaring  life  especially  fired  his  imagination  and  aroused 
his  curiosity.  At  about  13  years  of  age  he  ran  away  to  Baltimore  to  see  big  ships 
(as  stated  above),  where  his  father  found  him  and  could  not  prevail  on  him  to 


RODGERS.  191 

return  home.  Thereafter  he  was  persistently  at  sea,  except  for  short  rests  at  home 
or  brief  shore  duties,  until  1815,  when  he  was  42  years  of  age.  After  that  time  he 
was  at  sea  for  comparatively  short  periods.  A  similar  love  of  the  sea  is  widespread 
in  the  family  —  in  his  brother,  George  W.  Rodgers;  in  his  son,  John,  who  entered 
the  navy  as  midshipman  in  his  sixteenth  year  (Hall,  p.  84),  explored  the  Arctic 
sea  north  and  northwest  of  Bering  Strait,  and  in  Henry,  Augustus  F.,  and  Frederick, 
all  of  whom  were  occupied  on  the  sea.  Moreover,  there  are  the  following  grand- 
sons in  the  navy:  Rear  Admiral  Frederick  Rodgers  and  Rear  Admiral  John  A. 
Rodgers  (who  are  at  the  same  time  grandsons  of  Matthew  C.  Perry),  and  Com- 
mander William  L.  Rodgers,  a  son  of  John  Rodgers,  Jr. 

A  willingness  to  accept  responsibility  showed  itself  early  in  John  Rodgers, 
even  as  an  apprentice  (Paullin,  p.  20).  As  captain  of  the  New  York  he  made  an 
honorable  treaty  with  Morocco,  without  paying  a  cent  for  tribute  or  presents. 
In  treating  with  the  pasha  of  Tripoli  his  "conduct  during  the  negotiations  on 
board  was  mixed  with  that  manly  firmness  and  evident  wish  to  continue  the  war 
if  it  could  be  done  with  propriety,  while  he  displayed  the  magnanimity  of  an 
American  in  declaring  that  we  fought  not  for  conquest  but  to  maintain  our  just 
rights  and  national  dignity."  (Paullin,  p.  139,  quoting  Consul  Tobias  Lear.) 
Similarly  he  was  successful  in  negotiating  a  treaty  with  the  Bey  of  Tunis.  His 
brother,  George  W.,  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mission  to  Brazil.  John  Rodgers 
Jr.  was,  as  we  have  seen,  willing  to  assume  responsibility  for  bringing  the  monitor 
Weehawken  through  the  gale  without  seeking  shelter.  Later,  at  Valparaiso,  the 
seaport  of  Chile,  which  was  fighting  with  Spam,  he  observed  and  preserved  neu- 
trality, "while  endeavoring  to  mitigate  the  harsh  severities  of  war."  (Hall,  p. 
89.)  The  secretary  of  state  of  the  United  States  later  praised  his  record  in  Val- 
paraiso, saying,  "enough  of  his  methods  have  become  known  to  add  to  his  pre- 
vious reputation,  that  of  being  an  able  negotiator  and  diplomatist."  In  1870  he 
was  sent  with  Mr.  Low,  minister  to  China,  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  Korea.  In 
this  visit  he  had  to  punish  a  bit  of  Korean  treachery.  The  family  of  Rodgers  thus 
for  two  generations  was  never  called  on  in  vain  to  make  momentous  decisions  touch- 
ing the  honor  and  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

For  chart,  see  the  Perry-Rodgers  family,  No.  50. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

HALL,  A.  D.    1909.    Biographical  Memoir  of  John  Rodgers.     (In:  National  Acad.  of  Science 

Biogr.  Memoirs.     Washington:    vol.  6,  pp.  81-92.) 
PAULLIN,  C.  0.     1910.    Commodore  John  Rodgers.    Cleveland:    A.  Clarke  and  Co.,  434  pp. 

See  Perry,  No.  50. 


192  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

57.  GEORGE  BRYDGES  RODNEY. 

GEORGE  BRYDGES  RODNEY  was  born  February  1719.  He  studied  at  Harrow, 
went  to  sea  at  13  years  of  age,  and  served  for  seven  years  in  the  Channel  fleet. 
As  commander  of  the  Eagle  (60  guns),  he  participated  in  Hawkes's  victory  off 
Ushant  (October  14,  1747)  over  the  French  fleet.  The  Eagle  was  heavily  engaged, 
had  her  wheel  shot  to  pieces,  but  pursued,  unsuccessfully,  the  two  French  vessels 
that  escaped.  In  May  1749  he  was  appointed  governor  and  commander  in  chief 
of  Newfoundland,  with  the  rank  of  commodore;  but  he  returned  to  England  in 
1752  and  was  elected  to  Parliament.  He  performed  well  various  minor  naval 
duties  in  the  Channel  and  at  Cape  Breton  (Louisburg),  and  in  1761,  England 
then  being  at  war  with  France,  he  was  sent  to  the  Leeward  Islands,  of  which  he 
took  several  from  the  French.  In  the  West  Indies  Rodney  took  a  large  view  of 
his  duties  and  tried  to  adjust  his  actions  to  the  protection  of  England's  interests, 
even  outside  the  particular  region  assigned  to  him.  For  a  period  of  fifteen  years 
from  1763  there  was  peace  and  Rodney  had  little  to  do.  He  got  into  money 
trouble  through  extravagance  and  gambling.  For  five  years  he  was  governor 
of  the  Greenwich  hospital  and  for  three  years  commander  in  chief  at  Jamaica. 
In  1779  Rodney  received  orders  to  command  at  the  Leeward  Islands  and  to  relieve 
Gibraltar,  now  besieged  by  Spain,  on  his  way.  As  good  luck  would  have  it,  he 
captured  a  Spanish  convoy  of  22  vessels,  7  being  warships.  Of  these  12  were 
provision  ships,  which  he  turned  hi  to  feed  Gibraltar.  Eight  days  later  he  defeated 
the  Spanish  Admiral  de  Langara  off  St.  Vincent,  taking  or  destroying  7  ships. 
Learning  at  Santa  Lucia  that  a  French  fleet  under  De  Guichen  was  sailing  from 
Martinique,  Rodney  went  to  meet  them.  He  issued  definite  orders,  but  these 
were  not  lived  up  to  by  all  of  his  captains,  so  that  the  French  fleet  escaped  severe 
injury.  Rodney's  insistence  on  discipline  during  the  following  two  years  put  his 
fleet  into  better  shape  to  meet  the  next  battle  with  the  highly  organized  French 
fleet  on  April  12,  1782.  In  this  battle,  between  fleets  of  33  and  35  ships  respec- 
tively, Rodney's  fleet  won  a  tactical  victory,  capturing  5  of  the  enemy's  ships 
and  sinking  1.  Had  the  survivors  been  followed  more  energetically  many  of  them 
might  have  been  captured,  but  as  it  was  the  threatened  island  of  Jamaica  was 
saved  and  French  naval  prestige  was  ruined.  Rodney  seemed  to  feel  that  he  had 
done  enough  and  had  little  desire  to  fight  for  the  love  of  fighting;  but  he  was  63 
years  of  age  and  in  poor  health.  Rodney  was  made  a  baron  and  died  ten  years 
later,  after  having  lived  in  retirement. 

Of  Rodney,  Mahan  (1901,  p.  151)  says: 

"Intolerance  of  dereliction  of  duty,  and  uncompromising  condemnation  of 
the  delinquent,  were  ever  leading  traits  in  Rodney's  course  as  a  commander-in- 
chief.  He  stood  over  his  officers  with  a  rod,  dealt  out  criticism  unsparingly, 
and  avowed  it  as  his  purpose  and  principle  of  action  so  to  rule.  It  is  not  meant 
that  his  censures  were  undeserved  or  even  excessive;  but  there  entered  into  them 
no  ingredient  of  pity.  His  dispatches  are  full  of  complaints,  both  general  and 
specific.  When  he  spared,  it  was  from  a  sense  of  expediency  —  or  of  justice, 
a  trait  in  which  he  was  by  no  means  deficient;  but  for  human  weakness  he  had  no 
bowels.  Each  man  has  his  special  gift,  and  to  succeed  must  needs  act  in  accordance 
with  it.  There  are  those  who  lead  and  those  who  drive;  Hawke  belonged  to  one 
class,  Rodney  to  the  other." 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

MAHAN,  A.    1913.    Types  of  Naval  Officers,  drawn  from  the  history  of  the  British  Navy.    Bos- 
ton: Little,  Brown  &  Co. 


SANDS.  193 

58.  JOSHUA  RATOON  SANDS. 

JOSHUA  RATOON  SANDS  was  born  at  Brooklyn,  New  York,  May  13,  1795. 
He  entered  the  navy  September  1812,  and  for  a  while  was  with  Commodore  Chaun- 
cey  on  Lake  Ontario.  In  1846,  as  commander  of  the  Vixen,  he  aided  in  the  capture 
of  Alvarado,  Tabasco,  and  Laguna,  and  was  for  some  time  a  governor  of  Laguna. 
During  the  bombardment  of  Vera  Cruz  he  was  conspicuous  for  his  bravery,  and 
in  1847  was  sent  to  Washington  City  with  dispatches.  In  1857  he  was  engaged 
in  laying  the  Atlantic  cable,  and  in  1858  cooperated  with  Admiral  Paulding  in  the 
capture  at  Nicaragua  of  the  filibuster  Walker.  From  1859  to  1861  he  commanded 
the  Brazilian  squadron  and  was  retired  from  active  service  in  1861,  being  in  his 
sixty-seventh  year.  He  died  at  Baltimore  in  1883. 

His  father,  Joshua  Sands  (1772-1825),  was  a  wealthy  merchant  of  New  York, 
for  a  time  collector  of  the  port,  and  twice  elected  to  Congress.  Joshua  was  brother 
of  Comfort,  born  at  Sands  Point,  Long  Island,  about  1740,  a  merchant  and  active 
supporter  of  the  patriot  cause.  He  was  a  large  ship-owner  and  the  eighth  presi- 
dent of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New  York. 

The  mother  of  Joshua  R.  Sands  was  Ann  Ascough,  whose  father  Richard 
was  a  surgeon  in  the  British  army.  Probably  a  nomadic  tendency  came  from 
this  side.  A  sister  of  Joshua  R.,  Eliza,  married  Edward  Trenchard  (1784-1824), 
who  at  the  age  of  16  decided  to  enter  the  United  States  navy  and  in  1812  super- 
intended the  building  of  the  sloop-of-war  Madison  for  Commodore  Chauncey  on 
Lake  Ontario.  She  was  launched  November  26.  "Eight  weeks  before,"  says 
Cooper,  "her  timber  was  growing  in  the  forest."  Trenchard  took  part  in  the 
engagements  against  the  Barbary  pirates  in  1815-1816.  In  1819  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  Gyrene,  cruising  off  Africa  to  suppress  the  slave-trade,  and  fell  in 
with  2  brigs  and  5  schooners  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gallinos.  He  captured 
them  all  and,  finding  them  slavers,  shipped  officers  and  crews  to  the  United  States. 
On  account  of  illness  he  was  given  shore  duty  in  1822-1823,  and  died  in  Brooklyn 
in  1824.  His  son,  Stephen  D.  Trenchard  (born  at  Brooklyn,  July  10,  1818), 
became  a  midshipman  in  the  navy,  1834.  He  was  long  assigned  to  the  Coast 
Survey,  and  so  distinguished  himself  in  the  rescue  of  the  British  bark  Adieu, 
threatened  with  shipwreck  off  Gloucester,  Massachusetts,  that  he  received  a  sword 
from  Queen  Victoria.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  helped  salvage  govern- 
ment property  at  the  Norfolk  navy-yard  and  was  then  given  command  of  the 
steamer  Rhode  Island.  She  was  detailed  to  tow  the  Monitor  from  Hampton  Roads 
to  Beaufort,  North  Carolina,  and  only  by  Trenchard's  alertness  was  the  whole  crew 
of  the  Monitor  saved  from  drowning  when  she  foundered  off  Cape  Hatteras.  Later 
he  captured  prizes  and  Confederate  blockade-runners.  His  only  son  is  an  artist 
who  "is  most  successful  in  his  painting  of  waves  and  surf." 

A  grandson  of  Comfort  Sands  is  Ferdinand  Sands,  who  married  Susan  Bard, 
a  daughter's  daughter  of  Nicholas  Cruger.  Nicholas  was  a  West  India  merchant 
who  carried  on  an  extensive  business  at  Santa  Cruz  and  was  twice  captured  by  the 
British.  Ferdinand  and  Susan  had  a  son,  Louis  Joseph  Sands,  who  went  as  secre- 
tary with  Joshua  R.  Sands,  his  grandfather's  first  cousin,  while  laying  the  Atlantic 
cable  (1857),  and  later  to  Nicaragua.  During  the  Civil  War  he  was  on  the  Seminole 
under  Admiral  Dupont  at  the  capture  of  Hilton  Head,  South  Carolina.  While 
in  temporary  command  of  a  small  gunboat  in  the  Roanoke  river  the  boat  struck 
a  torpedo  and  several  of  the  crew  were  killed,  while  the  survivors  saved  themselves 
by  swimming  until  picked  up  by  boats.  After  the  war  he  studied  art  and  devoted 
himself  to  painting. 


194 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


In  the  case  of  these  naval  officers  it  is  probable  that  some  of  their  most  essen- 
tial qualities  came  hi  the  maternal  germ-plasm;  for  Joshua  R.  Sands's  mother 
had  a  father  who  was  an  army  surgeon;  Stephen  D.  Trenchard's  mother  was 
a  sister  of  Admiral  Joshua  R.  Sands  and  of  Louis  Joseph  Sands;  the  mother's 
mother's  father  was  Nicholas  Cruger,  the  merchant  voyager. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  JOSHUA  RATOON  SANDS. 

I  1  (F  F  F  F  F),  James  Sands  (born  in  England,  1622),  came  to  America  in  1658  and  became 
one  of  the  leading  men  of  Block  Island.     12  (F  F  F  F  M),  Sarah  Walker,  the  only  physician 
and  midwife  on  the  island. 

II  1  (F  F  F  F),  John  Sands  (1649-1712),  a  sea  captain.    II  2  (F  F  F  M),  Sybil  Ray.    Fra- 
ternity of  F  F  F  F:   II  4,  Sarah  Sands.    II  5,  Mercy  Sands.    II  6,  Joshua  Raymond. 


vnr 


III  1  (F  F  F),  John  Sands,  born  1683.    Ill  2  (F  F  M),  Catherine  Guthrie. 

IV  1,  George  Trenchard,  attorney  general  of  west  New  Jersey  in   1767.    IV  3  (M  F), 
Richard  Ascough,  a  surgeon  in  the  British  army.    IV  5  (F  F),  John  Sands  (born  Block  Island, 
1708-1709).    IV  6  (F  M),  Elizabeth  Cornwell. 

V  1,  James  Trenchard,  a  designer  and  engraver  of  book  plates  and  editor  of  the  Columbian 
Magazine.    V  4  (M),  Ann  Ascough,  born   1761.     V  5  (F),  Joshua  Sands  (born  Sands'  Point, 
New  York,  October  1757,  and  died  1835),  supplied  clothing  and  provisions  for  the  American 
army;   was  collector  of  customs,  port  of  New  York;   manufactured  rigging  and  cables  for  his 
own  vessels;  was  Congressman  and  financier.    V  6,  Comfort  Sands  (1748-1834),  in  1762  went 
to  New  York,  where  he  entered  upon  a  mercantile  career,  commencing  business  upon  his  own 
account  in  1769.     He  was  very  active  during  the  Revolution,  and  in  1777  was  a  member  of  the 
State  constitutional  convention,  and  for  many  years  afterwards  sat  in  the  State  legislature.     After 
the  war  he  became  a  large  ship-owner,  and  from  1794  until  1798  was  president  of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce.    V  7,  Sarah  Dodge.    V  8,  Ann  de  Nully,  of  Santa  Cruz,  of  French  and  Dutch 
extraction.    V  9,  Nicholas  Cruger,  a  West  India  merchant.     V  10,  Tileman  Cruger,  a  West 
India  merchant  who  lived  on  the  island  of  CuraQoa.    V  11,  John  Harris  Cruger,  was  chamber- 
lain of  the  city  of  New  York  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution  became  a  lieutenant  colonel 
in  the  British  army.     V  16,  Henry  Cruger,  entered  a  counting-house  in  Bristol,  England,  and  was 
elected  to  Parliament.     In  1790  he  returned  to  the  United  States  and  became  a  member  of  the 
New  York  State  senate. 

VI  1,  John  Mortimer  Barclay,  a  captain  of  the  United  States  army.    VI  3,  Edward  Trench- 
ard (1784-1824),  in  1800  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  and  served  with  distinction  in  the 
West  Indies  and  off  Tripoli.    During  1811  and  1812  he  was  executive  officer  of  the  New  York 


SANDS.  195 

navy-yard  and  saw  active  service  during  the  war.  His  arduous  duties  in  helping  to  suppress 
the  slave  traffic  on  the  African  coast  impaired  his  health.  In  1823  he  was  honored  with  the  brevet 
rank  of  commodore,  an  exceptional  honor,  as  the  rank  of  captain  was  then  the  highest  in  the 
service.  V  4,  Eliza  Sands.  V  5  (Propositus) ,  JOSHUA  RATOON  SANDS.  V  6,  Cornelia  Sands. 

V7,  Nathaniel  Prime.     V  8,  Joseph  Sands  (1772-1825).    V  9, Kampfel,  of  Lisle,  France. 

V  10,  William  Bard,  born  1778.     V  11,  Catherine  Cruger. 

VII  1,  Ann  O'Connor  Barclay.     VII  2,  Stephen  Decatur  Trenchard  (1818-1883),  a  rear 
admiral,  1875.     He  retired  in  1880  after  having  charge  of  the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  the 
largest  fleet  assembled  under  one  head  after  the  war  (see  text).     VII  4,  Rufus  Prime,  a  banker 
of  New  York  City  and  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.    VII  5,  Ferdinand  Sands.     VII 
6,  Susan  Bard  (1812-1838). 

VIII  1,  Edward  Trenchard  (born  1850),  a  painter  of  marine  scenes  who  served  in  the  navy 
and  traveled  extensively.    VIII  2,  Louis  Joseph  Sands  (born  1836)  (see  text),  served  in  the  navy 
and  afterwards  studied  painting. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

DELANCEY,  E.     1875.     Original  Family  Records,   Cruger   (In:    New  York  Genealogical  and 

Biographical  Record),  vol.  VI,  pp.  74-80. 

PRIME,  T.    1886.    Descent  of  Comfort  Sands  and  of  his  children.    New  York.    81  pp. 
THOMPSON,  B.    1843.    The  History  of  Long  Island.    New  York:   Banks  and  Co.    2  vols. 


196  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

59.  JAMES  SAUMABEZ. 

JAMES  SAUMAREZ  was  born  March  11,  1757,  in  Guernsey,  one  of  the  Channel 
isles.  He  had  early  shown  a  taste  for  the  navy,  so  his  father,  who  had  6  sons  and 
a  restricted  income,  arranged  with  a  naval  captain  to  have  his  name  borne  on  the 
books  of  a  ship-of-war  at  the  early  age  of  10.  At  the  age  of  18  he  was  appointed 
passed  midshipman  on  the  Bristol,  the  flagship  of  Commodore  Peter  Parker's 
squadron,  then  starting  out  to  help  quell  the  rising  revolution  in  America.  Lord 
Cornwallis  was  on  board  and  was  so  struck  by  Saumarez's  activity  and  efficiency 
that  he  offered  him  a  commission  in  his  own  regiment  as  his  aide-de-camp,  but 
Saumarez,  after  some  hesitation,  declined.  In  his  first  action  against  Charleston, 
South  Carolina,  the  Bristol  was  driven  off,  but  not  before  Saumarez  had  shown 
a  bravery  that  won  him  a  lieutenancy.  His  gallantry  at  a  fight  with  a  Dutch 
fleet  on  the  Dogger  bank  in  1781  resulted  in  a  command.  As  captain  of  the  Rus- 
sell he  fought  under  Rodney  and  Sir  Samuel  Hood  in  the  battle  with  the  French 
fleet,  April  12,  1782.  The  two  fleets  passed  each  other  in  single  file,  going  in  oppo- 
site directions,  exchanging  broadsides.  Saumarez,  near  the  head  of  the  column, 
had  cleared  the  French  rear  when  he  saw  a  neighboring  British  vessel,  commanded 
by  a  captain  of  senior  rank,  turn  out  of  the  line  to  pursue  the  enemy.  Without 
orders  Saumarez  gladly  did  the  same,  but,  while  the  former  captain  (apparently 
concluding  that  he  should  wait  for  orders)  returned  to  the  line,  Saumarez  kept  on 
after  the  French  ships.  Just  then,  Rodney  in  the  center  and  Hood  in  the  rear, 
taking  advantage  of  a  favorable  wind,  started  to  dash  through  the  enemy's  line. 
The  battle-line  changed  to  a  confused  battle  between  individual  ships  and  by  good 
fortune  the  Russell  engaged  the  French  flagship  and  had  already  defeated  her 
when  Hood  arrived  in  time  to  receive  her  surrender.  This  brilliant  achievement 
was  due  to  the  good  fighting  sense  of  Saumarez  and  his  willingness  to  take  responsi- 
bility, although  only  25  years  of  age  and  less  than  12  months  from  his  lieutenancy. 
After  10  years  of  retirement  on  land,  the  outbreak  of  war  with  the  French  in  1793 
brought  him  another  opportunity.  In  the  frigate  Crescent  he  intercepted  on 
October  20,  1793,  the  French  frigate  Reunion,  which  was  in  the  habit  of  attacking 
British  merchant  ships  at  night.  By  adroit  tactics  he  succeeded  in  defeating 
the  enemy's  ship,  losing  one  man  to  118  of  the  French.  For  this  exploit  he  was 
knighted.  Saumarez  was  now  attached  to  Jervis's  fleet  and  participated  in  the 
battle  off  St.  Vincent.  Also,  he  was  under  Nelson  in  the  battle  of  the  Nile, 
where  his  ship  Orion  was  largely  responsible  for  the  destruction  of  3  of  the  enemy's 
ships,  including  the  flagship  Orient,  which  blew  up.  Returning  to  England, 
Saumarez  was  given  command  of  the  Caesar  (84  guns);  for  3  or  4  months  he 
blockaded  the  storm-swept  bay  of  Brest,  and  in  1800  was  sent  against  the  French 
and  Spanish  fleet  at  Cadiz.  Learning  that  3  French  ships  had  anchored  off  Alge- 
ciras,  Saumarez  (now  rear  admiral)  went  for  them  with  6  ships-of-the-line,  attacked 
them  under  the  guns  of  the  fortifications,  but  was  defeated,  losing  one  of  his  ships. 
However,  a  few  days  later,  his  opportunity  came;  2  giant  Spanish  ships  and  4 
others  of  large  size  appeared,  united  with  the  3  French  vessels,  and  began  to 
engage  his  5  wounded  ones.  At  night  the  swiftest  of  Saumarez's  fleet  engaged 
the  Spanish  giants,  which  in  the  darkness  mistook  each  other  for  the  enemy 
and  destroyed  each  other.  A  third  was  forced  to  strike  her  colors.  The  enemy's 
fleet  was  broken  up. 


SAUMAREZ.  197 

In  1809  Saumarez  was  sent  in  charge  of  the  Baltic  fleet.  Napoleon  had 
been  making  trouble  for  England  in  the  Baltic  countries  and  Sweden  had  been 
forced  to  declare  war  against  England.  Saumarez  had  here  to  play  the  diplomat. 
He  also  brought  pressure  to  bear  on  the  countries  which  had  submitted  to  Napo- 
leon, by  destroying  their  vessels  for  local  commerce  while  protecting  England's 
trade  to  and  from  the  Baltic.  His  wise  and  temperate  conduct  later  brought 
praise  from  a  Swedish  statesman.  Retiring  from  the  Baltic  in  1812,  Saumarez 
returned  to  Guernsey,  at  the  age  of  55  years;  was  made  a  baron  in  1831,  and  died 
in  1836,  in  his  eightieth  year. 

Saumarez  is  classified  by  Mahan  as  primarily  a  fighter,  one  who  would  have  done 
as  well  on  land  as  on  the  sea.  Of  his  family  it  is  said  that  many  had  distinguished 
themselves  in  the  naval  service.  Two  others  of  the  name  were  famous  in  war. 
James  Saumarez  married  Martha,  daughter  of  Thomas  le  Marchant,  of  Guernsey, 
and  had  3  daughters;  also  3  sons,  of  whom  one  was  John,  a  colonel  in  the  army. 
James  Saumarez  had  brothers:  Philip,  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy;  John  Thomas, 
a  general  in  the  army,  who  fought  throughout  the  American  War  of  Independence; 
Richard,  a  surgeon;  and  Nicholas,  without  issue. 

The  father's  father  was  Matthew,  a  colonel  of  the  militia.  A  brother  of 
the  father  was  Philip  (1710-1747),  who  was  made  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy 
and  fell  while  in  command  of  the  Nottingham  in  the  naval  battle  off  Brest,  October 
14,  1747,  under  command  of  Lord  Hawke.  Another  brother,  Thomas,  was  a 
captain  in  the  navy  and  as  commander  of  the  Antelope,  50  guns,  captured  the 
Belliqueux  of  64  guns,  in  the  British  channel. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JAMES  SAUMAREZ. 

II  (F  F),  Matthew  de  Saumarez  (born  1685), 
of  the  island  of  Guernsey.  12  (F  M),  Anne 
Durell,  daughter  of  the  bailiff  of  the  island  of 
Jersey.  13  (M  F),  James  le  Marchant. 

Fraternity  of  F:  II  1,  John  de  Saumarez  (1706- 
1773),  attorney  general  of  Guernsey.  II  3,  Philip 
Saumarez  (1710-1747),  was  first  lieutenant  with 
Anson  in  his  voyage  around  the  world  and  in  the 
expedition  to  the  South  Seas.  He  fell  gloriously 
commanding  his  ship  in  Lord  Hawke's  action  off 
Brest,  October  1747.  II 4,  Thomas  Saumarez  (1720- 
1764),  was  with  Lord  Anson  in  his  expedition  and 
subsequently,  when  commander  of  the  Antelope,  captured  a  larger  vessel  in  the  British  Chan- 
nel. II  5  (F)  Matthew  Saumarez  (1718-1778),  was  drowned  in  a  passage  to  England.  II  6 
(M),  Carteret  le  Marchant.  II  7  (consort's  F),  Thomas  Le  Marchant,  of  Guernsey. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  1,  Philip  Saumarez,  a  lieutenant  of  the  Royal  Navy.  Ill  2, 
John  Saumarez  (1755-1832).  Ill  3,  Thomas  Saumarez,  was  a  general  in  the  British  army; 
in  1813  became  commander  in  chief  of  New  Brunswick.  Ill  4,  Richard  Saumarez,  a  surgeon 
of  Surrey.  Ill  5,  Nicholas  Saumarez.  II 16,  Anne,  Charlotte,  Mary,  and  Carteret  Saumarez. 
Ill  7  (Propositus),  JAMES  SAUMAREZ.  Ill  8  (consort),  Martha  Le  Marchant. 

Children  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  James  Saumarez  (1789-1863),  rector  of  Huggate,  County 
York.  IV  2,  Thomas  Saumarez  (1803-1834).  IV  3,  John  St.  Vincent  Saumarez  (1806-1891), 
a  colonel  in  the  army.  IV  4,  Mary,  Martha,  Carteret,  and  Amelia  Saumarez. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  SIR   B.,  and   A.      1909.     A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of  the  Peerage  and 

Baronetage.     London:    Harrison  and  Sons.     2570  pp. 
MAHAN,  A.     1901.    Types  of   Naval  Officers,  drawn  from   the  History  of  the  British  Navy. 

Boston:   Little,  Brown  and  Co.,  pp.  382-427. 


198  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

60.   RAPHAEL  SEMMES. 

RAPHAEL  SEMMES  was  born  in  Charles  county,  Maryland,  September  27  > 
1809.  He  was  early  left  an  orphan  and  at  10  years  of  age  was  sent  to  live  with 
his  uncle,  Raphael  Semmes.  Here  he  worked  in  the  wood-yard,  roamed  the 
country  and  received  some  private  schooling.  At  the  age  of  16  he  was  appointed 
midshipman  from  Maryland,  entered  on  a  cruise  to  the  West  Indies  and  the 
Mediterranean,  and  passed  an  examination  as  midshipman  in  1832.  After  that 
he  studied  law  with  his  brother  for  two  years  and  for  about  a  year  was  hi  charge 
of  naval  chronometers.  In  1835  he  was  ordered  to  the  Constellation  as  acting 
master  and  cruised  chiefly  in  the  West  Indies.  On  his  return  he  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  He  married  Anne  Elizabeth  Spencer,  daughter  of  Oliver  M.  Spencer 
and  Electra  Ogden.  In  March  1837  Semmes  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy. 
It  was  a  period  of  little  naval  activity.  Semmes  was  employed  in  naval  routine, 
in  navy-yards,  on  harbor  surveys,  etc.  He  bought  land  on  the  Perdido  river, 
Alabama,  and  settled  his  family  there.  He  carried  a  diplomatic  message  to  Vera 
Cruz  and  overland  to  Mexico  City;  later,  he  joined  the  fleet  at  Vera  Cruz  in  1846, 
and  there  commanded  the  brig  Somers,  of  10  guns.  While  on  blockading  duty 
his  fidelity  was  noted  by  the  commodore  of  the  fleet.  When  a  blockade-runner 
went  in  under  the  guns  of  the  fort  he,  with  10  men,  rowed  to  it  in  the  darkness 
and  set  fire  to  the  ship,  whose  cargo  of  powder  soon  exploded.  In  a  gale  the  Somers 
capsized  and  half  of  his  crew  of  100  was  drowned,  but  he  was  picked  up  by  a  boat 
and  eventually  succored  by  a  foreign  man-of-war.  He  was  exonerated  for  the 
loss  of  his  ship.  He  worked  hard  at  Vera  Cruz,  landing  infantry  and  cannon, 
and  then  attached  himself  to  Scott's  army  in  order  that  he  might  be  in  the  fight- 
ing. Everywhere  his  gallantry  was  praised  by  his  superior  officers.  Between 
the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars  he  commanded  various  naval  vessels  and  spent  five 
years  in  Mobile  studying  and  practicing  law.  In  February  1861  he  resigned  from 
the  Federal  service  and  offered  his  services  to  Jefferson  Davis,  who  commissioned 
him  to  go  north  and  buy  munitions,  which  he  did.  Then  he  proposed  that  he 
should  go  to  sea  and  prey  on  the  enemy's  commerce.  He  learned  of  a  steamer 
that  he  thought  would  do  and  the  next  day  was  off  for  New  Orleans,  with  the 
orders,  "Do  the  enemy's  commerce  the  greatest  injury  in  the  shortest  tune." 
Semmes  now  lost  all  of  his  old  inertness  and  became  a  new  man.  He  pushed 
the  Sumter,  whose  renovation  he  completed  in  two  months,  through  the  Mississippi 
pass  with  the  blockader  Brooklyn  only  5  miles  away.  He  caught  several  prize 
ships  and  took  them  to  a  Cuban  port;  here  he  argued  his  right  of  doing  so;  but 
the  authorities  decided  against  him  and  he  lost  his  prizes.  When,  at  the  Dutch 
island  of  Curasao,  the  governor  was  considering  his  demand  to  enter  the  harbor, 
he  fired  a  shell  near  to  the  council  chamber  and  the  governor  decided  to  admit  him. 
At  various  other  ports  Semmes  had  to  argue  his  rights  as  a  belligerent;  sometimes 
he  succeeded  but  usually  he  failed.  At  Gibraltar  he  sold  the  Sumter  and  sailed 
for  England,  and  eventually  secured  the  Alabama,  which  had  just  been  finished 
there.  In  the  following  months  he  captured  scores  of  American  merchant  ships 
and  held  court  over  doubtful  cases,  his  legal  training  enabling  him  to  decide  in 
accordance  with  international  law.  Finally,  in  his  cruises,  he  reached  Cher- 
bourg in  June  1864,  and  was  here  met  and  defeated,  offshore,  by  the  Kearsarge. 
He  escaped  to  England.  Returning  home,  he  was  assigned  to  the  Confederate 
fleet  in  the  James  river  (February  1865),  and  when  Richmond  was  evacuated 


SEMMES.  199 

he  blew  up  his  ship  and  organized  his  officers  and  men  as  infantry.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  returned  to  Mobile,  opened  a  law  office,  and  practiced  law  until 
his  death  in  1877.  He  published  four  books  on  his  experiences. 

Semmes  was  prevailingly  not  hyperkinetic,  but  calm,  cheerful,  and  occasion- 
ally depressed,  as,  e.g.,  when  in  the  Indian  Ocean.  He  gave  the  impression  of  a 
grave  and  reverend  professional  man  rather  than  of  a  dashing  captain.  (Brad- 
ford, G.,  1904,  p.  227.)  He  was  stern  in  discipline  and  lashed  heavily.  In  his 
books  he  discourses  philosophically  upon  the  feudal  system  and  other  social  con- 
ditions in  Mexico  and  argues  for  the  extension  of  the  United  States  to  minimize 
the  influence  of  single  powerful  states.  He  sought  to  clear  up  the  mystery  of  the 
northers,  to  account  for  the  heavy  rainfall  of  Jalapa  and  for  yellow  fever.  He 
argues  in  his  early  books  for  the  suppression  of  privateering  and  makes  use  of  his 
legal  knowledge  and  methods  in  his  operations  against  American  commerce,  which 
were  strictly  in  accordance  with  international  law.  He  was  fond  of  reading  liter- 
ature and  was  an  excellent  writer  and  an  entertaining  talker.  He  tended  to  be 
somewhat  inert  in  the  absence  of  excitement  and,  no  doubt,  like  Nelson,  found 
relief  in  the  presence  of  danger.  He  had  an  artist's  eye  for  landscapes  and 
describes  them  in  detail  in  his  writings.  His  diary  reads  almost  like  that  of  a 
naturalist,  "showing  close,  intelligent  and  affectionate  observation  of  nature." 
(Bradford,  1904,  p.  236.)  He  grew  more  violent  in  his  expression  as  he  grew 
older;  he  always  showed  a  streak  of  "detestable  facetiousness." 

Semmes's  close  relatives  were  prevailingly  lawyers  and  legislators.  On 
his  mother's  side  he  was  descended  from  Arthur  Middleton,  signer  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence.  His  son  was  for  a  time  in  command  of  a  Confederate 
gunboat. 

FAMILY  HISTOBY  OF  RAPHAEL  SEMMES. 

Ancestor:  Arthur  Middleton  (1742-1787),  came  of  a  line 
of  men  prominent  in  the  political  life  of  the  country.  He  was  a 
leader  in  South  Carolina  and  in  1776  signed  the  Declaration  of 
Independence.  He  married  Mary  Izard.  Many  of  the  Middle- 
tons  and  Izards  were  connected  with  the  navy. 

I  1  (consort's  F  F),  Oliver  Spencer,  mayor  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio. 

Fraternity  of  F:  II  1,  Raphael  Semmes  of  Georgetown, 
D.  C.  II  3,  Benedict  Semmes,  a  farmer  of  Maryland;  a  State 
legislator  and  a  member  of  Congress  in  1829.  II  4  (F),  Richard 
Thompson  Semmes.  II  5  (M),  Catherine  Hooe  Middleton,  died 
early.  II  6  (consort's  F),  Oliver  Marlborough  Spencer.  II  7 
(consort's  M),  Electra  Ogden. 

Ill  1,  Thomas  Jenkins  Semmes  (1824-1899),  United  States  attorney  in  Louisiana,  and, 
during  the  Civil  War,  a  member  of  the  Confederate  States  senate. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:  III  2,  Samuel  Middleton  Semmes,  a  lawyer  of  Cumberland, 
Maryland.  Ill  3  (Propositus),  RAPHAEL  SEMMES.  Ill  4  (consort),  Anne  Elizabeth  Spencer. 

Child  of  Propositus:  IV  1,  O.  J.  Semmes  was  a  captain  in  the  Confederate  States  navy  and 
had  command  of  a  gunboat  at  Grand  Lake,  Louisiana,  March  1863. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ALLEN.     1867.     Memorial  of  Pickering  Dodge  Allen.     Boston:   H.  W.  Dutton  and  Son.    174  pp. 
BRADFORD,  G.     1904.     Confederate   Portraits.     Boston   and   New   York:     Houghton,    Mifflin 

Co.     xviii  +  291  pp. 
CHEVES,  L.     1900.     Middleton  of  South  Carolina.     (So.  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical 

Magazine,  vol.  II,  pp.  228-282.) 
MERIWEATHER,  C.    1913.    Raphael  Semmes.    Philadelphia:   G.  Jacobs. 


200 


HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


61.  EDWARD  HOBART  SEYMOUR. 

EDWARD  HOBART  SEYMOUR  was  born  April  1840.  He  states  of  his  child- 
hood: "As  soon  as  I  had  sense  enough  to  form  a  real  wish  it  was  to  go  to  sea  — 
a  choice  I  have  never  regretted."  He  entered  the  British  navy  in  November 
1852,  after  an  examination  in  the  rudiments,  and  in  1853  on  the  frigate  Terrible 
was  ordered  to  the  Mediterranean  station.  In  1854  he  took  part  hi  the  Crimean 
campaign.  In  1857  he  went  to  China  and  joined  the  squadron  of  his  father's 
brother,  Sir  Michael  Seymour,  and  was  made  signalman  of  the  fleet.  Invalided 
home  on  account  of  illness,  he  was  "made  to  go  back,"  which  he  did  in  1859.  On 
his  homeward  journey  he  leaped  into  the  sea  to  save  a  sailor  who  had  fallen  over- 
board. In  the  western  Pacific  he  was  given  command  of  small  vessels  to  go  up 
Canton  river  to  hunt  for  shipwrecked  sailors  on  the  Carolina  island,  etc.  He 
cruised  to  the  Arctic  and  saw  service  in  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  where  he  was 
wounded  in  rescuing  Europeans  from  natives.  He  had  command  of  the  first  ship 
of  steel  (1880)  and  later  of  the  Inflexible,  at  that  time  the  largest  and  most  powerful 
ship  of  the  navy.  In  1889  he  became  rear  admiral,  cruised  around  the  world, 
was  in  Chinese  waters  at  the  Boxer  uprising,  and  was  senior  officer  in  the  allied 
expedition  to  Pekin.  In  1902  he  was  commander  in  chief  at  Plymouth. 

Seymour  belongs  to  one  of  England's  most  distinguished  naval  families.  A 
father's  brother  Michael  was  vice  admiral;  another  father's  brother's  son,  Sir  Michael 
Culme  Seymour,  is  admiral.  The  latter  married  Mary  Watson,  daughter  of  Lavinia 
Quin,  whose  brother  Richard  was  rear  admiral.  Their  mother  was  a  Spencer  of  a 
naval  family.  Edward  H.  Seymour's  father's  father  was  Admiral  Sir  Michael  Sey- 
mour, whose  wife  was  a  daughter  of  James  Hawkes,  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  EDWARD  HOBART  SEYMOUR. 

I  1  (F  F  F),  Rev.  John  Seymour  (died  1795),  of  Palace,  Limerick  county.  I  2  (F  F  M),  Grizel 
Hobart,  died  1822.     I  3  (F  M  F),  James  Hawkes,  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy.     I  5  (M  M  F), 
John  Smith  (died  1819),  member  of  Parliament  for  Wiltshire.     I  6  (M  M  M),  Sarah  Gilbert. 

II  1,  Rev.  Thomas  Culme.     II  3  (F  F),  Sir  Michael  Seymour  (1768-1834),  was  an  admiral 
in  the  Royal  Navy  who  distinguished  himself  in  several  gallant  actions  and  died  at  Rio  Janeiro 

when  commander  in  chief  of  the  Southeast 
-*      — *    — -•       coast  of  America.    II 4  (F  M),  Jane  Hawkes, 
died  1852.     II 5  (M  F),  Charles  Smith  (died 
1814),  of  Suttons,  Essex  county,  a  member 
of  Parliament.    II 6  (M  M),  Augusta  Smith, 
died  1846. 

Ill  1,  Elizabeth 
Culme.  Fraternity  of  F: 
III  2,  John  Hobart  Culme 
Seymour  (1800-1880), 
canon  of  Gloucester.  Ill 
3,  Maria  Louisa  Smith, 
died  1887.  Ill  4,  James 
Seymour  (1801-1827),  captain  in  the  army.  Ill  5,  Sir  Michael  Seymour  (1802-1887),  became  an 
admiral  in  the  Royal  Navy.  He  was  vice  admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  commander  in 
chief  of  the  East  Indian  station,  Canton,  and  Portsmouth.  Ill  6,  Edward  Seymour  (1804-1837), 
a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy.  Ill  7,  William  Hobart  Seymour  (1820-1859),  of  the  army.  Ill  8, 
Jane,  Dora,  Mary,  Caroline,  Elizabeth,  and  Ellen  Seymour.  Ill  9  (F),  Richard  Seymour  (1806- 
1880),  canon  of  Worcester.  Ill  10  (M),  Frances  Smith.  Fraternity  of  M:  III  11,  Frances 
Seymour,  died  1897.  Ill  12,  Spencer  Smith  (1806-1882).  Ill  13,  Drummond  Smith  (1812- 
1832).  Ill  14,  Sir  Charles  Joshua  Smith. 

IV  1,  Sir  Michael  Culme  Seymour  (born  1836),  was  vice  admiral  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
commander  in  chief  of  the  Pacific  fleet,  of  the  Channel  squadron,  and  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet. 
Ill  2,  John  Hobart  (1837-1887),  a  lieutenant  colonel.  IV  3,  Henry  Seymour  (born  1847),  re- 


ffl 


IV 


SEYMOUR  —  SMITH.  201 

ceived  his  degree  of  M.  A.  at  Oxford;  in  the  army.  IV  5  (Propositus),  EDWARD  HOBART 
SEYMOUR.  Fraternity  of  Propositus:  IV  6,  Walter  Richard  Seymour,  born  1838.  IV  7,  Albert 
Seymour  (born  1841),  archdeacon  of  Barnstable.  IV  8,  Richard  Arthur  Seymour  (1843-1906). 
IV  9,  John  Seymour  (1843-1866),  in  the  army.  IV  11,  Augusta.  IV  12,  Captain  St.  John 
Mildmay,  of  the  Royal  Navy.  IV  15,  Seymour  Spencer  Smith  (1841-1893),  was  a  captain  in 
the  Royal  Navy.  IV  16,  Rev.  Orlando  Smith,  born  1843.  IV  17,  Gilbert  Joshua  Smith,  a 
captain  in  the  army. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BURKE,  SIR  B.,  and  A.      1909.      A  Genealogical  and  Heraldic  History  of   the  Peerage  and 

Baronetage.     London:   Harrison  &  Sons.     2570pp. 
SEYMOUR,  SIR  E.     1911.     My  Naval  Career  and  Travels.     London:  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.     429pp. 

62.   WILLIAM  SIDNEY  SMITH. 

WILLIAM  SIDNEY  SMITH  was  born  at  Westminster,  near  London,  July  21, 
1764.  He  entered  the  Navy  before  he  was  12  years  of  age.  For  bravery  in  action 
near  Cape  St.  Vincent,  Portugal,  in  1780,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant  of  the 
Alcide.  For  gallantry  in  action  under  Graves  off  Chesapeake  Bay  in  1781  and  under 
Rodney  at  the  Leeward  islands  in  1782,  he  was  made  a  captain.  From  1785  to 
1792  he  was  absent  from  the  service.  During  the  last  two  years  of  this  period 
he  advised  the  king  of  Sweden  in  the  war  with  Russia.  Returning  to  England 
he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Constantinople  and,  upon  his  return  from  that  city, 
attempted  to  burn  the  enemy's  ships  and  arsenal  at  Toulon.  Later  he  hunted 
French  privateers  in  the  Channel  and  was  carried  onto  the  French  shore  by  the 
tide  and  wind  and  made  prisoner  in  April  1796.  By  means  of  forged  orders  for 
his  removal  to  another  prison  he  escaped  to  Havre  and  crossed  the  Channel  in  a 
small  skiff  in  1798.  Appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Tigre  in  the  Mediterranean, 
he  learned  of  Bonaparte's  approach  to  St.  Jean  d'Acre,  hastened  to  its  relief, 
captured  (March  1799)  the  enemy's  flotilla,  and  compelled  Napoleon  to  raise  the 
siege  and  retreat  in  disorder,  leaving  all  his  artillery  behind.  For  this  brilliant 
exploit  he  received  the  thanks  of  Parliament.  In  January  1800  he  took  upon 
himself  to  make  a  convention  with  the  French  by  which  they  were  allowed  to 
evacuate  Egypt,  an  act  disallowed  by  his  superiors,  who  required  the  French  to 
surrender.  In  1803  he  was  commissioned  to  watch  the  French  in  the  Channel; 
in  1806  he  was  made  rear  admiral,  and  the  following  year  was  dispatched  on 
secret  service  for  the  protection  of  Sicily  and  Naples.  Here  he  was  led  into  quar- 
rels with  military  officers;  he  relieved  Gaeta  and  captured  Capri,  but  was  ordered 
to  leave  next  year  for  Malta  to  act  against  the  Turks.  He  destroyed  the  Turkish 
fleet  and  spiked  the  shore  batteries.  Next  he  blockaded  the  Tagus,  took  the 
Portuguese  royal  family  to  Rio  de  Janeiro,  and  was  sent  as  commander  in  chief 
to  the  coast  of  South  America  in  1808.  Here  he  quarreled  with  the  British  minister 
and  was  summarily  recalled.  He  was  made  vice  admiral  in  1810  and  admiral 
in  1821,  but  he  was  practically  retired  in  1814.  He  died  in  1840. 

Willam  Smith  was  a  typical  hyperkinetic,  like  his  father,  Captain  John  Smith, 
who,  as  aide-de-camp  to  Lord  George  Germain,  became  disgusted  with  the  treat- 
ment accorded  Germain,  left  the  army,  and  "passed  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in 
that  extraordinary  building  or  boathouse,  at  Dover,  long  known  as  Smith's  Folly." 
The  father's  father,  Captain  Edward  Smith,  commanded  a  frigate  at  the  attack 
upon  La  Guayra,  where  he  received  wounds  from  which  he  eventually  died. 

William's  hyperkinetic  tendencies  are  shown  by  his  "restless  activity  and 
enterprise,  his  promptness  and  energy,  his  good  humor  and  high  spirits."  He  was 


202 


HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 


a  spendthrift  and  of  unlimited  generosity;  his  manners  were  lively  and  agreeable. 
He  showed  also  a  manly  daring  and  determination.  Like  his  father  he  was  tena- 
cious of  his  opinions,  and  his  vanity  and  self-assertion  led  him  into  collision  with 
his  contemporaries.  His  hyperkinesis  was  an  effective  trait  in  his  small  naval 
encounters. 

Smith  was  nomadic.  On  leave  at  the  age  of  20,  he  spent  two  years  in  France, 
visited  Spain,  journeyed  through  Morocco,  where  he  volunteered  his  services  in  case 
of  war,  went  to  St.  Petersburg  and  to  Stockholm,  where  he  became  a  military 
adviser  of  the  Swedish  king;  then  returned  to  the  navy.  Everywhere  he  showed 
restlessness.  His  mother's  sister  had  a  son,  Lord  Camelford,  who  entered  the  navy 
and  became  a  commander.  He  shot  and  killed  a  lieutenant  on  another  vessel  for  not 
obeying  his  commands;  he  committed  an  assault  in  Drury  Lane  theater  and  was 
found  guilty,  but  disappeared.  Five  years  afterwards  he  returned  to  England  and 
was  wounded  in  a  duel.  In  his  will  he  desired  that  his  body  should  be  buried  under  a 
certain  tree  in  the  canton  of  Berne,  Switzerland,  "at  whose  foot,"  he  says,  "I  form- 
erly passed  many  solitary  hours,  contemplating  the  mutability  of  human  affairs." 

William  Smith  was  of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind  and  interested  in  inventions. 
He  was  a  patron  of  the  arts.  His  memory  was  so  great  that  he  could  repeat  pages 
of  poetry.  He  loved  to  entertain  parties  of  young  ladies  by  clever  tricks,  charades, 
and  conundrums,  for  all  of  which  he  demanded  as  payment  a  kiss  from  each.  At 
the  age  of  76  years,  as  death  was  near,  he  fancied  himself  as  strong  or  at  least  as 
capable  of  coping  with  an  enemy  at  sea  or  ashore  as  in  the  prime  of  life.  But  this 
euphoria  soon  passed  into  mental  and  bodily  decay  until  he  died  of  a  total  paralysis. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OP  WILLIAM  SIDNEY  SMITH. 

1 1  (F  F  F),  Captain  Cornelius  Smith  (1661-1727). 

II  1  (F  F),  Captain  Edward  Smith,  commander  of  a  frigate.  II  3  (M  F),  Pinkney  Wilkin- 
son, an  opulent  merchant  of  London,  who  disinherited  his  daughter,  Mary.  II  5,  William  Pitt, 
first  Earl  Chatham  (1708-1778). 

Fraternity  of  F:  III  2,  General  Edward  Smith, 
commander  of  the  Forty-third  regiment  and  governor 
of  Fort  Charles,  Jamaica.  Ill  3  (F),  Captain  John 
Smith,  of  the  Guards,  quitted  the  service  in  disgust. 
Ill  4  (M),  Mary  Wilkinson,  married  against  her  father's 

wishes.     Fraternity  of  M:    III  5, Wilkinson.     Ill 

6,  Thomas  Pitt,  first  Baron  Camelford  (1737-1793),  an 
English  politician. 

Fraternity  of  Proposilus:  IV  1,  Charles  Douglas 
Smith,  lieutenant  colonel  and  governor  of  Prince 
Edward's  Island.  IV  2,  John  Spencer  Smith  (died 
1840),  held  a  commission  in  the  Guards  but  quitted 
the  service  to  enter  the  field  of  diplomacy.  He  be- 
came minister  plenipotentiary  at  Constantinople.  IV 
4  (Propositus),  WILLIAM  SIDNEY  SMITH.  IV  5  (consort), 

Lady  Caroline  Mary .     IV  6,  Thomas  Pitt,  second 

Baron  Camelford  (1775-1804),  had  an  adventurous  and 
wayward  career  in  the  navy,  attaining  the  rank  of  com- 
mander. He  was  finally  killed  in  a  duel. 

V  1,  Edward  Herbert  Smith,  a  clergyman  of  the  Established  Church.  V  2,  William 
Sidney  Smith,  a  captain  in  the  Royal  Navy.  Children  of  Propositus:  V  4,  Captain  Arabin, 
Royal  Navy.  V  6,  Baron  de  Delmar.  V  8,  Colonel  de  St.  Glair.  V  9,  Sir  William  Rumbold 
Smith,  died  in  India. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BARROW,  SIR  J.    1848.    Life  of  Sir  William  Sidney  Smith.    London:   Bentley.    2  vols. 


STOCKTON.  203 

63.  ROBERT  FIELD  STOCKTON. 

ROBERT  FIELD  STOCKTON  was  born  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  August  20, 
1795.  As  a  small  boy  he  showed  personal  courage,  a  strong  sense  of  honor,  hatred 
of  injustice,  generosity,  and  loyalty  to  friends.  At  school  he  was  the  champion 
of  the  weak  and  won  victories  over  the  strong.  He  entered  Princeton  College 
at  13  years  of  age  and  stood  first  in  his  class.  He  excelled  in  elocution  and  was 
apt  in  language  and  mathematics.  The  Bible  and  the  writings  of  Cicero,  Shake- 
speare, and  Lord  Bacon  were  his  favorite  books.  One  of  his  professors  declared 
he  was  the  best-informed  man  he  had  ever  met.  He  was  habitually  temperate. 
He  had  ability  for  the  law,  but  the  war  with  England  broke  out  before  he  was 
graduated;  he  was  fired  with  an  ambition  to  excel  Nelson  and  he  entered  the 
navy  as  midshipman  and  cruised  with  Commodore  Rodgers  on  the  President 
in  1812.  When  the  President  fought  the  Belvidere,  Stockton  won  the  sobriquet 
"Fighting  Bob,"  and  this  hung  to  him  ever  after.  He  was  in  the  fight  with  the 
Plantagenet  (74  guns)  near  Boston  for  five  hours.  He  went  with  Rodgers  to 
Washington  to  see  Secretary  of  Navy  Jones,  and  became  Jones's  aide,  but  he  shortly 
after  resigned  and  went  with  Rodgers  to  defend  Alexandria  and  later  Baltimore. 
He  worked  incessantly,  building  small  craft,  fire-boats,  and  rafts.  In  September 
1814  he  was  commissioned  lieutenant.  Then  came  the  war  with  Algiers.  Stock- 
ton on  the  Guerriere  assisted  in  the  capture  of  the  Algerian  flagship  Mishouri. 
Off  the  Spanish  coast  he  drove  an  Algerian  brig  ashore,  led  the  boarding  party 
in  person,  got  the  brig  off  the  shoals,  and  sent  her  to  a  Spanish  port.  After  the 
war  he  became  first  lieutenant  on  the  Erie.  He  now  had  some  leisure  and  spent 
it  in  studying  common,  martial,  and  international  law  and  was  called  upon  in 
courts-martial.  He  worked  for  improved  discipline  and  for  the  abolition  of  the 
"cat."  He  also  felt  the  humiliation  of  the  arrogant  attitude  of  the  British  naval 
officers  and  did  his  best  to  end  this.  A  Neapolitan  supply-provider  came  on  board 
the  Erie  with  credentials  signed  by  an  English  naval  officer  which  contained  an 
insulting  remark  on  Yankee  seamen.  Stockton  challenged  the  subscriber  to  a 
duel  or  apology.  They  fought  and  Stockton  hit  the  Englishman  in  the  leg  at  the 
first  shot.  Soon  thereafter  the  Erie  arrived  at  Gibraltar.  Here  he  found  that 
an  American  merchant  captain  had  been  thrown  into  jail  as  a  criminal  for  failure 
to  carry  a  lantern  at  night.  The  British  officer  called  him  a  "damned  Yankee 
merchantman."  Stockton  challenged  the  English  officer  to  a  duel.  He  wounded 
the  officer  and  his  seconds  refused  further  fight  except  on  their  own  terms.  So 
Stockton  some  time  later  fought  on  these  terms  and  wounded  the  officer  a  second 
time.  The  English  tried  to  detain  Stockton,  who  now  saw  that  they  were  trying 
to  ensnare  him.  He  knocked  down  one  of  the  foot-guards,  pulled  another  from 
his  horse,  mounted  the  horse,  and  rode  to  his  own  men,  who  were  waiting  for  him 
on  the  shore.  The  governor  of  Gibraltar  now  proceeded  to  compose  the  difficulties 
between  the  English  and  Americans.  Stockton  was  opposed  to  dueling,  but  a  duel 
seemed  the  only  method  of  putting  the  American  navy  right  with  the  British. 

In  1821  Stockton  was  asked  by  Judge  Washington  and  Francis  Key  to  aid 
the  Colonization  Society  to  secure  a  site  in  Africa.  In  a  naval  schooner  he  set 
out  to  look  for  a  healthy  locality.  Finally,  at  Cape  Mesurado,  he  found  a  high, 
undulating,  and  fertile  country;  he  began  to  trade  with  the  natives  and  finally 
negotiated  with  King  Peter  and,  despite  the  opposition  of  a  powerful  mulatto 
slave-trader,  secured  the  execution  of  a  treaty  by  which  Liberia  was  acquired; 


204  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT  OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

he  then  cruised  for  pirates  for  a  time.  In  1825  he  married  and  settled  at  Prince- 
ton on  a  furlough  until  1838.  Here  he  organized  the  New  Jersey  Colonization 
Society,  established  a  newspaper,  promoted  the  building  of  the  Delaware  and 
Raritan  canal,  largely  with  his  own  money,  worked  for  the  Trenton  and  New 
Brunswick  railroad,  and  took  an  active  part  in  politics;  he  also  imported  and 
raced  thoroughbreds.  In  1838,  as  captain,  he  commanded  the  Ohio  on  a  cruise 
to  the  Mediterranean,  and  about  this  time  made  a  model  of  a  steamship  with 
its  machinery  below  the  water-line.  In  1841  he  was  offered  the  secretaryship 
of  the  navy,  but  declined  it.  He  now  planned  and  supervised  the  building  of  our 
first  steam  war-vessel,  Princeton.  On  February  28, 1844,  she  was  being  dedicated 
and  a  large  wrought-iron  gun  was  being  fired  in  the  presence  of  President  Tyler, 
Secretary  of  State  A.  P.  Upshur,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  T.  W.  Gilmer,  and 
others.  Stockton  stopped  firing  the  gun  and  refused  to  continue,  but  was  ordered 
to  fire  once  more.  The  gun  burst  and  killed  several,  including  Messrs.  Upshur 
and  Gilmer.  In  1844  he  was  sent  by  President  Tyler  to  carry  the  annexation 
resolutions  to  the  government  of  Texas.  In  1845,  just  before  war  broke  out  with 
Mexico,  he  was  sent  in  the  Congress  to  convey  Commissioner  Ten  Eyck  to  Hono- 
lulu. While  at  Callao  he  found  that  an  American  merchant  captain  had  been 
imprisoned  while  trying  to  quiet  a  quarrel  between  some  of  his  men  and  some 
Peruvian  sailors.  Stockton  demanded  the  release  of  the  captain  and  was  refused 
in  an  overbearing  manner.  He  then  gave  the  authorities  fifteen  minutes  to  release 
the  man  or  he  would  train  his  ship's  guns  on  the  city.  The  captain  was  promptly 
released.  At  Hawaii  he  composed  the  quarrel  between  the  king  and  the  American 
representative,  Brown.  He  then  went  to  Monterey,  California,  and  organized 
the  citizens  of  the  United  States  who  were  in  California  into  a  battalion  and 
in  1846  issued  a  proclamation  authorizing  civil  government  in  the  State.  He 
attacked  the  Mexicans  at  Los  Angeles  and  San  Pedro,  so  that  the  troops  fled  and 
the  Mexican  governor  surrendered.  Raising  an  army,  he  cleared  Southern  Cali- 
fornia of  the  enemy,  established  a  newspaper  in  San  Francisco,  and  organized 
schools.  Having  been  superseded,  he  returned  overland  to  the  East,  successfully 
evading  threatened  Indian  attacks  en  route.  He  was  the  recipient  of  distinguished 
honors  in  Philadelphia  and  elsewhere.  He  resigned  from  the  navy  in  1850,  to 
devote  himself  to  private  interests  and  State  matters.  Elected  to  the  United 
States  senate  in  1850,  he  introduced  a  bill  to  abolish  flogging  in  the  navy  and  urged 
coast  defense.  Resigning  in  1853,  he  retired  to  private  life.  He  was  elected 
president  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  Company,  was  chosen  a  delegate 
to  the  peace  congress  of  1861,  and  died  at  Princeton  in  1866. 

Stockton  represents  the  brilliant  "frigate-captain"  type  —  a  dashing  hyper- 
kinetic,  who  does  various  jobs  well,  but  organizes  no  extensive  naval  campaign. 
His  interest  in  diplomacy  was  marked  from  the  time  of  his  youthful  study  of  law. 
He  was  intelligent  and  administrative. 

He  married  Harriet,  daughter  of  John  Potter,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
and  had  6  daughters  and  3  sons,  of  whom  none  became  sailors.  (1)  Richard  be- 
came a  lawyer  and  treasurer  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  railroad.  (2)  John  was 
a  lawyer  who  went  as  United  States  minister  to  Rome,  1857.  He  was  elected 
United  States  senator  in  1864,  and  again  in  1868;  as  senator  he  advocated  the 
establishment  of  life-saving  stations  on  the  coast.  He  served  as  attorney  general 
of  New  Jersey.  (3)  Robert  Field  (1802-1898),  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1851,  admitted  to  the  bar,  became  brigadier  general  in  1858,  adjutant  general 
of  the  State  until  1867,  and  comptroller  of  New  Jersey,  1877-1888.  He  was 


STOCKTON. 


205 


president  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  Company  and  director  of  the  United 
New  Jersey  Railroad  and  Canal  Company.  This  fraternity  illustrates  how  a 
certain  marriage  of  a  nomadic  fighter  may  result  in  children  without  his  tastes. 

The  father  of  Robert  Field  Stockton,  Richard  Stockton,  was  graduated  from 
Princeton  and  was  a  leader  of  the  New  Jersey  bar.  Legal  talent  evidently  came 
from  this  side,  for  Stockton's  brothers  had  legal  (as  well  as  military)  interests. 
The  father's  father  was  Richard  Stockton,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence and  a  lawyer  of  great  coolness  and  courage.  He  married  Annis  Bou- 
dinot,  a  literary  woman  full  of  courage  and  high  spirit,  whose  presence  of  mind 
enabled  her  in  the  Revolution  to  save  important  state  papers  during  the  battle 
of  Princeton.  Her  brother  Elias  was  president  of  the  Continental  Congress  and 
threw  himself  heart  and  soul  into  the  patriotic  struggle. 

The  mother  of  Robert  F.  Stockton  was  Mary  Field,  daughter  of  Robert 
(born  1775)  and  Mary  (Peale)  Field,  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey.  Her  brother 
Robert  married  Abigail,  a  sister  of  Richard  Stockton  and  a  daughter  of  the  signer, 
and  had  a  son,  Robert  Field  (born  in  1795),  who  was  a  naval  officer,  but  resigned, 
at  the  age  of  25,  upon  his  marriage,  to  go  on  a  plantation. 

The  hyperkinetic  tendencies  of  the  propositus  probably  came  from  the  Bou- 
dinot  blood,  probably  reinforced  by  certain  traits  of  the  Field  germ-plasm. 

FAMILY  HISTOBY  OF  ROBERT  FIELD  STOCKTON. 

1 1  (F  M  F),  Elias  Boudinot  (1706-1770),  of  Huguenot  ancestry.  I  2  (F  M  M),  Catherine 
Williams,  of  Antigua,  of  Welsh  stock.  I  3  (F  F  F),  John  Stockton  (1701-1758),  a  man  of  edu- 
cation and  influence,  and  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas;  a  patron  of  Princeton  College. 
I  4  (F  F  M),  Abigail  Phillips,  a  first  cousin  on  the  Stockton  side. 


djO* 


Fraternity  of  F  M:  II  1,  Elisha  Boudinot,  a  lawyer  of  high  reputation.  II  2,  Elias  Bou- 
dinot (1740-1821),  a  lawyer  of  note;  president  of  the  Continental  Congress  and  president  of 
the  American  Bible  Society.  II  3,  Annis  Boudinot  (1736-1801),  a  beautiful  and  gifted  woman, 
who  had  some  poetical  ability  and  contributed  to  periodicals.  II  4  (F  F),  Richard  Stockton 
(1730-1781),  a  jurist  of  high  reputation  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  II  5 
(M  F),  Robert  Field  (1723-1775),  in  1774  was  chairman  of  a  public  meeting  of  Burlington  county 
which  sent  delegates  to  the  State  convention.  II  6  (M  M),  Mary  Peale,  daughter  of  Oswald 
Peale.  Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  9,  John  Stockton  (born  1744),  was  drowned  by  the  upsetting  of 
a  yawl.  II  10,  Samuel  W.  Stockton  (1751-1795),  went  as  secretary  of  the  American  commission 
to  the  courts  of  Austria  and  Russia,  and  was  secretary  of  state  for  New  Jersey  in  1794.  Ill  11, 
Rev.  Philip  Stockton,  born  1746. 

Fraternity  of  F:  III  1,  Lucius  Horatio  Stockton,  United  States  district  attorney  for  New 
Jersey.  Ill  2,  Julia  Stockton.  Ill  3,  Benjamin  Rush  (1746-1813),  a  signer  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  and  a  famous  physician  of  Philadelphia.  Ill  4,  Susan  Stockton.  Ill  5,  Alex- 


206  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

ander  Cuthbert,  of  Canada.  Ill  6,  Mary  Stockton.  Ill  7,  Andrew  Hunter  (1752-1823),  a 
missionary  who  became  a  brigade  chaplain  in  the  Revolutionary  army  and  later  a  chaplain  in 
the  navy.  Ill  8  (F),  Richard  Stockton  (born  1764),  stood  at  the  head  of  the  bar  in  New  Jersey 
at  the  age  of  25  years.  He  was  a  Presidential  elector;  a  United  States  senator,  and  a  member  of 
Congress  from  1813-1815.  Ill  9  (M),  Mary  Field  (1766-1837).  Fraternity  of  M:  III  11, 
Lydia  Field.  Ill  12,  Adam  Hubly.  Ill  13,  Robert  Field  (born  1775),  a  Princeton  graduate. 
Ill  14,  Abigail  Stockton.  Ill  15,  Richard  Howell  (1754-1803),  served  in  the  army  throughout 
the  Revolutionary  war.  Afterwards  he  practiced  law  and  was  elected  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

III  16,  Miss  Burr.     Ill  17,  Lucius  Stockton  (born  1771),  a  lawyer.     Ill  18,  Eliza  Core.     Ill 
19,  Zachary  Cantey,  a  general  of  South  Carolina. 

IV  1,  Richard  Rush  (born  1780),  attorney  general  of  Pennsylvania  and  United  States 
minister  to  England.     IV  2,  James  Rush  (born  1786),  followed  scientific  and  literary  pursuits. 

IV  3,  David  Hunter  (1802-1886),  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy 
at  West  Point  in  1822,  but  afterwards  engaged  in  business  in  Chicago  (1836).     Later  he  served  in 
the  Mexican  war  and  as  brigadier  general  of  volunteers  won  distinction  in  the  Civil  War,  being 
made  a  major  general  of  the  United  States  army  in  1865.     IV  4,  Lewis  Boudinot  Hunter  (born 
1804),  served  as  a  surgeon  in  the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  retiring  with  the  rank  of  commodore 
in  1871.     IV  5,  Mary  Hunter.     Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  6,  Samuel  Witham  Stockton,  a 
lieutenant  in  the  United  States  navy.     IV  7,  Mary  Stockton.     IV  8,  William  Harrison.     IV  9, 
Richard  Stockton  (born  1791),  became  judge  of  the  Mississippi  supreme  court,  and  attorney 
general.     IV  10,  Julia  Stockton,  born  1793.     IV  11,  John  Rhinelander.     IV  13,  Caroline  Stock- 
ton.    IV  14,  William  Rotch.     IV  15,  Annis  Stockton,  born  1804.     IV  16,  Hon.  John  Renshaw 
Thomson,  United  States  senator.     IV  17  (Propositus),    ROBERT  FIELD  STOCKTON.     IV  18  (con- 
Bort),  Harriet  Maria  Potter,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina.     IV  19,  Robert  Field  (1767-1850), 
at  12  years  of  age  shipped  before  the  mast  on  board  a  man-of-war  with  his  cousin  Robert 
Stockton.     He  became  a  lieutenant  in  the  navy;   and  in  1822  resigned  and  took  up  plantation 
life  in  Mississippi.     IV  20,  Richard  Stockton  Field  (1803-1870),  became  attorney  general  of  New 
Jersey,  1838-1844.     He  was  professor  of  law  in  the  New  Jersey  Law  School  (1847-1855),  and  in 
1862  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate.     IV  22,  Major  Richard  Lewis  Howell.     IV  23, 
Rebecca  Stockton,  born  1798.     IV  24,  Charles  C.  Stockton  (born  1796),  removed  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  died  young.     IV  25,  Lucius  W.  Stockton  (born  1799),  was  the  leading  spirit  in  building 
the  historic  National  Road,  the  precursor  of  the  trunk-line  railroads.     IV  26,  Mary  Remington. 

IV  27,  Philip  Augustus  Stockton  (1802-1876),  entered  the  navy  in  1819  and  served  11  years. 
In  1856  he  was  appointed  consul  general  for  Saxony.     IV  28,  Sarah  Cantey  (1813-1835). 

V  1,  Samuel  Witham  Stockton,  an  aide  on  the  staff  of  Major  General  David  Hunter  in  the 
Civil  War.     V  2,  Sarah  Hodge.     V  3,  Mary  Stockton.     Children  of  Propositus:   V  4,  Catherine 
Elizabeth  Stockton,  died  1875.     V  5,  William  Armstrong  Dod,  a  noted  preacher  and  educator. 

V  6,  Richard  Stockton  (1824-1876),  a  lawyer,  and  treasurer  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad. 
V  7,  John  Potter  Stockton  (born  1826),  was  United  States  minister  to  Rome  in  1857  and  as  United 
States  senator  in  1869  he  advocated  the  establishment  of  life-saving  stations.     He  became  attor- 
ney general  of  New  Jersey.     V  8,  Robert  Field  Stockton  (1832-1898),  a  lawyer  and  capitalist; 
was  a  brigadier  general  in  1858  and  adjutant  general  of  New  Jersey.     V  9,  Caroline  Stockton. 
V  10,  Captain  William  Rawle  Brown,  of  the  United  States  navy.     V  11,  Harriet  M.  Stockton, 
born  1834.     V  12,  Julia  Stockton,  born  1837.     V  13,  Edward  M.  Hopkins.     V  14,  Annis  Stock- 
ton.    V  15,   Franklin  Howell.     V  16,   Mary  Elizabeth  Stockton,  born   1830.     V  17,  John  C. 
Howell  (born  Philadelphia,  1819),  entered  the  navy  in  1836  and  served  in  various  capacities;  was 
acting  secretary  of  the  navy  at  various  times  between  1874  and  1878,  being  promoted  in  1877 
to  rear  admiral.     V  18,  Howard  Stockton  (born  1842),  was  a  brevet  captain,  United  States  army. 
V  19,  Philip  A.  Stockton,  was  graduated  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy;  served  in 
the  Confederate  States  army  as  colonel.     V  20,  Edward  Stockton  (born  1849),  was  a  lieutenant 
in  the  United  States  navy;  entered  the  Confederate  States  navy,  afterwards  an  engineer. 

VI  1,  Charles  Stockton,  a  civil  engineer  who  died  in  Nicaragua.     VI  2,  Samuel  Stockton, 
with  the  "Rough  Riders"  in  Cuba. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

BAYARD,  S.  T.     1856.    A  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Commodore  Robert  Field  Stockton,  with  an 

Appendix.     New  York:    Derby  and  Jackson. 

PEIRCE,  F.     1901.     Field  Genealogy.     Chicago:    Hammond  Press.     2  vols. 
STOCKTON,  T.  C.     1911.    The  Stockton  Family  of  New  Jersey.    Washington:   The  Carnahan 

Press,     xxviii  +  350  pp. 


TATTNALL.  207 

64.  JOSIAH  TATTNALL. 

JOSIAH  TATTNALL  was  born  November  9,  1795,  in  Bonaventura,  near  Savan- 
nah, Georgia.  He  became  an  orphan  at  an  early  age  and  was  sent,  with  his  sister 
and  brother,  to  England  to  be  educated.  At  school,  from  10  to  16  years  of  age,  his 
conduct  was  exemplary  and  manly;  he  studied  faithfully,  but  he  always  retained 
a  strong  love  for  outdoors.  In  1811  he  returned  to  America,  studied  medicine  for  a 
time  in  Savannah,  but  found  it  disgusting  and  depressing,  and  so,  following  his 
inclinations,  applied  to  the  navy  department  and  was  made  a  midshipman  in 
April  1812.  After  studying  mathematics  for  a  time  in  Washington,  he  was  ordered 
in  August  to  the  Constellation  under  Commodore  Bainbridge.  His  first  engage- 
ment was  against  the  British  at  Hampton  Roads.  He  helped  man  the  shore  bat- 
teries on  Craney  island  which  repulsed  the  British  barges,  and  he  was  one  of  those 
who  waded  out  and  took  possession  of  the  barges  which  had  grounded.  Sent 
on  special  duty  to  the  Lake  Erie  squadron,  he  was  detailed  to  arrest  deserters. 
Having  chastised  one  who  resisted  arrest,  he  was  criticized  for  so  doing  by  his 
commanding  officer.  Resenting  the  injustice,  he  promptly  resigned.  Later,  he 
was  induced  to  withdraw  his  resignation  and  was  shortly  restored  to  the  navy. 
In  the  meantime,  however,  the  English  had  captured  Washington  city.  Young 
Tattnall  attached  himself  to  a  company  of  volunteers  and  participated  in  the  dis- 
astrous battle  of  Bladensburg  (August  24,  1814).  In  his  rapid  retreat  he  became 
greatly  exhausted  and  was  proffered  succor  by  a  planter  who  discovered  him,  but  he 
declined.  He  went  with  Decatur's  squadron  to  the  Algerian  war  and  remained 
for  some  tune  in  Mediterranean  waters,  profiting  by  its  historical  surroundings. 
Upon  his  return  to  the  United  States  he  was,  after  examination,  promoted  to  a 
lieutenancy  in  April  1818.  He  next  served  on  the  Macedonian  (on  which  his  inti- 
mate friend  Paulding  was  also  lieutenant),  and  sailed  for  Valparaiso  and  a  Pacific 
cruise.  On  account  of  a  disagreement  with  his  captain,  he  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  advance  of  his  ship.  He  was  fully  exonerated  by  the  Navy  Department. 

In  1821  he  married  a  daughter  of  his  mother's  sister.  While  off  duty  he 
studied  mathematics  and  also  perfected  himself  in  the  use  of  the  sword,  pistol, 
and  rifle.  He  was  at  this  time  fond  of  exercise  and  a  rapid  and  enduring  pedes- 
trian. In  1823  he  was  on  the  schooner  Jackal,  of  Commodore  Porter's  mosquito 
fleet,  organized  to  suppress  piracy  in  the  West  Indies.  From  1814  to  1825  he  was 
with  the  Mediterranean  squadron.  In  1828  he  reported  as  first  lieutenant  to 
Commander  Turner  on  board  the  Erie  and,  as  such,  successfully  conducted  the 
cutting-out  expedition  for  salvage  of  the  Federal. 

In  1829  he  surveyed  the  Dry  Tortugas  for  the  government  fortifications 
subsequently  built  there.  During  the  next  few  years  Tattnall  saw  a  varied  service 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  connected,  more  or  less  directly,  with  the  storm  brewing 
between  Mexico,  Texas,  and  the  United  States.  Thus,  in  1835,  he  brought  the 
defeated  Santa  Anna  to  Vera  Cruz,  where  the  soldiery  were  hostile,  and  handed 
him  over  to  his  friends.  In  1838  he  was  appointed  commander  and  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Boston  navy  yard.  Next  being  put  in  charge  of  a  fine  new  corvette, 
the  Saratoga,  he  was  caught  in  a  southeast  gale  before  he  had  cleared  the  New 
England  coast,  so  that  he  was  nearly  driven  upon  the  shore  and  only  saved  himself 
by  cutting  away  the  masts  and  anchoring.  After  refitting,  he  carried  Commodore 
Perry,  in  the  Saratoga,  to  the  west  coast  of  Africa  to  watch  slavers. 

In  the  Mexican  war  he  commanded  the  mosquito  division  of  small  vessels 
that  covered  the  landing  of  General  Scott's  army  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  also  helped 


208  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

bombard  the  city.  He  bombarded  Tuxpan,  also,  and  was  wounded  severely  in 
the  arm  by  stray  shrapnel;  consequently  he  had  to  return  home  to  recuperate 
(1847).  Sent  to  the  coast  of  Cuba,  where  American  ships  were  filibustering, 
he  found  that  attempts  would  be  made  by  an  American  naval  commander  to 
release  captured  American  ships  in  possession  of  Spanish  war-ships  on  the  high 
seas.  Tattnall,  realizing  that  this  meant  war,  so  informed  the  governor  general 
of  Cuba,  who  ordered  that  all  American  vessels  taken  into  Cuban  ports  should 
be  held  there  and  not  brought  over  to  Havana  harbor.  Thus  the  clash  of  naval 
vessels  was  averted.  His  course  was  warmly  applauded  by  his  government. 
In  1857  he  was  ordered  to  take  charge  of  the  China  squadron  —  a  well-warranted 
tribute  to  his  diplomacy.  Ordered  to  take  the  new  American  minister  to  Pekin, 
he  was  a  witness  of  the  English  and  French  attack  on  the  Chinese  forts  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Pei-ho.  In  this  battle  he  took  a  more  active  part  than  strict  neu- 
trality warranted,  but  his  explanation,  "blood  is  thicker  than  water,"  was  accepted 
by  our  government.  He  shortly  afterward  returned  to  the  United  States,  where 
he  received  many  honors. 

In  February  1861,  Georgia  having  seceded,  Tattnall  resigned  from  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  reported  to  the  governor  of  Georgia,  and  was  placed  in  defense 
of  the  waters  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  In  this  capacity  he  fought  the  naval 
battle  of  Port  Royal  harbor  and  was  defeated  by  the  greater  force  of  the  enemy. 
He  continued  to  attack  the  squadron  blockading  the  Savannah  river,  erected 
batteries,  and  hindered  as  he  could  the  operation  of  the  Federal  naval  forces. 
After  the  battle  between  the  Monitor  and  the  Merrimac  (the  latter  commanded 
by  Franklin  Buchanan,  who  was  wounded),  he  was  given  command  of  the  Con- 
federate fleet  at  Norfolk,  with  directions  to  hoist  his  flag  on  the  Virginia  (i.e.,  the 
Merrimac).  This  he  did,  but  was  unable  to  fight  his  ship  and,  finally,  when  the 
Federals  captured  the  Norfolk  navy  yard,  he  burned  her.  He  was  court-martialed 
for  the  act  and  acquitted.  Sent  to  defend  Savannah  harbor,  he  set  to  work  to 
make  a  fleet,  but  this  he  had  to  destroy  (January  1865)  when  Savannah  was  cap- 
tured. After  the  war  he  resided  for  four  years  in  Halifax,  but  lack  of  funds  made 
it  necessary  for  him  to  return  to  Savannah,  where  the  post  of  inspector  of  the 
port  was  created  for  him  (1870).  He  died  June  14,  1871. 

Tattnall  was  fearless.  As  a  mere  lad  he  helped  salvage  the  grounded  barge 
of  the  enemy  under  the  guns  of  the  enemy's  fleet.  When  his  captain  found  a  cap- 
tured American  ship,  the  Federal,  in  the  port  at  St.  Bartholomew,  it  was  Tattnall 
who  undertook  to  row  to  the  vessel,  which  lay  right  under  the  guns  of  the  fort, 
to  hoist  her  sails  and  weigh  anchor.  Just  then  the  midnight  exploit  was  detected 
by  the  garrison  of  the  fort,  whose  cannonading,  however,  came  too  late  to  be 
effective.  Being  denounced  for  this  act  by  an  American  filibuster,  who  threat- 
ened him  with  "chastisement  at  sight,"  Tattnall  "sought  the  threatener,  who 
then  fled  at  sight  of  him  and  went  into  hiding."  When  he  brought  Santa  Anna 
to  Vera  Cruz  and  noticed  the  hostile  troops  that  threatened  Santa  Anna,  Tattnall 
took  his  arm  and  walked  with  him  to  the  hotel.  The  mob  was  so  impressed  by 
the  boldness  of  the  act  that  the  idea  of  assassination  was  replaced  by  enthusiastic 
welcome.  "Tattnall  knew  the  danger,  but  danger  seemed  always  a  welcome 
guest  to  him."  Similar  courage  was  shown  by  his  father,  also,  as  when,  at  the 
age  of  18  years,  he  left  his  loyalist  father  in  England  and  disobediently  returned 
to  America  to  fight  on  the  colonial  side,  and  as  when,  after  the  war,  he  organized 
militia  bands  to  quell  Indian  troubles  in  Georgia. 


TATTNALL.  209 

Tattnall's  judgment  in  diplomacy  was  excellent.  This  may  be  in  part  due  to 
the  great  interest  in  history  which  he  had  from  early  youth.  When  at  16  years 
of  age  the  ship  in  which  he  was  leaving  England  for  America  was  held  up  at  Cowes 
by  adverse  winds,  he  says:  "I  resided  on  shore  and  visited  places  of  historical 
note  in  the  vicinity,  thus  indulging  a  natural  taste  which  has  increased  with  the 
years."  Later,  when  with  Decatur's  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean,  he  profited 
by  a  long  sojourn  to  examine  its  historical  surroundings.  When  off  duty  and  not 
otherwise  employed,  he  was  much  given  to  reading.  With  a  well-stored  mind, 
stored  especially  with  historical  data,  he  was  able  to  act  wisely,  whether  in  dis- 
agreeing with  superior  officers,  preventing  a  war  with  Spain  over  Cuba,  or  han- 
dling a  delicate  situation  with  Chinese  officials.  His  judgment  in  maneuvering 
his  section  of  the  impotent  Confederate  navy  was  excellent,  and  when  he  was 
overruled  disaster  followed.  His  act  in  saving  the  Saratoga  by  cutting  away  its 
masts  was  a  novel  but  an  extremely  wise  method  of  meeting  the  emergency.  His 
father,  also,  must  have  shown  good  judgment  to  gain  the  ever-increasing  regard 
of  his  fellow-citizens,  which  during  war  brought  him  rapid  promotion  and  during 
peace  carried  him  to  the  governorship  of  Georgia. 

Tattnall  had  a  keen  sense  of  honor.  When  criticized  unjustly  by  a  superior 
officer  in  the  navy  he  resigned.  At  Valparaiso  he  fought  one  duel  and  was  ready 
for  a  second,  but  could  find  no  antagonist.  After  the  English  naval  officer  had 
helped  him  off  the  shoal  of  the  Pei-ho,  on  which  his  vessel  had  struck,  he  felt  it 
his  duty  to  help  the  English  officer  when  he  was  getting  badly  whipped  in  battle 
with  the  Chinese  fort.  He  insisted  on  a  court  of  inquiry  and  court-martial  when 
criticized  for  his  course  in  the  Confederate  navy. 

Generosity  was  a  marked  trait  of  Josiah  Tattnall.  He  twice  made  large 
loans  while  on  the  Mediterranean,  "as  he  was  easily  prevailed  upon  to  do."  The 
first  debtor  died  before  he  had  a  chance  to  repay;  with  the  second  Tattnall  later 
quarreled  and  when,  through  a  friend,  the  loan  was  returned,  Tattnall,  remarking 
"Tell  the  gentleman  the  debt  is  paid,"  tossed  the  money  into  the  sea. 

He  was  affable  and  companionable  in  his  intercourse  with  his  fellow-officers, 
and  with  his  friends  joyous,  guileless,  and  playful.  His  conversation,  "adorned 
by  anecdote,  and  with  a  remarkable  felicity  of  illustration,  enlivened  by  humor, 
and  sparkling  with  wit  —  was  genial  and  charming  in  the  extreme;  with  an  over- 
flowing spirit  of  kindliness  at  the  helm,  neither  severity  nor  sarcasm  ever  entered 
there." 

He  loved  the  excitement  of  warfare.  He  writes:  "The  belief  that,  even  in 
these  dull  times,  there  is  a  possibility  of  seeing  some  service  more  exciting  than 
mere  making  and  taking  in  of  sail,  has  given  us  something  of  a  war  animation." 
When  shot,  at  Tuxpan,  it  is  stated  that  he  cared  little  for  the  wound,  since  the 
expedition  was  successful.  It  is  interesting  that  his  father  was  a  successful  Revo- 
lutionary general  and  that  his  mother's  sister's  son,  Christopher  Gadsden,  com- 
manded the  United  States  brig  Vixen. 

"No  man  that  trod  a  deck  ever  came  to  a  decision  more  promptly  than  he, 
or  forced  its  execution  through  all  opposing  circumstances  with  more  energy  and 
resolution."  His  perception  was  like  the  lightning's  flash.  The  execution  followed 
and  with  a  force  sufficient  to  overcome  the  resistance  to  be  encountered.  This 
rapidity  of  thought  and  action  gave  to  his  conduct,  at  times,  an  appearance  of 
rashness. 


210  HEREDITY   AND    DEVELOPMENT   OF   NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

FAMILY  HISTOBY  OF  JOSIAH  TATTNALL. 

II  (F  F  F), Tattnall,  went  from  Eng- 
land to  South  Carolina  in  1700.     I  2  (F  F  M),  — 
Barnewall,  granddaughter  of  an  Irish  peer.     I  3 
(F  M  F),  Colonel   John   Mulryne,  purchased   the 
Bonaventura  estate  a  few  miles  below  Savannah  and 
settled  it  in  1762. 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  2,  Thomas  Boone,  royal 
governor  of  the  province  of  South  Carolina.  II  3 
(F  F),  Josiah  Tattnall,  a  loyalist;  returned  to  Eng- 
land, 1776;  his  estates  were  confiscated.  II  4 
(FM),  Miss  Mulryne.  H  5  (M  F),  Edward 
Fenwick,  of  South  Carolina,  came  of  a  family  of 
great  influence  and  antiquity. 

III  1,  Colonel  Boone,  of  the  Guards.     Fraternity  of  F:    III  2,  John  Tattnall,  returned 
to  England.     Ill  3  (F),  Josiah  Tattnall,  went  to  England  with  his  parents  but  declined  a  com- 
mission in  the  Royal  Army  and,  against  his  father's  wishes,  returned  to  America,  where  he  served 
under  General  Greene  until  the  end  of  the  war.     Later  he  was  colonel  of  the  First  Georgia  regi- 
ment and  then  brigadier  general  of  the  First  Brigade  of  State  forces;   elected  a  number  of  the 
legislature  and  of  the  United  States  senate,  and  made  governor  of  Georgia.     He  died  in  the  West 

Indies  in  1804  in  his  thirty-seventh  year.     Ill  4  (M), Fenwick,  died  ca.  1803.     Fraternity 

of  M:    III  6,  Ebenezer  Jackson,  served  with  distinction  in  the  Revolutionary  army.     Ill  8, 
Christopher  Gadsden. 

Fraternity  of  Propositus:    IV  1,  Edward  Fenwick  Tattnall,  educated  in  England.     IV  2, 

Tattnall,   educated  in  England.     IV  3    (Propositus),  JOSIAH  TATTNALL.     IV  4  (consort), 

Jackson.     IV  5,  Christopher  Gadsden,  commanded  the  United  States  brig  Vixen. 

BlBLIOGBAPHY. 

JONES,  C.    1878.    Life  and  Services  of  Commodore  Josiah  Tattnall.    Savannah:  x  +  259  pp. 

65.  MARTEN  HARPERTS  TROMP. 

MARTEN  HARPERTS  TROMP  was  born  at  Brielle,  South  Holland,  in  1597. 
He  went  to  sea  in  his  father's  boat  at  9  years  of  age.  In  a  fight  off  Gibraltar  he 
was  told  by  his  father  to  stay  in  the  cabin  but,  in  the  thick  of  battle,  he  came  on 
deck  just  in  time  to  see  his  father  die.  He  turned  to  the  sailors  and  urged  them 
to  avenge  his  father's  death.  Left  now  an  orphan,  he  began  at  the  bottom  as 
cabin-boy,  and  became  captain  of  a  Dutch  naval  frigate  at  the  age  of  27.  In  1639 
he  surprised,  off  the  Flemish  coast,  a  large  Spanish  fleet  which  he  completely 
destroyed.  The  circumstances  were  these:  The  Spanish  fleet  comprised  67  men- 
of-war,  2,000  guns,  and  24,000  men.  The  Dutch  had  only  31  ships.  The  first 
attack  was  made  in  the  moonlight  and  was  so  severe  that  the  Spanish  fleet  sought 
refuge  off  the  Downs,  England,  where  the  English  admiral  warned  the  Dutch  not  to 
attack.  Tromp  blockaded  the  fleet  until  he  had  added  to  his  own  vessels.  Finally 
he  sailed  into  the  Spanish  fleet,  of  which  22  ships  deliberately  ran  ashore;  the 
giant  of  the  fleet  was  set  in  flames  by  a  fire-ship  and  exploded;  11  surrendered 
without  a  shot.  Of  the  67  men-of-war  only  18  reached  Dunkerque  and  they 
were  in  a  pitiable  condition;  the  rest  were  destroyed  or  taken.  A  large  part  of 
the  24,000  men  were  lost  in  the  battle  and  its  after  effects.  In  this  battle 
Tromp  showed  great  audacity  in  opposing  the  orders  of  the  British  admiral.  He 
defeated  the  British  in  November  1652  and  again,  in  February  1653,  prevented 
a  great  British  fleet  from  destroying  his  convoy.  He  is  one  of  the  few  naval  com- 
manders who  defeated  a  British  fleet. 

His  son  Cornelius  van  Tromp  (1629-1691)  at  the  age  of  19  commanded  a 
small  squadron  against  the  Barbary  pirates.  In  1653  he  was  made  rear  admiral 


TROMP  —  TUCKER.  211 

in  consequence  of  his  gallantry  in  action  with  the  English  fleet  off  Leghorn,  one 
of  which  (the  Phoenix)  he  boarded  and  took  after  a  severe  fight,  and  the  rest  of 
which  he  helped  defeat  in  a  bloody  battle.  He  was  impetuous,  even  rash,  and  not 
always  amenable  to  discipline. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
LIEFDE,  JACOB  DE.     The  Great  Dutch  Admirals.     London:  H.  S.  King  &  Co.     351  pp. 

66.  JOHN  RANDOLPH  TUCKER. 

JOHN  RANDOLPH  TUCKER  l  was  born  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  January  31, 
1812.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native  city.  He  early  showed  a 
longing  for  the  sea  and  entered  the  United  States  navy  as  midshipman  at  15  years 
of  age.  He  passed  some  years  in  the  Mediterranean  station,  and  was  made  lieu- 
tenant in  1837.  He  entered  the  Mexican  war  on  the  Stromboli,  a  bomb-brig, 
and  at  its  close  was  lieutenant  commander.  After  additional  service  in  the  Medi- 
terranean he  was  made  commander  of  the  Pennsylvania,  a  receiving  ship  at  Nor- 
folk, and  was  ordnance  officer  at  the  New  York  navy  yard  when  Virginia  seceded. 
He  thereupon  became  a  commander  in  the  Confederate  navy  and  was  given  charge 
of  the  Patrick  Henry,  a  paddle-wheel  steamer,  partly  protected  by  iron  plates. 
He  took  part  in  the  naval  battle  in  Hampton  Roads  when  the  Merrimac  (Virginia) 
rammed  and  sank  the  Cumberland.  After  the  retreat  up  the  James,  the  guns 
of  the  Patrick  Henry  were  placed  on  Drury's  Bluff  and  used  to  drive  off  the  Federal 
ironclad  fleet  that  essayed  to  pass  it.  At  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Tucker 
kept  the  Federal  fleet  from  attacking  the  city  and  helped  repulse  the  attack  on 
Fort  Sumter.  After  the  evacuation  of  Charleston,  Tucker  went  to  Richmond 
and  did  not  leave  until  he  saw  the  city  evacuated.  After  the  war  he  was  offered 
(hi  1866)  the  command  of  the  Peruvian  fleet  as  rear  admiral,  accepted  it,  and 
commanded  the  fleets  of  Peru  and  Chile  in  their  war  with  Spain.  As  president 
of  the  Peruvian  Hydrographical  Commission  of  the  Amazon,  he  explored  the 
upper  courses  of  that  river,  coming  twice  to  the  United  States  for  light-draft 
steamers.  Again  he  returned  to  the  States  to  publish  his  maps,  but,  as  Peru  was 
now  financially  unable  to  pay  for  the  work,  Tucker  went  to  Petersburg,  Virginia, 
where  he  died,  in  1883,  of  heart  disease. 

His  family  history  has  not  been  well  worked  out.  His  father,  John  Tucker, 
came  to  Virginia  from  Bermuda,  and  his  mother's  father,  Dr.  Charles  Douglas, 
from  England. 

1  Rochelle,  J.  H.     1903.     The  Life  of  Rear  Admiral  John  Randolph  Tucker.     Washington: 
The  Neale  Publishing  Co.     112  pp. 


212  HEREDITY  AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

67.  JOHN  ANCRUM  WINSLOW. 

JOHN  ANCRUM  WINSLOW  was  born  at  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  Nov- 
ember 19,  1811.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  February  1827.  In  1839  he 
was  commissioned  a  lieutenant;  during  the  Mexican  war  he  took  part  in  various 
skirmishes  on  the  coast,  and  was  left  for  six  weeks  at  Tampico  to  guard  the 
arsenal.  After  the  war  he  was  commissioned  a  commander,  was  a  light-house 
inspector  for  two  years  and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  was  ordered 
to  join  Foote's  Mississippi  River  flotilla,  which,  with  half  a  dozen  other  officers, 
he  practically  constructed.  Winslow  took  two  of  the  flotilla  down  the  river  to 
Cairo.  In  1863  he  was  given  command  of  the  Kearsarge  and  was  sent  to  Europe 
to  destroy  Confederate  cruisers.  While  off  Cherbourg  he  found  the  Alabama 
there  and  received  a  challenge  from  her  to  fight.  The  fight  ensued.  The  Ala- 
bama fired  rapidly,  aimed  badly,  and  was  sunk.  Winslow  fought  his  ship  coolly 
and  with  special  admonitions  against  too  rapid  firing  and  careless  aim.  The 
Kearsarge  also  had  the  advantage  of  two  11-inch  Dahlgren  guns.  Promoted  to 
commodore  and  later  to  rear  admiral,  Winslow  for  two  years  was  in  command  of 
the  Pacific  squadron.  He  died  in  1873.  His  striking  traits  were: 

Nomadism.  —  As  a  boy  he  frequented  the  docks  and  shipping  of  Wilmington, 
North  Carolina,  and  at  the  age  of  10  years  induced  his  brother  Edward  to  "accom- 
pany him  upon  an  impromptu  voyage.  They  cast  themselves  adrift  in  a  ship's 
boat,  erected  a  bush  for  a  sail,  and,  favored  by  the  wind  and  tide,  were  swept 
rapidly  to  sea."  Fortunately  they  were  rescued  by  an  incoming  vessel.  He 
liked  to  roam  the  woods  with  his  dog.  When  ready  for  college  he  desired  to  enter 
the  navy  and  secured  a  commission. 

Fearlessness.  —  He  early  learned  to  use  firearms,  and  was  given  dogs  and  a 
gun  that  he  might  hunt  wild  beasts. 

He  was  simple,  persevering,  steadfast,  of  indomitable  energy,  iron  will,  and 
defiant  courage,  yet  modest,  unassuming,  and  gentle;  he  looked  more  like  a  divine 
than  a  fighter.  He  combined  "in  his  inheritance  the  simplicity,  perseverance, 
integrity,  and  fortitude  of  the  Plymouth  Rock  Pilgrims  with  the  courage,  chivalry, 
and  dash  of  the  gentry  of  Carolina. 

He  married  his  cousin,  Catherine  Amelia  Winslow,  daughter  of  Benjamin 
Winslow,  of  Boston,  and  had,  among  others,  two  sons  who  were  in  the  navy: 

Herbert  Winslow,  born  in  1848,  was  graduated  at  the  United  States  Naval 
Academy  in  1869;  he  commanded  the  United  States  steamer  Fern  at  the  battle 
of  Santiago;  was  in  the  Boxer  Rebellion  in  China,  and  landed  the  first  detachment 
of  marines  at  Taku.  He  became  a  rear  admiral  in  1909  and  died  in  1914. 

William  Randolph  Winslow  was  a  paymaster  in  the  navy,  and  died  in  1869. 
He  had  a  son,  Eben  Eveleth  Winslow,  who  was  graduated  from  West  Point  at  the 
head  of  his  class  in  1869,  and  became  a  captain,  corps  of  engineers,  United  States 
army. 

John  A.  Winslow's  mother's  mother's  mother's  father  was  Colonel  William 
Rhett,  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  South  Carolina  when  he  was  com- 
missioned as  vice  admiral  in  1704  and  placed  in  command  of  an  improvised  naval 
force.  With  this  he  defeated  a  force  of  French  and  Spaniards  who  sailed  against 
Charleston.  In  1716  he  captured  "Blackboard,"  a  well-known  pirate.  Later  he 
was  appointed  governor  general  of  the  Bahamas,  but  he  never  accepted  the  posi- 
tion. "From  this  hero  of  Carolina,  Winslow  inherited  the  ambition  to  become 
a  naval  warrior  and  the  qualities  necessary  for  success  in  such  a  calling." 


WINSLOW. 


213 


FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  JOHN  ANCBUM  WINSLOW. 

II  (M  M  M  F  F),  Robert  Wright,  chief  justice 
of  South  Carolina.  1 3  (M  M  M  M  F),  William  Rhett 
(1666-1722)  (see  text).  14  (M  M  M  M  M),  Sarah 
Cooke  (1665-1745).  I  5,  Nicholas  Trott  (1663-1740), 
chief  justice  of  South  Carolina;  a  man  of  profound 
scholarship  and  an  eminent  legal  writer. 

II  1  (M  M  F  F),  James  Hasell,  chief  justice  of 
North  Carolina  colony.     Fraternity  of  M  M  M  F:    II 
3,  Sir  James  Wright  (1714-1785),  the  last  royal  gover- 
nor of  Georgia.      II  4  (M  M  M  F),  Richard  Wright 
(1698-1744).     II  5  (M  M  M  M),  Mary  Rhett  (1714- 
1744).      Fraternity  of  M  M  M  M:    II  7,  Sarah  Rhett 
(1697-1761).     II   8,   Eleazar  Allen,    chief  justice  of 
North  Carolina.     II  9,  Catherine  Rhett  (1705-1745). 
II 11,  William  Rhett  (1695-1728).     II  12,  Mary  Trott. 

III  1  (M  M  F),  James  Hasell  (1727- 
1769).      Ill  2   (MMM),   Sarah   Wright 
(1736-1754).      Ill  3,  Sir  Thomas  Frank- 
land,    an    admiral   of   the   Royal  Navy. 
Ill  4,   Sarah  Rhett,   born   1722.     Ill  6, 
Mary  Jane  Rhett.      Ill  7,  John,  eighth 
Lord  Colville. 

IV  1  (M  F),    John    Ancrum    (died 
1779),  chairman  of  the  committee  of  safety 
in  the  Revolution.     IV  2  (M  M),  Mary 
Hasell  (1753-1794).      IV  5,  Sir  Thomas 
Frankland     (1750-1831).       IV    6,     Ann 
Frankland,  died  1842.     IV  7,  John  Lewis, 
member  of  the  British  Parliament.   IV  8, 
Dinah  Frankland,  died  1795.     IV  9,  Wil- 
liam Bowles.     IV  10,  Catherine  Frank- 
land.     IV  11,  Sir  Thomas  Whinyates,  an 
admiral    of    the    Royal    Navy.      IV  12, 
Charlotte    Frankland.       IV    13,    Robert 
Nicholas,  member  of  Parliament.     IV  14, 
William  Frankland  (died  1816),  member 
of  Parliament  and  lord  of  admiralty.     IV 
17,  Roger  Frankland  (died  1816),  canon 
of  Wells.     IV  18,  Catherine  Colville. 

V 1  (consort's  F),  Benjamin  Winslow, 
of  Boston.  V  3  (F),  Edward  Winslow 
(born  Boston,  1788),  in  1807  removed  to 
Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  where  he 
engaged  in  commercial  pursuits.  V  4  (M), 
Sarah  Eliza  Ancrum,  died  1837.  V  5 
(first  consort  of  M),  James  McAlister. 
V  6  (second  consort  of  M),  William  G. 
Berry.  Fraternity  of  M:  V  7,  James 
Hasell  Ancrum.  V  8,  Jane  Washington. 
V  9,  Sir  Thomas  Frankland  Lewis  (1780- 
1855);  member  of  Parliament;  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Trade;  treasurer  of 
the  navy.  V  11,  Sir  William  Bowles  (died 
1869);  admiral  of  the  white;  K.  C.  B.  V  12,  Sir  George  Bowles,  a  general  of  the  army; 
K.  C.  B.  V  13,  Henry  Bowles.  V  15,  Sir  Thomas  Whinyates,  an  admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy. 
V  16,  Edward  Whinyates,  a  colonel  in  the  British  army.  V  17,  Frederick  Whinyates,  a  captain 
of  engineers,  Royal  army.  V  18,  Francis  Whinyates,  a  captain  in  the  East  India  service.  V  20, 
Edward  Nicholas  (died  1828),  in  the  diplomatic  service.  V  21,  Robert  Nicholas  (died  1828), 


214  HEREDITY   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF  NAVAL   OFFICERS. 

a  post  captain  of  the  Royal  Navy.  V  22,  William  Nicholas,  a  major  in  the  army;  killed  at  Bada- 
joz,  Spain,  1812.  V  23,  Thomas  Nicholas,  a  lieutenant  in  the  Royal  Navy;  lost  at  sea.  V  24, 
Charles  Nicholas,  a  barrister.  V  26,  Sir  Frederick  William  Frankland  (1793-1873).  V  27, 
Katharina  Margaret  Scarth.  V  28,  Edward  Augustus  Frankland,  a  rear  admiral  of  the  Royal 
Navy.  V  29,  Charles  Colville  Frankland  (died  1876),  an  admiral  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

VI  1  (consort),  Catherine  Amory  Winslow,  a  cousin.  VI  2  (Propositus),  JOHN  ANCRUM 
WINSLOW.  Fraternity  of  Propositus:  VI  3,  Edward  Davis  Winslow,  born  1810.  VI  5,  James 
Hasell  Winslow  (1816-1830).  Half-fraternity  of  Propositus:  VI  6,  Louisa  McAlister.  VI  7, 
Captain  James  Ward.  VI  10,  Frederick  Roger  Frankland,  died  of  fever  while  a  midshipman 
off  Sierra  Leone.  VI  11,  Thomas  Frankland  (1828-1857),  killed  at  Lucknow.  VI  12,  Harry 
Albert  Frankland,  died  while  a  midshipman  off  Vera  Cruz.  VI  13,  Sir  William  A.  Frankland 
(born  1837),  a  lieutenant  colonel  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 

Children  of  Propositus:  VII  1,  James  (born  1839)  and  Chilton  Rhett  (born  1840),  Winslow, 
died  unmarried.  VII  2,  William  Randolph  Winslow  (1841-1869),  a  paymaster  in  the  United 
States  navy.  VII  3,  Catherine  Eveleth.  VII  4,  Frances  Amory  (born  1843)  and  Mary  Catherine 
(1845-1895),  Winslow,  died  unmarried.  VII  5,  Herbert  Winslow  (born  1848)  (see  text). 

Children's  children  of  Propositus:  Eben  Eveleth  Winslow  (born  1867),  graduated  at  the 
head  of  his  class  from  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1889  and  became  captain,  corps 
of  engineers,  United  States  army. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

ELLICOTT,  J.     1902.    The  Life  of  John  Ancrum  Winslow.    New  York:    C.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

x  +  275  pp. 
HEYWARD,  B.     1903.     The  Descendants  of  Col.  William  Rhett  of  South  Carolina.     (In:    The 

South  Carolina  Historical  and  Genealogical  Magazine.     Vol.  IV,  pp.  37-74:   108-189.) 


68.   WILLIAM  WOLSELEY. 

WILLIAM  WOLSELEY  was  born  at  Annapolis  Royal,  Nova  Scotia,  in  1756. 
In  1764  his  family  removed  to  Ireland,  where  he  went  to  school  for  two  years. 
In  1769  he  was  put  on  a  naval  vessel  under  the  command  of  the  husband  of  his 
mother's  sister.  Two  years  later  he  attended  a  naval  school  for  some  months  and 
then  sailed  to  Jamaica  as  a  midshipman.  In  1773  he  sailed  for  the  East  Indies 
and  was  gone  five  years.  In  1778  he  was,  as  a  lieutenant,  in  action  with  the  French. 
Then  he  was  sent  again,  by  his  own  request,  to  the  East  Indies,  where  he  led  a 
storming  party  at  Ceylon  and  was  severely  wounded.  After  participating  in 
four  great  naval  battles  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  he  was  made  a  captain,  but  he  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  French  and  released  only  when  peace  was  declared.  In 
1785  he  was  appointed  captain  of  the  Trusty,  the  flagship  of  his  mother's  brother, 
Commodore  Cosby,  in  the  Mediterranean.  In  his  later  years  Admiral  Wolseley 
spent  most  of  his  time  on  shore  and  died  in  1842  from  the  results  of  an  old  wound. 

Wolseley  seems  to  have  been  somewhat  nomadic  and,  even  in  his  later  years 
on  land,  took  frequent  excursions.  He  was  apparently  somewhat  hypokinetic  — 
a  man  of  strong  religious  principles,  who  secured  a  high  position  in  the  navy  by 
steady  good  conduct  and  strict  performance  of  duty.  His  kindness  and  amia- 
bility won  him  the  affection  and  esteem  of  others,  including  his  sailors. 

His  father's  father's  father,  Captain  Richard  Wolseley,  was  in  the  army 
under  William  III,  and  later  was  a  member  of  Parliament.  From  him  is  descended 
also  Field  Marshal  Viscount  Wolseley,  born  in  1833.  His  father  was  William  Ne- 
ville Wolseley,  who,  in  1750,  was  a  captain  in  the  Forty-seventh  regiment  serving 
in  Nova  Scotia. 

His  mother  was  Ann  Cosby,  of  Nova  Scotia.  Her  eldest  brother  was  a  cap- 
tain in  the  army  and  was  killed  and  scalped  by  Indians  in  1748.  Her  younger 


WOLSELEY. 


215 


brother,  Phillips  Cosby,  entered  the  navy  and  succeeded  to  the  family  property 
in  1774,  but  was  too  fond  of  his  profession  to  exchange  it  for  that  of  a  country 
gentleman,  so  he  continued  to  serve  and  commanded  the  Centaur  (74  guns)  in  an 
engagement  with  the  French.  In  the  engagement  of  March  1781,  in  command  of 
the  Robust  (74  guns)  he  bore  the  brunt  of  the  battle.  As  vice  admiral  he  was  put 
in  command  of  the  Mediterranean  squadron  and  in  1790  was  made  commander 
in  chief  of  the  Irish  coast.  One  notes  a  strong  resemblance  between  his  career 
and  that  on  the  propositus. 

Ann  Cosby's  father  was  Alexander,  the  lieutenant  governor  of  Nova  Scotia 
until  his  death  in  1743,  and  one  of  his  brothers,  Lieutenant  General  William  Cosby, 
was  for  a  time  governor  of  New  York  and  the  Jerseys.  He  died  in  1736. 

FAMILY  HISTORY  OF  WILLIAM  WOLSELEY. 


II  (F  F  F),  Richard  Wolseley,  was  in  the  army  in  Ireland  under  William  III;  later  was 
a  member  of  Parliament.     I  2  (F  F  M),  Frances  Burneston.     I  3  (F  M  F),  Mr.  Waring, 
gentleman 


a 


of  County  Kilkenny.  I  5 
(M  F  F),  Alexander  Cosby.  1  7  (M  M  F), 
Alexander  Winniett,  of  Annapolis  Royal. 

Fraternity  of  F  F:  II  1,  Richard 
Wolseley,  created  a  baronet  in  1744; 
member  of  Parliament.  II  3,  William 
Wolseley,  fifth  baronet.  II  4  (F  F),  Robert 
Wolseley.  II  5  (F  M),  Miss  Waring. 
Fraternity  of  M  F:  II  6,  William  Cosby 
(died  1736),  a  lieutenant  general;  governor 
of  New  York  and  the  Jerseys.  II  7, 
Elizabeth  Cosby.  II  8,  Richard  Phillips, 
governor  of  Nova  Scotia.  II  10  (M  M), 
Anne  Winniett.  Fraternity  of  M  M:  II 
11,  -  Winnett,  a  judge. 

Ill  1  (consort's  F),  John  Moore,  of 
County  Down.  Ill  3  (F),  William  Neville 


V 


VI 


Ill  4  (M),  Anne  Cosby.     Frater- 
III  7,  Captain  Charles  Cotterhill. 


Wolseley,  a  captain  in  the  army,  served 

in  Nova  Scotia;   later  he  sold  out  and  returned  to  England. 

nity  of  M:    III  5,  Elizabeth  Cosby.     Ill  6,  Captain  Foye. 

III  8,    Mary   Cosby.     Ill  9,    Captain   John   Buchanan.     Ill  10  William  Cosby   (died   1748), 
a  captain  in  the  army.     Ill  11,  Phillips  Cosby  (died  1808),  rose  to  the  rank  of  admiral  of  the 
white  (see  text). 

IV  1  (consort's  B),  Hugh  Moore,  a  captain  in  the  army.  IV  2  (consort),  Jane  Moore 
(died  1820),  an  amiable  and  beautiful  woman.  IV  3  (Propositus)  ,  WILLIAM  WOLSELEY.  Fra- 
ternity of  Propositus:  IV  5,  Elizabeth  Wolseley.  IV  6,  -  Lamphier,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

IV  7,  Robert  Wolseley,  born  Annapolis  Royal,  1753. 

Children  of  Propositus:  V  1,  John  Hood  Wolseley  (born  Ireland,  1796),  was  a  midshipman 
on  the  Superb  and  served  in  the  attack  upon  Algiers,  August  1816,  being  favorably  mentioned 
in  the  dispatches.  Later  he  was  appointed  a  lieutenant  and  sailed  for  Rio  Janeiro;  died  1827. 

V  2,  Cosby  William  Wolseley  (1805-1868),  was  appointed  in  1828  an  ensign  in  the  army,  but 
retired  from  the  army  in  1839.     He  "was  intended  for  the  church"  but  disliked  that  profession. 
V  3,   Sydney  Anne  Wolseley   (1808-1870).     V  4,   Colonel  John  Madden.     V  5,   Mary  Jervis 
Wolseley  (1801-1886).     V  6,  Arthur  Innes,  justice  of  the  peace  of  County  Down. 

VI  1,  Garnet  Joseph  Wolseley  (born  Ireland,  1833),  distinguished  himself  in  China,  India, 
Canada,  Africa,  and  Egypt  and  was  created  a  viscount  for  his  services.  In  1894  he  was  promoted 
to  be  field  marshal  and  in  1895  he  was  made  commander  in  chief  of  the  British  forces.  VI  2, 
Mary  Innes,  author  of  "A  Memoir  of  William  Wolseley." 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

INNES,  M.     1895.    A   Memoir  of  William  Wolseley. 
&  Co.    249  pp. 


London:    K.   Paul,   Trench,   Trubner 


INDEX. 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


Abbot,  H.,  126 

Abercorn,  James,  Duke  of,  106 
Adair,  Robert,  116 
Addison,  Charles,  136 

,  Dr.  S.  Ridout,  136 

Alava,  Admiral,  60 
Albemarle,  Earl  of,  117 
Alessandro,    Donna    Catalina, 

78 
Alexander,  Dr.,  124 

,  Sarah,  165 

,  William,  132 

Allardyce,  A.,  78 
Allen,  Eleazar,  213 
Allen,  Ethan,  23,  71 

,  Pickering  Dodge,  199 

Allington,  Lord  William,  105 
Altamont,    Lord,    Marquis   of 

Sligo,  105 
Amadas,  Joan,  97 
Ancrum,  James  H.,  213 

,  John,  213 

,  Sarah  E.,  213 

Anderson,  Dorothy  M.,  159 

,  Evelina,  179 

,  Larz,  162 

,  Philip,   159 

,  Thomas,  179 

,  William,  179 

,  William  H.,  184 

Andr6,    Major   John,    17,    21, 

155,  156 

Andrews,  Susan,  153 
Angell,  James,  100 

,  Nathan,  100 

Anson,  George,  106,  108 

,  Isabella,  106 

,  Lord,  197 

,  William,  108,  109 

Arabin,  Captain,  202 
Armadas,  Captain,  185 
Armstrong,  Commodore,  87 
Armytage,  G.,  109 
Arnold,    Benedict,    155,    166, 

168,  202 

,  Caleb,  168 

,  Joanna,  168 

,  Penelope,  168 

Ascough,  Ann,  193,  194 

,  Richard,  193,  194 

Atwater,  Elizabeth,  90 
Aucher,  — ,  186 
Austin,  Julia,  156 

Bacon,  Lord,  203 
Bagwell,  Ada,  153 


Bailey,  Captain,  160 
Baillie-Hamilton,  Henry,  129 
Bainbridge,  Absalom,  37 

.William,  5,  6, 10, 36,  207 

Baldwin,  J.,  73,  170 
Bancroft,  Aaron,  45 

,  Charles,  46 

,  George,  46 

,  Henry,  46 

,  Jane  Putnam,  46 

,  John,  46 

,  Samuel,  46 

,  Thomas,  46 

Bangs,  Edward,  183 

,  Josiah,  182,  183 

,  Mehitable,  183 

Banker,  Joshua  Loring,  63 
Barber,  Susanna,  168 
Barclay,  Ann  O'Connor,  195 

,  John  Mortimer,  195 

Bard,  Susan,  193 

,  William,  195 

Barker,  Mary,  62 
Barlow,  Arnica,  184 

,  Frances  Emma,  184 

,  Francis  Joel,  182,  184 

,  Frederick,  182 

,  Frederick  Stanley,  184 


-,  Harriet,  159,  184 
-,  Joel,  183,  184 
-,  Samuel,  183 
-,  Thomas,  182,  184 


Barlowe,  Captain,  185 
Barnes,  J.,  83 
Barnett,  J.,  73 

,  W.,  128 

Barnewall,  — ,  210 
Barney,  Elizabeth,  38,  39 

,  George  Deverell,  39 

,  Henry,  39 

,  James  W.,  39 

,  John,  39 

,  John  Holland,  38 

,  Joseph,  5,  6,  10,  30,  37, 

38 

,  Joseph  Nicholson,  39 

,  Joshua,  38,  39 

,  Louis,  39 

,  Margaret,  38 

,  Martha,  38 

,  Nathan,  39 

,  Peggy,  38 

,  William,  38-39 

,  William  Stephenson,  38 

Barrington,  Capt.  George,  116 

,  Mary,  116 

217 


Barron,  Sir  James,  10,  44,  46, 
69,  181,  188,  202 

,  Mary  Allen,  44,  46 

Barrows,  Sir  John,  106 
Barry,  John.  5,  6,  10,  40,  41,  69 
Bass,  Mary  Butler,  62 

,  Moses  Belcher,  62 

Bassett,  Sarah,  134 
Bayard,  S.  T.,  206 
Beaver  Edward,  42 

Herbert,  42 

James,  42 

Rev.  James,  41 

Philip,  5,  7,  10,  41,  42 

Bedford,  Ann,  38 

,  Gunning,  38 

Beeke,  L.,  174 

Belcher,  Sir  Edward,  130 

Belmont,  August,  169,  170 

,  Fredericka,  170 

,  Jane  Perry,  170 

,  Oliver  Hazard  Perry, 

170 


-,  Perry,  170 
-,  Raymond,  170 


Bendyshe,  John,  145-147 

,  Richard,  147 

Benham,  Mercy,  89 
Bennett,  Sarah,  89 
Beresford,  Charles,  44 
,  Lord,  Charles  William 

de  la  Poer,  5,  6,  7, 

10,  29,  44 

,  Delaval,  43 

,  George  de  la  Poer,  43 

,  George  Thomas,  43 

,  Henry  de  la  Poer,  43, 

44 

,  Henry  John  Talbot,  44 

,  James,  43 

,  John,  42 

,  John  George,  43 

,  Sir  John  Poo,  43 

,  John  de  la  Poer,  44 

,  Marcus,  43 

,  Sarah  Elizabeth,  44 

,  William,  42,  44 

,  Viscount  William  Carr, 

43 
,   William   Leslie  de  la 

Poer,  44 

Berkeley,  Admiral,  131 
Berner,  Dorothy,  146 
Berry,  William  G.,  213 
Blackboard,  212 
Bladen,  Elizabeth,  95 


218 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


Bladen,  Frances,  95 

,  Hammond,  95 

,  Isabelle,  95 

,  Col.  Martin,  95 

,  Nathaniel,  95 

,  Thomas,  95 

Blake,  Alexander,  47,  48 

,  Benjamin,  47,  48 

,  Charles  Follen,  45,  46 

,  Charles  Follen  Blood, 

45,  46 

,  Charlotte  Caldwell,  46 

,  Dorothea  Ward,  46 

,  Elizabeth,  46 

,  Francis,  28,  46 

,  Francis  Arthur,  46 

,  Francis  Barren,  45,  46 

,  George,  45,  47,  48 

,  George  Smith,  5,  7,  10, 

44,  46,  52 

,  Humphrey,  47,  48 

,  John,  45 

,  Joseph  Gardner,  46 

,  Joshua,  45 

,  Julianna,  46 

,  Nicholas,  47,  48 

,  Robert,  5,  6,  10,  28,  29, 

47,  48,  122 

,  Samuel,  47,  48 

,  William,  46,  47,  48 

Blanckley,  Edmund,  145 

,  Henry  D.,  147 

Bland,  Bryant,  146 

,  Rev.  John,  146 

,  Mary,  146 

Blaney,  Lord,  95 

,  Sarah,  96 

Bligh,  Capt.  William,  83 
Bogardus,    Gen.    Robert,    17, 

151,  153 

,  Sarah,  151,  153 

Boggs,  Charles  S.,  15,  118,  119 

,  Robert,  118,  119 

Bolivar,  Gen.  Simon,  154 
Bolton,  Catherine,  145,  147 

,  Charles  Burrard,  147 

,  Rev.  Edward,  147 

,  Rev.  Edward  John,  147 

,  Elizabeth,  145,  147 

,  Harriet,  145 

,  Horatio,  145,  147 

,  Horatio  William,  147 

,  John  Horatio,  147 

,  Maurice     Henry    Ho- 
ratio, 147 

,  Maurice  Horatio,  147 

,  Susanna,  145 

,  Thomas,  144,  147 

,  Sir  William,  145,  147 

,  William  Henry,  147 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  77,  133, 

138,  139,  142,  196, 

201 

Boone,  Thomas,  210 
Booth,  John,  92 

,  Mary,  92 

Borden,  Ann,  54 
,  Joseph,  53,  54 


Borden,  Mary,  54 
Bcrodell,  Ann,  72,  168 
Boudinot,  Annis,  205 

,  Elias,  205 

,  Elisha,  205 

Bouten,  Eli,  63 

,  Mary  Isabel,  63 

Bowen,  Harriet,  136 

,  William,  136 

,  William  Corlis,  136 

Bowles,  Elizabeth,  127,  128 

,  Sir  George,  213 

,  Henry,  213 

,  William,  213 

,  Sir  William,  213 

Boyle,  Lady  Gertrude,  58 
Braddock,  General,  74 
Bradford,  G.,  198,  199 
Broadley,  A.  M.,  94 
Brady,  C.,  70 
Bartelot,  R.  G.,  94 
Breed,  Edward,  156 

,  George,  155,  156 

,  Richard,  156 

Brenton,  Benjamin,  50 

,  C.,  50 

-^ ,  Ebenezer,  50 

,  Edward  P.,  49,  50,  103, 

109 

,  Harriet  May,  50 

,  Henrietta,  49 

,  Isabella,  50 

,  J.,  5,  7,  10,  49,  50 

,  Sir  Jahleel,  49 

,  James,  50 

,  James  Wallace,  50 

,  Jervis,  49 

,  John  James,  50 

,  Sir  Launcelot  Lee,  50 

,  Sarah,  89 

,  William,  49,  89 

Brereton,  General,  140 
Bridge,  Admiral,  47 
Bridport,  Baron,  145 

,  Samuel,  Lord,  147 

Broke,  Captain,  134 
Bronte,  Duchess  of,  145 
Brown,  Abigail,  52 

,  Annie,  52 

,  Ann  Greenough,  52 

,  Dorothy,  52 

,  Dorothy  Pike,  51 

,  Capt.  Edward,  52 

,  Elizabeth,  52 

,  Esther,  52 

,  James,  52 

,  John  R.,  179 

,  Joseph,  51,  52 

,  Lawrence,  52 

,  Lucy,  52 

,  Mary,  52 

,  Moses,  5,  10,  28,  51,  52 

,  Nathan,  52 

,  Nicholas,  52 

,  Ruth,  52 

,  Sarah,  52 

,  Sarah  Coffin,  52 

Brown,  Susanna,  52 


Brown ,  William,  51,  52 

,  William  Rawle,  206 

Browne,  Elizabeth,  147 
Bruce,  Lady  Mary,  57 
Brudinel,  Anna,  115 
Bruix,  Admiral,  77 
Buchanan,  Adeline,  55 

,  Alice  L.,  55 

,  Andrew,  54,  55 

,  Ann,  55 

,  Ann  Lloyd,  53 

,  Ann  McKean,  55 

,  Caroline,  55 

,  Catherine,  55 

,  Elizabeth,  55 

,  Ellen,  55 

,  Evan  Miles,  55 

,  Franklin,  5,  10,  30,  53, 

65,  109,  208 

,  George,  53,  54,  55 

,  John,  55,  215 

,  Joseph,  53,  55 

,  Letitia,  55 

,  Mary,  55 

,  Mary  Ann,  53,  55 

,  McKeen,  53,  55 

,  Nannie,  55 

,  Rebecca  Susan,  55 

,  Roberdeau,  55 

,  Rosa,  55 

,  Samuel,  55 

,  Sarah  G.,  53,  55 

,  Susan,  55 

,  Susan  Louise,  54 

,  Susanna,  55 

,  Thomas,  55 

,  Thomas  McKean,  65 

,  William  Webster,  55 

Budd,  Caroline,  124 

,  Thomas,  124 

Buller,  Anna  Maria,  78 

,  Sir  Edward,  78 

Bunbury,  McClintock,  132 

,  Miss,  132 

Bunker,  Mary  Clement,  66,  67 

,  Nathan,  67 

Burdon-Sanderson,  John  Scott, 

75 

,  Mary  Elizabeth,  75 

Bureau,  Pierre,  67 

Burgoyne,   Sir  John  Fox,    20, 

101,  102 

,  Maria  Sophia,  102 

,  General  ("Saratoga"), 

15,  101,  102,  157 
Burke,  A.,  76,  78,  96,  102,  117 
,  Sir  B.,  44,  76,  78,  96, 

106,  117,  159,  147, 

201 

,  J.,  102 

Burlingame,  Anson,  87 
Burnestone,  Charles,  101 

,  Frances,  215 

,  Maude,  102 

Burr,  Miss,  206 
Burrard,  Sir  Charles,  147 

,  Emily,  147 

Burroughs,  Desire,  99,  100 


NAMES   OF   PERSONS. 


219 


Burroughs,  Ezekiel,  99,  100 
Burton,  Mary,  49 
Burwell,  Elizabeth,  110 

,  Sir  Jeffrey,  146 

,  Mary,  146 

Bussy,  Charlotte  Ann,  116 
Butler,  Benjamin,  168,  189 

,  Jerusha,  168,  189 

,  Thomas,   168 

,  William,   168 

Byng,    Georgianna    Elizabeth, 

116 
Byrd,  Jane,  110 

Cable,  George  W.,  161 
Cabot,  Lilla,  169 
Cadogan,  Lady  Sarah,  115 
Calder,  Samuel,  124 
Callender,  G.,  148 
Camelford,  Lord,  202 
Campbell,  Charles  H.,  176,  180 

,  Samuel,  115 

,  Sophia,  21,  115 

Cantey,  Sarah,  206 

,  Zachary,  206 

Cardonnell,  Adam  de,  128 

,  Mary  de,  128 

Carew,  Sir  Edward,  186 

,  Sir  George,  186 

,  George,  186 

,  Katherine,  186 

,  Sir  Peter,  186 

,  Sir  William,  186 

Carey,  Hannah,  39 
Carnegie,  George,  108,  109 

,  Swinford  Thomas,  109 

,  William,  108 

Carnic,  Ann,  124 
Caroline,  Queen,  116 
Carpenter,  George,  43 

,  Lady  Susanna,  43 

,  Walter  Talbot,  44 

Carrier,  Bridget,  108 

,  Charles,  108 

,  Elizabeth  (or  Isabella), 

108 

,  James,  108 

,  Rebecca,  73 

Carroll,  S.,  162 
Carter,  Anna  Hill,  110 

,  Mary  Walker,  110 

Catherine  of  Russia,  112,   113 
Caulkins,  F.,  73 
Cevera,  Pascual,  172 
Chaloner,  Frances,  95 
Chambers,  John  D.,  184 
Champernoun,  Sir  Arthur,  186, 

187 

Elizabeth,  186 

Francis,  187 

Garven,  186 

Henry,  185 

John, 186 

Katherine,  186 

Sir  Philip,  186 

Champlin,  Stephen,  165,  168 
Champneys,  Rev.  H.,  102 
Chandler,  Benjamin,  445 


Chandler,  Charles,  45 

Clarke,  45 

Dorothy,  45 

Elizabeth,  44,  45 

Elizabeth  Augusta,  46 

Francis,  45 

Gardiner,  45,  46 

John,  45 

Lucretia,  45 

Mary,  45 

Nathaniel,  45 

Rufus,  45 

Samuel,  45 

Sarah,  45 

Chaplain,  Jeremiah,   150 
Chappell,  Ann,  83,  85,  92 
Charles  I,  57 

Charles  II,  21 

Chatham,  Lord,  77 

Chauncey,  Commodore,  193 

Cheves,  L.,  199 

Choate,  Joseph  H.,  83 

Church,  Mary,  45 

,  Ross,  130 

Churchill,  Lady  Georgianna 
Spencer,  106 

Clark,  Elizabeth,  89 

,  Mehitable,  183 

,  Rosa  Davis,  55 

Clarkson,  Lydia,  149,  150 

Clayton,  Jane,  129 

Cleary,  Mary,  126 

Clements,  Selina,  128 

Clifford,  A.,  117 

,  Baron  de,  21 

Clift,  W.,  170 

Clifton,  Frances,  128 

,  Sir  Gervase,  128 

Coale,  Edward  J.,  53,  55 

,  William  S.,  55 

Cochran,  Alexander  (Blair),  20, 
57 

,  Sir  Alexander  For- 
rester, 57 

,  Andrew,  20,  58 

,  Annette,  58 

,  Archibald,  58 

,  Archibald  Douglas,  58 

,  Archibald  H.,  58 

,  Arthur,  58 

,  Sir  Arthur  A.  L.,  58 

,  Arthur  H.  D.,  58 

,  Basil,  57 

,  Basil  Edward,  58 

,  Caroline  Catherine,  58 

,  Charles,  20,  57 

,  Charles  D.,  58 

,  Dorothy,  58 

,  Douglas  MacKinnon 

B.  H.,  58 

,  Edith  Hamilton,  58 

,  Edward  Owen,  58 

,  Elizabeth,  58 

,  Elizabeth  K.,  58 

,  Ernest  Grey  L.,  58 

,  Francis  Arthur  Charles, 

58 

,  George  Augustus,  57 


Cochran,       George       Edward 

Lewis,  58 

,  Grizel,  58 

,  Gwervyl,  58 

,  James,  57 

,  Sir  John.  56,  57 

,  John  Palmer,  58 

,  Katherine,  58 

,  Louise,  58 

,  Marjorie,  58 

,  Ralph  Alexander,  58 

,  Robert,  58 

,  Roger,  58 

,  Rosetta,  58 

,  Thomas,  5,  6,  8,  10,  20, 

29,  30,  56,  57,  58, 

129 
,  Sir  Thomas  Belhaven, 

58 

,  Thomas  B.  H.,  58 

,  Thomas  Erskine,  58 

,  Thomas  George,  58 

,  Thomas  Horatio  A.  E., 

58 

,  Sir  William,  57 

,  William,  57 

,  William  Erskine,  58 

,  William  Francis,  58 

Cockburn,  Sir  William,  109 
Codman,   Capt.  Richard,    182, 

183 
Coffin,  Sarah,  10,  28,  51 

,  Capt.  William,  51 

Coke,  Edward,  115,  117 

,  Henry  John,  117 

,  Sir  Thomas,  115,  116 

,  Thomas  William,  117 

,  William  C.,  117 

Cole,  Harriet,  38 

Coles,      Elizabeth      Frances, 

102 

,  Rev.  J.  J.,  102 

Collingwood,  Cuthbert,  5,  10, 

59,  60,  138,  139 

,  Mary  Patience,  60 

,  Sarah,  60 

,  Wilfred,  60 

Cond6,  Prince,  97 
de  Conflans,  —  ,  95 
Cook,  Lowly,  89 

,  Penelope,  105 

Cooke,  Sarah,  213 
Copeland,  Ruth,  62 
Corcoran,  William,  136 
Core,  Eliza,  206 
Cornwallis,  Lord,  22,  90,  168, 

196 

,  Elizabeth,  194 

Cosby,  Alexander,  215 

,  Anne,  214 

,  Elizabeth,  215 

,  Mary,  215 

,  Philip,  23 

,  Phillips,  214,  216 

,  William,  215 

Cotterhill,  Capt.  C.,  215 
Coville,  John  Lord,  213 
,  Catherine  ,  213 


220 


NAMES   OF   PERSONS. 


Coussmaker,   Col.   George  K., 

116 
Cowley,  Henrietta,  50 

,  Joseph,  50 

Cox,  Susan,  184 

Coyle,  Jane,  121 

Cracroft,  Thomas  Robert,  92 

Cranston,  Frances,  50 

,  John,  50 


-,  Samuel,  50 


Crew,  Benjamin,  124 
Cromwell,  Oliver,  41,  128 
Crosbie,  Catherine,  116 
Cross,  Rev.  John,  102 
Sally,  182,  183 


Cruger 


Catherine,  195 
Henry,  194 
John  Harris,  194 
Nicholas,  193,  194 
Tileman,  194 
Cuffe,  Rosetta,  58 
Culme,  Elizabeth,  200 

,  Rev.  Thomas,  200 

Cumberland,  Duke  of,  115 
Curzon,  Ernest  C.  Penn,  106 

,  Ernest  George,  106 

,  Fitz      Roy      Edmund 

Penn,  106 

.Viscount,  Francis  Rich- 
ard, 106 

,  Frederick,  106 

,  George  Augustus,  106 

,  Henry  D.,  106 

,  Sir    Leicester    Smyth, 

106 

,  Marianne,  106 

,  Mary  Ann,  106 

,  Montague,  106 

,  William  Henry,  106 

Curzon-Howe,  Assheton  Gore, 

106 

,  Penn  Assheton,  105 

,  Richard  George  Penn, 

106 
Cushing,  Alonzo,  61,  63 

,  Howard  B.,  61,  63 

,  J.  S.,  63 

,  May  Isabel,  63 

,  May  R.,  63 

,  Milton,  20,  61,  63 

,  Dr.  Milton  B.,  61,  62 

,  Walter,  63 

,  William  Baker,  5,  6,  8, 

10,  20,  29,  60,  61, 

62,  63,  161 

,  Zattu,  61 

Cushings,  Wisconsin,  63 
Cuthbert,  Alexander,  206 


Dahlgren,  Bernard  Ulric,  65,  67 

,  Sir  Carl  Adolph,  65,  67 

,  Charles  Bunker,  66,  68 

,  Elizabeth,  68 

,  Eric,  67,  68 

,  Eva,  68 

,  Johan  Adolf,  65,  66,  67 

,  John,  68 


Dahlgren,  John  Adolph,    5,  10, 

28,  30,  64,  65,  66, 

67,  68,  109,  166 

,  John  Vinton,  67,  68 

,  Katherine  Drexel,  68 

,  Laurence,  68 

,  Lucy,  68 

,  Madeleine,  68 

,  M.  V.,  68 

,  Olga,  68 

,  Paul,  67,  68 

,  Ulric,  66,  68 

,  Ulrica,  68 

,  William    (William    de 

Rohan),  8,  64,  67 
Daingerfield,  LeRoy,  153 
Dalrymple-Hamilton,  Sir  Hew, 

75 

,  Janet,  75 

Danton,  — ,  81 
Darlington,  Countess,  105 
Darwin,  Charles,  133 
Davies,  Arthur,  145,  147 

,  W.,  60 

Davis,  C.,  90 

,  Jefferson,  198 

Dean,  J.,  170 
Decatur,  Etienne,  69 

,  James,  68,  69 

,  John  P.,  69,  70 

,  Stephen,  5,  6,  12,  68, 

69,  70,  120,  207,  209 

,  Stephen,  Jr.,  181 

Deering,  Mary,  181,  183 

,  Nathaniel,  181,  183 

DeFonblanque,  E.,  102 
DeGuichen,  — ,  192 
DeKoven,  Mrs.  R.,  114 

,  Richard,  113 

De  Lancey,  E.,  195 
Delaval,  George,  43 

,  Henry,  43 

De  Liefde,  —  ,  9 
Delmar,  Baron  de,  202 
Denison,  Bridget,  172 
,  George,  23,  71,  72,  73, 

168,  189 

,  Gideon,  168,  189 

,  Minerva,  169,  189 

,  Samuel,  168 

,  Sir  William,  102 

Derby,  Charlotte,  102 

,  Edward,  Earl  of,  102 

DeRuyter,     Michael     Adrian- 

zoon,  47 

D'Estaing,  Count,  41,  104 
Deverill,  George,  39 

,  Mary,  39 

Devons,  Caroline,  136 
Dewey,  A.,  73 

,  Charles,  73 

,  Edward,  73 

,  Elijah,  72 

,  George,  70,  71,  73.  168 

,  George  Goodwin,  73 

,  Jedediah,  71 

,  Josiah,  71 

,  Julius  Yeomans,  71,  73 


Dewey  L.,  73 

Mary  Perrin,  73 

Simeon,  71,  72,  73 

Theodore  Gibbs,  73 

William,  71,  72,  73 

William  Tarbox,  73 

DeWitt,  Cornells,  9,  47 
Dexter,  Samuel,  99 

Dick,  Georgiana,  159 

,  Mungo,  159 

Dixon,  Elizabeth,  179 

,  H.,  48 

Dobson,  Micah,  60 
Dod,  William  Armstrong,  206 
Dodge,  Sarah,  194 
Douglas,  Charles,  211 
Downes,  Captain,  80 
Drake,  96 

,  Benjamin,  155 

,  Joan,  186 

,  John,  186 

,  Mary,  155 

Drayton,  Captain,  80 
Drexel,  Elizabeth,  67,  68 

,  Joseph  W.,  67 

,  Katherine,  67 

,  Lucy,  67 

,  Mary,  68 

Drowne,  H.,  170 

Drysdale,  Capt.  Thomas,  38 

Dudley,  D.,  184 

Duncan,  Adam,  6,  12,  13,  30, 

74,  75 

,  Adam  Haldane,  75 

,  Adamina,  75 

,  Alexander,  74,  75 

,  Catherine,  75 

,  Henrietta,  75 

,  Henry,  13,  74,  75 

,  Jane,  75 

,  John,  74 

,  Katherine,  75 

,  Louis,  136 

,  Margaret,  75 

,  Mary  Tyfton,  75 

,  Murray,  136 

,  Richard,  136 

,  Robert  Adam  Philips, 

75 

,  Robert  (Haldane),  75 

,  Rev.  Thomas,  136 

,  William,  75,  136 

Dundas,  Anne,  75 

Elizabeth,  75 

,  Francis,  75 

,  Henrietta,  75 

,  Henry,  74,  75 

,  James,  75 

,  Margaret,  75 

,  Philip,  75 

,  Robert,  74,  75 

,  William,  75 

,  William  Pitt,  75 

Dundee,  Henrietta,  74 
Dundonald,      Lord      (Thomas 

Cochran,  q.  v.). 

Dunlop,  Annette  Elizabeth,  132 
,  R.  F.,  132 


NAMES  OF   PERSONS. 


Dupont,  Admiral,  193 
Durell,  Anne,  197 
Duyn,  Adam  van  der,  115 

,  Charles  van  der,  115 

,  Gertrude  van  der,  115 

Dwight,  B.,  46 
,  John,  46 


Edward  VI,  97 

Eels,  Anne  Lenthal,  62 

,  Joseph,  63 

,  Capt.  Robert  Lee,  62 

Edwards,  E.,  187 

Egerton,  Mrs.  F.,  102 

Eliot,  Annie,  89 

,    John    (the   Apostle), 


-,  Joseph,  89 


Elizabeth,  Queen,  97,  98,  185 

EUiot,  Cornelius,  78 

Elphinstone,  A.  H.,  78 

,  Annie,  78 

,  Archibald,  78 

,  Charles,  78 

,  Clementina,  78 

,  Eleanor,  78 

,  Elizabeth,  78 

,  Frank,  13 

,  George  Keith,  5,  6,  12, 

13,  29,  41,  76,  77, 
78 

,  Georgiana,  78 

,  Grizell,  78 

,  James,  78 

,  James  Buller  Fuller- 
ton,  78 

,  John,  13,  78 

,  Keith,  78 

,  Margaret  Mercer,  78 

,  Mary,  78 

,  Primrose,  78 

,  William  George  Keith, 

78 

Emery,  Benjamin,  162 

Encaster,  Duke  of,  146 

Ericsson,  John,  154 

Evans,  Ellen  Lyle,  126 

Eveleth,  Catherine,  214 

Everett,  Captain,  174 

Eyre,  Frances,  147 

,  Margaret,  153 

Exmouth,  Baron,  158 


Fairfax,  Althea,  96 

,  Catherine,  95 

,  Elizabeth,  96 

,  Frances,  96 

,  Isabella,  98 

,  Mary,  95 

,  Robert,  96 

,  Thomas,  95 

,  William,   95,  96 

Farnham,  Charlotte,  184 
Farquharson,  James   Lockhart 

Ross,  75 
Farragut,  Antonio,  82 


Farragut,  David  Glasgow,  12, 
29,  53,  56,  70,  71, 
79,  80,  81,  82,  83, 
125,  161,  175 

,  George,  13,  82,  83 

,  George  A.,  82 

,  Jorge,  82 

William,  13,  82 

Fennel,  Elizabeth,  128 
Fenton,  Edward,  97,  98 
Fenwick,  Edward,  210 
Ferguson,  Sir  James,  75 
Ferrard,  Viscount,  132 
Field,  E.,  100 

Lydia,  206 

Mary,  205,  206 

Mary  Peale,  205 

Richard  Stockton,  206 

Robert,  205,  206 

Filchett,  — ,  1 

Flagg,  Caroline,  90 

Fleming,  Charles  Elphinstone, 

78 

,  Clementine,  78 

,  John,  78 

,  John  Elphinstone,  78 

Fleury,  Dr.,  132 

,  Elizabeth       Melesina, 

132 
Flinders,  Annie,  84,  85 

,  John,  84,  85 

,  Matthew,  5,  8,  12,  30, 

83,  84,  85,  91,  92 

,  Samuel  Ward,  83,  84 

,  William,  133 

Foley,  Captain,  141 
Folger,  Capt.  Benjamin,  187 
Foote,  Augustus  Edwin,  90 
,  Andrew  Hull,  6,  12,  23, 

29,  31,  50,  86,  87, 

88,  90,  212 

,  John,  90 

,  John  Alfred,  89,  90 

,  Joseph  Eliot,  49 

,  Josephine,  90 

,  Lucinda,  90 

,  Mary  Ann,  90 

,  Samuel  Augustus,  88, 

90 

,  William,  90 

,  William  Lambert,  90 

Forbes,  Archibald,  170 

,  Kate  L.,  63 

Foster,  Captain,  148 

,  Patience,  132 

Fowler,  Solomon,  155 
Fox,  Charles,  136 

,  Charles  James,  116 

,  E.,  12 

,  Ebenezer,  90 

,  Elizabeth,  136 

,  Helen,  136 

,  Dr.  John,  136 

,  William,  136 

Foxhull,  — ,  152 
Foye,  Captain.  215 
Frankland,  Ann,  213 
,  Catherine,  213 


Frankland,  Charles  C.,  214 

,  Charlotte,  213 

,  Dinah,  213 

,  Edward  A.,  214 

,  Frederick  R.,  214 

,  Sir  F.  W.,  214 

,  Harry  A.,  214 

,  Roger,  213 

,  Thomas,  213,  214 

,  William,  213 

,  Sir  William  A.,  214 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  99 

,  Eleanor,  92 

,  Elizabeth,  92 

,  Hannah,  92 

,  Henrietta,  92 

,  Isabella,  92 

,  James,  91,  92 

,  Sir  John,  5,  8,  12,  83J 

91,  92,  131 

,  Lady,  131 

,  Sarah,  92 

,  Willingham,  91,  92 

Freeman,  Mary,  168 

French,  Jackson  Brown,  119 

Frizzell,  Hannah,  134 

Frobisher,  — ,  97 

Frowde,  James,  158 

,  Susanna,  158,  159 

Fulford,  Bridget,  187 

,  Mary,  187 

,  Sir  Thomas,  186 

Fullerton,  Edward  Charles  Bul- 
ler, 78 

,  Elizabeth,  78 

,  George  James  Buller, 

78 

,  John  Frederick  Buller, 

78 

,  William  Buller,  78 

,  Elphinstone  William, 

78 

Gadsen,  Christopher,  209,  210 

Gale,  Edward  F.,  63 

,  Mary  Isabel  Gushing, 

63 

Gambier,  Lord,  56 
Gardiner,  Hannah,  45 
Garibaldi,  Guiseppi,  65 
Garnier,  George,  116 

,  Thomas,  116 

,  Dr.  Thomas,  116 

,  William,  116 

George  I,  104,  105 

George  II,  77 

George,  Clara  Bartlett,  162 

,  John  H.,  162 

,    Capt.    Paul  R.,   161, 

162 

Germain,  Lord  George,  201 
Geyer,  Charlotte  von,  130 

,  Frederick  von,  130 

Gherardi,  Bancroft,  46 

,  Donati,  46 

,  Walter,  46 

Gibbs,  V.,  117 
Gilbert,  Adrian,  186 


222 


NAMES   OF   PERSONS. 


Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  19, 185, 
186 

,  Sir  John,  19,  186,  187 

-,  Otho,  186 


-,  Capt.  Raleigh,  187 
-,  Sarah,  200 


Gilchrist,  Anne,  58 

,  Capt.  James,  57 

Gillies,  John,  42 

Gilmer,  Mary,  159 

,  T.  W.,  204 

Girdlestone,  Rev.  Henry,  145, 
147 

Gladstone,  William  E.,  116 

Cleaves,  A.,  119 

Goddard,    Hon.    Daniel    Con- 
nors, 67 

,  John,  128 

-,  Madeleine  Vraton,  67 


-,  Sarah,  128 


Goellette,  James,  119 
Goldsborough,  H.  Howes,  169 
Gonson,  Benjamin,  97 

,  Katherine,  97 

,  Thomasine,  97 

,  William,  97 

Goodenough,  Rev.  R.  P.,  128 
Goodwin,  Ichabod,  73 
Goodwin,  Susie  B.,  73 
Gordon,  Anne,  74 
Gore,  Sir  John,  105 
Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  187 
Goulty,  Rev.  John,  146 
Gracie,  Anna  Maria,  184 
Graham,  John,  74 
Grant,  Jean,  75 

,  Ulysses  S.,  87 

Gray,  Andrew,  169 
Greeley,  George  Preston,  73 
Greene,  Gen.  Nathanael,  166, 

168 

Greenough,  Anne,  52 
Greenwell,  Bernard  Ezra,  132 
Griffen,  Jane,  92 

,  William  Preston,  119 

Griffis,  W.,  164,  165,  166,  167, 

170 

Grosvenor,  Ellen,  63 
Guitart,  Ursula,  82 
Guthrie,  Catherine,  194 

Haddington,  George,  Earl  of, 

128 

Hageman,  J.,  55 
Haldane,  Daniel  Rutherford,  75 
,   Elizabeth    Sanderson, 

75 

,  Capt.  James,  74,  75 

,  James  Alexander,  74, 

75 
,    James   Aylmer   Low- 

thorpe,  76 

,  John,  74 

,  John  Scott,  76 

,  Margaret,  74 

,  Mungo,  74 

,  Hon.  Richard  Burdon, 

76 


Haldane,  Robert,  74,  75 

.  William  Stowell,  76 

Hale,  John  Parker,  149,  150 

,  Lydia,  149 

Halifax,  Augusta,  106 

,  Brigadier  General,  106 

Hall,  — ,  94 

Abigail,  90 

A.  D.,  190,  191 

Ann  Mary,  90 

Benjamin,  89 

Brenton,  90 

Elihu,  89 

Elisha.  90 

Emma,  89 

Esther.  89 

Giles,  90 

Hannah,  90 

John,  89 

Jonathan,  90 

Lucy,  90 

Lyman,  89,  90 

Mary,  89 

Nancy,  89 

Rhoda,  89 

Samuel,  88,  89,  90 

Sarah,  89,  90 

Street,  89 

Susanna,  89 

Halstead,  Adm.  Sir  Lawrence 

William,  159 
Hamilton,  C.,  46 

,  Frederick  F.,  117 

,  George  Baillie,  129 

,  John,  75 

,  Lady,   138,   139,   141, 

144,  147 

,  Maj. Robert  Baillie,  129 

,  Sir  William,  138,  144 

Hannay,  David,  104 

Hardy,    Thomas    Masterman, 

5,  7,  12,  93 
Hare,  Robert,  26 
Harriman,  Capt.  Benjamin,  162 
Harris,  Henry,  100 

,  T.,  37 

Harrison,  Gen.  William  Henry, 

164 

,  William,  206 

Hartop,  Col.  Chiverton,  105 

,  Mary,  105 

Harvey,  Anne,  186 
Haseil,  James,  213 

,  Mary,  213 

Hassler,  F.  R.,  66 

Hatrell,  Jane,  108 

Haward,  Richard,  159 

Hawe,  Mary,  108 

Hawke,  Sir  Edward,  12,  23,  95, 

96,  104,  192,  197 
Hawkes,  James,  200 

,  Jane,  200 

Hawkins,  Clare,  98 

,  Elizabeth,  98 

,  Francis,  98 

,  Grace,  98 

,  John,  5,  12,  20,  30,  96, 

97,  98 


Hawkins,  Judith,  98 

,  Mary,  98 

,  Nicholas,  98 

,  Richard,  13,  98 

,  Sir  Richard,  96,  97,  98 

,  William,  96,  97,  98 

Hayden,  Mindwell,  72 

Hayes,  Capt.  Thomas,  37 

Haywood,  M.,  83 

Hazard,  C.,  170 

,  George,  168 

,  Mercy,  167,  168 

,  Oliver,  167,  168 

Hazen,  Mildred  (McLean),  73 

Heap,  Capt.  Harris,  179 

Heathcote,  Rev.  Thomas,  108 

Hegel,  George  William  Freder- 
ick, 76 

Henry  VIII,  20,  96,  97 

Hill,  Priscilla,  69 

Hills,  Elizur,  73 

,  Epaphras,  73 

Hillyar,  Captain,  80 

Hilmore,  Mary,  103 

Hindman,  Elizabeth  Nichol- 
son, 39 

Hitchcock,  William,  90 

,  William  Augustus,  88 

,  William  R.,  88 

Hobart,  Grizel,  200 

,  James,  73 

Hodge,  Ann  Eliza,  169 

,  Sarah,  206 

Holcomb,  Franklin  Porteous,  39 

,  James,  39 

,  Rebecca,  39 

,  Thomas,  39 

Hone,  John,  169 

Hood,  Alexander,  145 

,  Alexander  Nelson,  147 

,  Lord,  157 

,  Sir  Samuel,  196 

Hooker,  Abigail,  73 

,  Richard,  38,  60 

Hopkins,  Abigail,  100 

,  Amy,  100 

,  David,  136 

,  Desire,  100 

,  Edward  M.,  206, 

,  Esek,  5,  12,  98,  100, 

134,  168 

,  George,  100 

,  Heart,  99,  100 

,  Hope,  100 

,  John,  13,  99,  100 

,  John  Burroughs,  13, 

99,  100 

,  Lydia,  100 

,  Rufus,  100 

,  Ruth,  100 

,  Samuel,  13,  99,  100 

,  Simon,  100 

,  Stephen,  13,  98,  100 

,  Susanna,  100 

,  Sylvanus,  100 

,  Thomas,  99 

,  William,  99,  100,  168 

Hopkiuson,  Ann  Borden,  54 


NAMES   OP  PERSONS. 


223 


Hopkinson,  Edward  C.,  65 

,  Elizabeth,  55 

,  Emily,  55 

,  Francis,  54,  55 

,  George,  55 

,  James,  55 

,  John  Joseph,  55 

,  Joseph,  55 

,  Thomas  Mifflin,  55 

Hoppin,  J.,  90 

Hornby,  Caroline  Lucy,  102 

,  Charles,  102 

,  Charlotte,  102 

,  Edmond,  102 

,  Edward,  102 

,  Elizabeth,  102 

,  Geoffrey,  102 

,     Geoffrey         Thomas 

Phipps,  5,  7,  14,  20, 

100,  101,  102 

,  George,  102 

,  James  John,  102 

,  Lucy,  102 

,  Maria  Elizabeth,    102 

,  Phipps  John,  102 

,  Susan,  102 

,  William,   102 

Hoste,  Dixon,  103 

,  Edward,  15,  103 

,  George,  15,  103 

,  James,  103 

,  Theodore,  103 

,  Sir  William,  5,  6,  14, 

103 
Howe,  Charles,  105 

,  Emanuel,  105 

,  Emanuel  Scrope,  105 

,  George  Augustus,  105 

,  Harriet  Georgiana,  105 

,  John,  Earl  of,  105 

,  Sir  John,  105 

,  Juliana,  105 

,  Louise  Catherine,  105 

,  Maria,  105 

,  Richard,  5,  14,  30,  104, 

105 
,  Sir  Richard  Grubham, 

105 
,  Richard  William  Penn 

Curzon,  106 

,  Robert,  105 

,  Scrope,  105 

,  Sophia  Charlotte,  105 

,  Sir  William,   15,   103, 

105 
Howell,  Franklyn,  206 

,  John  C.,  206 

,  Richard,  206 

,  Richard  Lewis,  206 

Howland,  Samuel,  170 
Hubbard,  E.,  170 

,  Henry  G.,  121 

Hubley,  Adam,  206 
Huddell,  Hannah,  155,  156 
Huddesfield,  Katherine,  46 

,  Sir  William,  186 

Hull,  Andrew,  88,  89,  90,  170 
,  Caleb,  89 


Hull,  Elizabeth,  90 

,  Eudocia,  90 

,  Commander  Isaac,  86, 

88,  90,  134,  154 

,  Joseph,  88,  89,  90 

,  Joseph  Bartine,  90 

,  Marab.  90 

,  Mary,  88 

,  Richard,  90 

,  Sarah,  90 

,  William,  90,  186 

Hulse,  Mary,  97 
Hunloke,  Charlotte,  116 
Hunter,  Andrew,  206 

,  David,  22,  206 

,  Louis  Boudinet,  206 

,  Mary,  206 

Hussey,  Ursula,  97 
Hyde,  Diadema,  168 
Hyleger,  John,  37 

,  Susan,  36 

Hyndeford,  Janet  Elliot,  78 

Innes,  Arthur,  215 

,  Mary,  215 

Izard,  Mary,  199 

Jackson,  Ebenezer,  210 
,  Gen.  "Stonewall,"  82, 

175,  210 

James  I,  98,  185 
Jandon,  Ashbel  G.,  37 
Jay,  Mary,  126 
Jefferson,  Joseph,  2 

,  Thomas,  187 

Jeffrey,  W.,  174 

Jejeiskjold,      Count      Charles 

Louis,  159 
Jervis,  Edward  Ricketts,  109 

,    Henrietta    Elizabeth, 

109 

,  John,  108 

,   Admiral    John    (Lord 

St.    Vincent),  5,  7, 

14.  59,  76,  107,  108, 

128,  138,  196 

,  Martha,  109,  128 

,  Mary,  108 

,  Swynfen,  108 

,  William,  108 

,  William  Ricketts,  108 

Johnson,  Judge  R.  D.,  124 

,  W.,  180 

Jones,  Bathurst,  110 

,  Catesby  ap  Rogers,  14, 

109,  110,  111,  210 

,  Charles  Lucian,  111 

,  Eusebius,  111 

,  Frederick,  110 

,  Jekyl,  110 

,  John  Paul,  5,  6,  8,  14, 

112,  113 

,  L.  H.,  Ill 

,  Marck  C.,  Ill 

,  Meriweather.  110,  111 

,  Philip  de  Catesby,  110 

,  Capt.  Roger,  5,   110, 

111 


Jones,  William,  203 

,  Samuel,  156 

,  Skelton,  110 

,  Col.  Thomas,  110 

,  Thomas   ap    Catesby, 

109,  110 
,  Thomas    ap    Thomaa, 

110 

,  Thomas  Skelton,  111 

,  Walter,  110,  111 

,  William,  110 

,  William  Page,  111 

,  Winfred  Scott,  111 

Junkins,  Martha,  183 

Kampfel,  — ,  195 
Kearney,  Lawrence,  119 

,  Michael,  119 

Keen,  Macy,  150 

Keith,  Charles,  77 

,  Francis  Edward  Jameo, 

77,78 
,  George,  77,  78  (See  El- 

phinstone,  Geo.  K.) 

,  John,  77 

,  Lady  Mary,  78 

,  Montstuart       Elphin- 

stone,  77,  78 
,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Fife, 

78 
-,  William,  77,  78 


Kellogg,  Anna  Marie,  155,  156 

,  George,  156 

,  Jonathan  W.,  155,  156 

-,  Warren  Comstock,  156 


Keppel,  Ann  Amelia,  116 

,  Arnold  Joost  van,  115 

,  Augustus,  21,  115 

,  Augustus      Frederick, 

116 

,  Caroline,  116 

,  Lady  Caroline,  116 

,  Charles,  116 

,  Sir  Colin,  114,  117 

,  Edward  E.,  116 

,  Edward  Southwell,  116 

,  Lady  Elizabeth,  116 

,  Frederick,  116 

,  George,  115 

,  George  Thomas,  116 

,  Gertrude  Charlotte,  116 

,  Admiral  Henry,  4,  5,  6, 

14,  21,  29,  74,  114, 

116,  117 

,  John,  116 

,  Leicester  Chantry,  117 

,  Mary,  116,  117 

-,  Rufus,  117 


-,  Sophia,  116 

-,  Rev.  Thomas,  117 

-,  Thomas  Robert,  116 

-,  Tom,  114 

-,  William,  116 

-,  William  Anne,  115 

-,  William  Charles,  116 

-,  William  Coutts,  117 


Keroualle,  Louise  de.  Duchess 
of  Portsmouth,  115 


224 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


Key,  Francis,  203 
Kibert,  Anne,  146 
Kielmansegge,  Baron,  105 
,    Mary    Sophia    Char- 
lotte, 105 
King,  Hannah,  168 

Lacy,  General,  66 
La  Fayette,  General,  134 
Lamar,  Gen.  Mirabeau,  123, 124 
Lambert,  Lady  Elizabeth  Jane, 

109 
,    Richard,       Earl      of 

Cavan,  108 
Lamphier,  — ,  215 
Langara,  Aaron  de,  192 
Langford,  Constantia,  158 

,  Edward,  158 

Lamer,  Loretta,  124 
Laroux,  Lydia,  121 

,  Peter,  121 

Law,  Anna,  89,  90 

,  Benjamin,  90 

,  Christopher,  90 

,  Evan,  128 

,  John,  90 

,  Jonathan,  89,  90 

,  Lyman,  90 

,  Mary,  90 

,  Richard,  89,  90 

Lawrence,  Anne,  119 

,  Elisha,  119 

,  Elizabeth,  119 

,  James,  5,  6,  14,  29,  118, 

119 

,  John  Brown,  118 

,  Katherine,  119 

,  Mary,  118,  119 

-,  Sarah,  119 


Lear,  Benjamin,  136 

,  Consul     Tobias, 

188,  191 


187, 


Lee,  Anna,  110 

,  E.,  Ill 

,  Henry  ("Light  Horse 

Harry"),   110 
Gen.  Robert  E.,  Ill, 

122 

,  Sydney  Smith,  111 

Lennard,  Frances.  116 

,  Sir  Thomas,  116 

Lennox,  Lady  Anne,  115 

,  Charles,  21,  115 

Leonard,  Ann,  119 

,  Samuel,  119 

Leslie,  Charles  Powell,  43 

,  Christine,  43 

Lewis,  John,  213 

,  Sir  Thomas  F.,  213 

Liefde,  Jacob  de,  210,  211 
Lilley,  Susan  Greggs,  73 
Lincoln,  Abraham,  154 
Linnaeus,  Carl  von,  65 
Little,  Capt.  George,  181 
Lloyd,  Ann,  63,  54 

,  Edward,  53,  54 

Locker,  Capt.  William,  137 
Lockhart-Ross,  Charles,  75 


Lockhart-Ross,  George,  75 

,  John,  75 

,  Robert,  75 

Logan,  Leavitt  C.,  175,  180 
Long,  Joshua,  63 
Loyall,  Virginia,  83 

,  William,  82 

Lucy,  Constance,  101 
Lushington,  Capt.  L.  C.,  104 

,  Louisa,  147 

Lyman,  Hepzibah,  72 

McAlister,  James,  213 

Louisa,  214 

Macdonald,  Sir  James,  116 
Macdonough,  Augustine,  121 

,  Augustus  Rodney,  121 

,  Charles  Shaler,  121 

,  Charlotte  Rosella,  121 

,  Hannah,   121 

,  Hester,  121 

,  James  Edward  Fisher, 

121 

,  John,  121 

,  Joseph,  121 

,  Lydia,  121 

,  Micah,  120,  121 

,  Mary,  121 

,  R.,  121 

,  Samuel,  121 

,  Thomas,  5,  6,  14,  21, 

29,  12,  121 

,  William  Joseph,  121 

MacKenzie,  Alexander,  30,  70 

,  N.  S.,  165 

Maclay,  E.  S.,  52,  179 
Macomb,  Alexander,  190 

,  Augustus  C.,  167 

,  Col.     John     Navarre, 

169,  190 
,  Montgomery      Meigs, 

169 

Madden,  Col.  John,  215 
Maffitt,  Golden  Rhine,  124 

,  Elizabeth,  123,  124 

,  Emily,  123 

,  Eugene  A.,  123,  124 

,  Florence,  123,  124 

,  Frederick,  124 

,  Henrietta,  123,  124 

,  John  Laurens,  124 

,  John  Newland,  5,  8,  14, 

122,  123,  124 

Matilda,  123,  124 

,  Matilda  Caroline,  124 

,  Walter  C.,  124 

,  Dr.  William,  122,  124 

,  William  H.,  123,  124 

Magens-Darrien,  Magens,  128 
Mahan,  A.  T.,  2,  4,  5,  7,  9,  14, 

77,80,81,83,  95,96, 

109,  125,  126,  139, 

140,  141,  142,  144, 

148,  157,  159,  192, 

197 

,  Dennis  Hart,  125,  126 

,  Frederick      Augustus, 

126 


Mahan,  John,  126 
Mansfield,  William,  128 
le  Marchant,  Carteret,  197 

,  James,  197 

,  Martha,  197 

Marchant,  Susan  C.,  82 
Markham,  Sir  Albert  Hastings, 

127,  129 

,  Alfred,  92,  129 

,  Alicia,  128 

,  Cecelia,  128 

,  Charles,  129 

,  Sir  Clements,  98,  127, 

129,  132,  133 

,  Daniel,  128 

,  David,    15,    127,    128, 

129 

,  Edward,  128 

,  Sir  Edwin,  129 

,  Elizabeth,  128 

,  Enoch,  128 

,  Capt.  Francis,  129 

,  Frederick,  15,  127,  128, 

129 

,  George,  128,  147 

,  Georgiana,  128 

,  Henrietta,  128 

,  Henry,  128 

,  John,  5,  14,  128,  129 

,  Sir  John,  127,  128 

,  Maria,  129 

,  Maria  Frances,  129 

,  Martha,  128 

,  Osborne,  109,  127,  128 

,  Robert,  128 

,  Warren,  129 

,  William,  127,  128,  129 

,  William  Rice,  129 

Marryat,  Augusta,  130 

,  Emily,  130 

,  Florence,  130 

,  Frank,  130 

,  Frederick,  5,  8,  14,  21, 

129,   130,  151 

,  Horace,  130 

,  Joseph,  130 

,  Thomas,  130 

Martin,  Emma,  124 

,  I.  J.,  41 

Marvin,  J.  S.,  41 

,  W.  L.,  28 

Mary,  Queen,  97,  186 
Mason,  Elizabeth,  163,  168 

,  Henry,  145,  147 

,  Capt.  John,  71 

,  Minerva,  71,  72 

,  P.,  90 

Massereene,  Viscountess,   132 
Matcham,  Catherine,   147 

,  Charles  Hunter,  147 

,  Elizabeth,  145,  147 

,  George,  145,  147 

,  Harriet,  145,  147 

,  M.,  148 

,  Nelson,  147 

,  Susanna,  147 

Matthews,  Admiral,  95 
,  Cecil,  128 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


225 


Maudsley,  Capt.  Charles,  71 
Mazey,  Jonathan,  100 

,  Susanna,  99 

M'Cabe,  R.,  163 
McClellan,  Alexander,  52 

,  George  B.,  55 

McClintock,  Alfred  Henry,  132 

,  Lord  Bunbury,  131 

,  Charles  Fortescue,  132 

,  Francis  Leopold,  5,  8, 

16,  131,  132 

,  Henry,  132 

,  Henry  Foster,  132 

,  John,  131,  132 

,  John  William  Leopold, 

132 

,  Louis,  132 

,  Robert  Singleton,  132 

-,  Theodore,  Ernest,  132 


-,  W.  B.,  132 


McDuff,  Jeanne,  114 
Mclven,  Eleanor,  82 
McKean,  Adeline,  55 

Annie,  54 

Caroline,  55 

Elizabeth,  54,  55 

Franklin  Borden,  55 

Letitia,  53,  54 

Mary,  54,  55 

Robert,  54 

Rosa,  55 

Samuel,  55 

Thomas,  11,  53,  54,  55 

William,  55 

McKeen,  Caroline,  124 
McKinley,  William,  125 
M'Knight,  Capt.  James,  69 
M'Nabb,  Hon.  Sir  Alan  Napier, 

116 

McVicar,  Francis  Brenton,  121 
Meade,  Annie,  156 

,  Charlotte,  156 

,  Clara,  155,  156 

,  George  Gordon,  156 

,  Henrietta,  155,  156 

,  Henry  Meigs,  155,  156 

,  John,  155,  156 

,  Mary,  155,  156 

,  Rebecca,  156 

,  Richard,  155,  166 

,  Richard  Worsam,  155, 

156 

,  Robert,  156,  156 

,  Robert    Learny,     155, 

156 

Meiere,  Lieut.  Julius,  55 
Meigs,  Charles,  169 

,  Clara  Forsythe,  156 

,  Henry,  156 

,  John  F.,  170 

,  John  Rodgers,  169 

,  Julia  Austin,  156 

,  Louisa,  170 

,  Mary,  169 

,  Montgomery,  169,  170 

,  Theodore,  156 

,  Vincent,  169 

Mercer,  James,  78 


Merchant,  Jordan,  82 
Merriweather,  C.,  199 

,  Jane,  110 

Mesquite,  Juan,  82 

,  Juana,  82 

Middleton,  Arthur,  198,  199 

,  Catherine  Hooe,  199 

Mifflin,  Emily,  55 

Mildmay,  Capt.  St.  John,  201 

Miles,  Evan,  53 

,  Hannah,  55 

Milk,  Dorcas,  183 
Miller,  Annie,  115 

,  Sir  John,  115 

Mills,  J.,  165,  166,  176 
Mills,  Rev.  H.  F.,  128 
Milner,  Catherine,  128 

,  Sir  W.,  128 

Minto,  Lord,  142 

,  Sophia  May,  117 

Monsey,   Robert,   Lord   Cran- 

worth,  146,  147 
Montaudevert,  Julia,  119 
Montgomery,  Count  de,  186 

,  Gabrielle  de,  186 

Moody,  John,  112 
Moore,  Alexander,  147 

,  Alexander  M.,  147 

,  Anne,  108 

,  Hugh,  215 

,  Jane,  215 

,  John,  215 

,  Col.  Samuel,  108 

Moorhouse,  G.  H.,  146,  148 
Moresby,  Sir  Fairfax,  6,  7,  8, 

16,  133 

,  John,  133 

,  Robert,  133 

Morris,  Abigail,  134 

,  Adolphus,  135 

,  Benjamin,  135 

,  Caroline.  136 

,  Charles,  5,  6,  16,  29,  30, 

134,  136 

,  Charles  Wm.,  134,  136 

,  Ebenezer,  135 

,  Edward,  134,  136 

,  Elizabeth,  136 

,  George,  134,  135,  136 

,  George    Upshur,    134, 

136 

,  Hannah,  134 

,  Harriet  Bowen,  136 

,  Helen  Maria,  136 

,  Henry,  134,  136 

,  Horace,  134,  136 

,  John,  134 

,  Julia  Howe,  136 

,  Lemuel,  134,  136 

,  Louise  Amory,  136 

,  Lucretia,  134,  135 

,  Lucy,  136 

,  Lydia,  136 

,  Maria,  136 

,  Maria  Lear,  136 

,  Mary,  136 

,  Mehitable,  134 

,  Noadiah,  134,  136 


Morris,  Pardon,  136 

,  Com'dore  Richard,  187 

,  Robert,  134,  136 

,  Robert  Murray,   134, 

136 

,  Robert  S.,  136 

,  Rufus,  136 

,  Samuel,  134,  135 

,  Simeon,  135 

,  Susanna,  134 

,  William,  134,  135 

,  William  Bowen,  136 

Moseley,  Hannah,  72 

,  Capt.  John,  72 

Mott,  Jacob,  168 
Mountjoy,  Catherine,  186 

,  Lord,  186 

Mulligan.  Richard,   156 

,  Virginia,  155,  156 

Mulryn,  Sir  John,  210 
Mumford,  Hannah,  89 

,  Sarah,  136 

Murray,  Isabella,  74 

,  J.,  42,  106 

,  Sallie  Scott,  54 

Murrell,  Mary  Florence,  124 
Musgrave,  Augusta,  58 


Naile,  Lieut.  Raymond,  155 
Napier  family,  21 
Neale,  Raymond,  156 
Neill,  E.,  96 
Nelson,  Anne,  145,  147 

,  Catherine,  145 

,  Charlotte,  145,  147 

,  Edmund,  145,  146,  147 

,  Horatio,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6, 

7,  16,  20,  24,  29, 
59,  81,  88,  133,  134, 
137,  138,  140,  142. 
143,  144,  158,  168, 
196,  203 

,  Maurice,  144,  147 

,    Rear-Adm.     Maurice 

Horatio,  144 

,  Suckling,  145,  147 

,  Susanna,  144,  145,  147 


-,  T.,  148 

-,  William,  144,  147 


Nicholas,  Charles,  214 

,  Edward,  213 

,  Robert,  213 

,  Thomas,  214 

,  William,  213 

Nichols,  Capt.  Jonathan,  134 

,  Miriam,  136 

Nicholson,  James,  38 

,  John,  38 

,  Samuel,  38 

Niles,  J.,  170 

Nisbit,  Dr.  Josiah,  138 

Norreys,  Sir  Henry,  186 

,  Mary,  186 

Nottingham,  John  Henry,  152 
Nully,  Ann  de,  194 
Nutthall,  John,  109 
Nye,  David,  73 


226 


NAMES   OF   PERSONS. 


O'Brien,  Dennis,  149,  150 

,  Gideon,  149,  150 

,  Jeremiah,  5,  6,  16,  21, 

29,  148,  149,  150 


,  Joana,  150 

,  John,  148,  149,  150 

,  Joseph,  149,  150 

,  Lydia,  150 

,  Maria,  150 

,  Martha,  150 

,  Mary,  150 

,  Morris,  148,  150 

,  William,  149,  150 

O'Bryne,  W.,  109,  148 
Oddie,  Walter,  156 
Ogden,  Electra,  198,  199 
Okill,  John,  126 

,  Mary  Helena,  126 

Orange,  Prince  of,  103 
Orton,  Sarah,  71 
Ostrander,  Jane,  173 
Oxnard,  Ebenezer,  183 

,  Edward,  183 

,  Enoch,  184 

,  Henry,  184 

, John,  184 

,  Martha,  184 

,  Mary,  184 

,  Mehitable,  184 

,  Stephen,  184 

,  Thomas,  182,  183 

Page,  Alexina,  111 

,  Charles,  111 

,  Edmonia,  111 

,  Fanny,  111 

,  Hugh  Nelson,  110 

,  Jane,  110 

,  John, 110 

,  Lewis  Burwell,  110 

,  Mann,  110 

,  Mary  Ann  Mason,  111 

,  Octavius  Augustus,  110 

,  Peyton  Randolph,  110 

,  Richard  Lucien,  111 

,  Dr.  Thomas  S.,  Ill 

,  Walter,  111 

,  William  Byrd,  110,  111 

Palmer,  John  Jervis,  109 
Papineau,  — ,  129 
Parker,  Abel,  152 

,  Alexander,  152 

,  Anne,  152,  153 

,  Arthur,  152 

,  Daingerfield,  151,    163 

,  Edward,   109 

,  Elizabeth,  108,  109, 153 

,  Foxhall,  Alexander,  21, 

151,  153 

,  George,  108,  109,  151, 

152 

,  Sir  Hyr^,  139,  143 

,  Jacob,  153 

,  Janet,  108 

,  John, 109,  119, 152, 153 

,  John  A.,  153 

-,  John  Henry,  153 


-,  Juliet,  153 


Parker,  Laetitia,  108 

,  Martha,  107,  108 

,  Mary,  109 

,  Adm.  Sir   Peter,    137, 

196 

,  Richard,  151,  162 

,  Richard  Le  Roy,  153 

,  Robert,  109,  151 

,  Robert  Bogardus,  153 

,  Robert  Eliott,  153 

,  Thomas,  108,  109,  152, 

153 

,  Upshur,  151 

,  William,  108,  109 

,  William  Harwood,  5, 

7,  16,  21,   69,   102, 

133,  151,  152,  153 
Pasley,  — ,  83 
Patterson,  Capt.  Carlisle,  175, 

180 

,  Commodore  D.  J.,  179 

,  Commander       Daniel 

Tod,  175 

,  Georgia  Ann,  175,  180 

Paul,  Elizabeth,  114 

,  George,  114 

,  John,  114 

,  Mary  Ann,  114 

,  William,  112,  114 

Paulding,  Anna,   155,  156 

,  Caleb,  156 

,  Caroline.  155,  156 

,  Emma,  155,  156 

,  George,  155,  156 

,  Helen,  156 

,  Hiram,  5,  7,  16,  21,  28, 

30,  154,  155,  156 

,  James,  156 

,  John,  155,  156 

,  John  Ward,  156 

,  Julia,  156 

,  Leonard,  155,  156 

,  Mary,  155,  156 

,  Rebecca,  155,  156 

,  Sarah  Teed,  156 

,  Susan,  156 

,  Tattnal,  155,  156 

,  Virginia,  156 

Paullin,  Admiral  C.,  170,  188, 

189,   190,   191,   193 
Peale,  William  Robert,  62 
Pearson,  Rev.  William  H.,  128 
Pelham,  Penelope,  50 
Pellew,  Arthur  Samuel,  159 
,  Barrington  Reynolds, 

159 

,  Caroline  Emma,  159 

,  Catherine,  159 

,  Edward,  5,  6,  16,  30, 

157,  158,  159 

,  Emma  Mary,  159 

,  Fleetwood    Boughton, 

159 

,  Fleetwood  Hugo,  159 

,  Fleetwood  John,  159 

,  George,  159 

,  Rev.     George     Israel, 

159 


Pellew,  Humphrey,  158 
Sir  Israel,  158 
Jane,  159 
John,  159 
Julia,  159 
Juliana,  159 
Percy  T.,  159 
Pownoll    Bastard,   159 
Pownoll  Fleetwood,  159 
Pownoll  William,  159 
Samuel,  158 


Pepper 


Dr.  William,  169 


Perceval,  John,  154 
Perkins,   George  Hamilton,   5, 
6,   16,  21,  29,   160, 
161,  162 

,   Hamilton   Eliot,  161, 

162 

,  Isabel,  162 

M.,  170 


-,  Roger,  Eliot,  162 


Perrin,  Betsey,  73 

,  Mary,  73 

,  Pamela,  73 

,  Polly,  73 

,  Porter,  73 

,  Samuel,  73 

,  Sophia,  73 

,  Truman,  73 

,  William,  73 

,  Zachariah,  73 

Perrott,  James,  156 
Perry,  Ann,  165 

,  Anna,  169 

,  Ann  Marie,  167,  169 

,  Benjamin,  168 

,  Caroline  Slidell,  169 

,  Christopher  Grant,  169 

,  Christopher  Raymond, 

30,    165,    166,    168, 

169,  170 

,  Edward,  168 

,  Elizabeth,     165,     168, 

169 

,  Francis  Sergeant,  169 

,  Freeman,  168 

,  George  Hazard,  168 

,  Isabella,  169 

,  James    Alexander,   17, 

168,  169 

,  Jane,  168 

,  Jane  Hazard,  169 

,  John,  169 

,  John  Edward,  167 

,  Joshua,  168 

,  Mary,  168 

,  Matthew      Calbraith, 

5,  7,  16,  22,  30,  110, 
151,  152,  153,  162, 
163,  164,  166,  167, 

169,  207 

,  Nathaniel  Hazen,  169 

,  Oliver,  166,  187 

,  Oliver  Hazard,  5,  6,  17, 

22,  29,  30,  53,  162, 
163,  164,  165,  166, 
168,  169,  170 


-,  Raymond,  169 


NAMES   OF   PERSONS. 


227 


Perry,  Raymond  Henry  James, 
168 

,  Rest,  168 

,  Sarah,  169 

,  Sarah  Wallace,  169 

,  Susan,  168,  169 

,  Thomas  Sergeant,  169 

,  William,  169 

,  William  Ledyard,  169 

Peter,  King,  203 

Petrie,  William,  84,  85 

,  William  Matthew  Flin- 
ders. 84,  85,  92 

Phelps,  Anna,  72 

Phillip,  Abigail,  205 

,  Adm.  Arthur,  5,  16,  173 

,  Barrett,  173 

,  George,  173 

,  John  G.,  173 

,  John  Henry,  173 

,  John  Woodward,  5,  7, 

16,  172 

,  Woodrow,  173 

Phillips,  Richard,  215 

Philyss,  Juliana,  75 

Pierce,  F.,  206 

Pike,  Dorothy,  51 

,  Timothy,  62 

Pillsbury,  Elsie,  62 

,  Florence  Greenwood, 

62 

,  John,  20 

,  John  Elliott,  20,  62,  63 

,  John  Gilmore,  62,  63 

Pine,  Anna,  69 

Pinkney,  Charles,  169 

,  Edward  Coate,  169 

,  Frederick,  169 

,  Ninian,  169 

,  William,  169 

Pitt,  Thomas,  202 

,  William,  Earl  Chat- 
ham, 202 

Poer,  Catherine  de  la,  43 

de  Ponte,  Elizabeth,  186 

Porden,  Eleanor  Anne,  92 

Porter,  Alexander,  179 

,  Anne,  179 

,  Bolton,  179 

,  Capt.  Carlisle,  29,  176, 

180 

,  David,  5,  6,  22,  29,  69, 

79,  80,  177,  178, 
179,  180 

,  David  Dixon,  5,  6,  16, 

22,  29,  70,  79,  80, 
123,  175,  176,  178, 
179,  180,  189 

David  H.,  179 

Essex,  29,  175,  179,  180 

Evalina,  179 

Fitz-John,  179 

Hambleton,  180 

Henry  Ogden,  179 

Imogen,  179 

Commander  John,  17, 

22,  179 
,  Mary,  179 


Porter,  Richard,  29,    175,  180 

,  Samuel,  179 

,  Theodoric,  29,  175,  180 

,  Thomas,  180 

,  William  D.,  179 

Portugal,  King  of,  47 

Potter,  Harriet,  204 

,  Harriet  Maria,  206 

,  John,  204 

Powell-Leslie,  Charles,  43 

,  Christine,  48 

Pownall,  Stanislaus,  157 

Pratt,  Elizabeth,  110 

,  William,  110 

Pray,  Mary,  100 

Preble,  Adeline,  184 

,  Alice,  184 

,  Eben,  182,  184 

,  Ebenezer,  28,  182,  183 

,  Edward,  5,  7,  16,  23, 

28,  30,  134,  136, 
181,  182,  183,  184 

,  Edward  Deer  ing,  181, 

183 

,  Edward  Henry,  184 

,  Ellen  Bangs,  184 

,  Enoch,  28,  182,  183 

,  Frances  Arnica,  184 

,  Francis,  182 

,  George  Henry,  182, 184 

,  Harriet,  184 

,  Henry,  182,  183 

,  Henry  Oxnard,  184 

,  Jedediah,  182,  183 

,  John, 183 

,  Joshua,  28,  183 

,  Lucy,  183 

,  Martha,  182,  183 

,  Mary,  184 

,  Samuel,  183 

,  Statira,  182,  183 

,  William,  183 

Prentiss,  Annie,  90 

,  John,  89 

Prime,  Nathaniel,   195 

,  Rufus,  195 

,  T.,  195 

Primrose,  Elizabeth,  78 

Quin,  Lavina,  200 

Radford,  John,  186 
Radstack,  Lord,  141 
Raikes,  H.,  50 
Raleigh,  Carew,  186,  187 

,  George,  186 

, John, 186 

,  Margaret,  186 

,  Mary,  186 

,  Walter,  5,  18,  185,  186, 

187 

Ray,  Sybil,  194 
Raymond,  Elizabeth,  168 

,  Joshua,  194 

Read,  Caroline  Laurens,  124 
Reed,  David,  50 

.  Franklin,  110 

,  Lucy  Franklin,  110 


Remington,  Mary,  206 
Rennie,  Elizabeth,  75 
Reynolds,  Elizabeth,  168 

,  Thomas,  168 

Rhett,  Catherine,  213 

Mary,  213 

Sarah,  213 

,  William,  22,  212,  213, 

214 

Rhinelander,  John,  206 
Rhodes,  Mary,  100,  134 
Rice,  Edward,  128 

,  Hon.  George,  128 

,  Henrietta,  128 

,  Hon.  Maria,  128 

,  Sarah  Parker,  73 

Richards,  G.,   170 
Richardson,  Sir  John,  102 
Ricketts,  Mary,  108 

,  William  Henry,  108 

Ringgold,  Dr.  James,  136 
Roberts,  Capt.  Francis,  93 

,  Jack,  93 

,  Joe,  93 

Rochelle,  J.  N.,  211 
Rodgers,  Alexander,   169 

,  Alexander  Perry,  169 

,  Ann  Minnie,  169,  190 

,  Augustus      Frederick, 

169,  190 

,  Christopher  Randolph 

Perry,  30,  167,  169 

,  Elizabeth,  169 

,  Elizabeth  Jacobs,  39 

,  Frederica,  169 

,  Frederick,     169,     170, 

189,  190 

,  George  Washington, 

19,  22,  30,  69,  162, 
165,  169,  189,  191 

,  Helen,  169 

,  Henry,  169,  189 

,  James,  39 

,  Jane,  170 

,  Jerusha,   169 

,  Admiral  John,  5,  7,  18, 

22,  23,  26,  30,  62, 
71,  72,  168,  169, 

170,  187,  188,  189, 

190,  203 

John  Augustus,  169, 170 

John  F.,  169 

Louise,  169 

Mary,  169 

Rebecca,  169 

Robert,  169,  189 

Sarah,  169 

Thomas  Reynolds,  169 

Thomas  Slidell.  169 

William  Pinkney,  169, 

189 

Rodney,  Sir  George,  74 
,  George  Bridges,  5,  18, 

192,   196,  201 

de  Rohan,  William,  8,  64,  67 
Rokeby,  Lord,  117 
Rolle,  Margaret,  116 
Ross,  Sir  John  Lockhart,  75 


228 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


Rotch,  William,  206 
Rous,  Augusta,  58 

,  John  E.  Cornwallis,  58 

Rowan,  James,  66,  67,  175 

,  Martha,  65,  67 

,  Stephen  Clegg,  66 

Ruggles,  Elizabeth,  45 
Rupert,  Prince,  47,  105 
Ruperta,  Princess,  105 
Rush,  Benjamin,  205 

,  James,  206 

,  Richard,  206 

Russell,  Alexander  George,  117 

,  Cosmo  George,  117 

,  Edward,   116 

,  Francis,  116 

,  Francis  John,  116 

,  George  William,  116 

,  Henry,  117 

,  John,   Duke   of    Bed- 
ford, 115 

,  William,  116,  148 

,  W.  C.,  60 

-,  Wriothley,  116 


Rutherford,  Daniel,  76 
Ruthven,  Anne,  78 

,  James,  Lord,  78 

,  John,  78 

Rylands,  W.,  109 

Sands,  Comfort,  193,  194 

,  Cornelia,  195 

,  Eliza,  193,  195 

,  Ferdinand,  193,  195 

-,  James,  194 


,  John,  194 

,  Joseph,  195 

,  Joshua,  193 

,  Adm.  Joshua  Ratoon, 

5,  18,  164,  193,  194, 

195 
,  Louis  Joseph,  193, 194, 

195 

,  Mercy,  194 

,  Sarah,  194 

Saumarez,  Amelia,  197 

,  Anne,  197 

,  Carteret,  197 

,  Charlotte,  197 

,  James,  6,  6,  18,  196, 

197 

,  John, 197 

,  John  de,  197 

,  John  St.  Vincent,  197 

,  John  Thomas,  197 

,  Martha,  197 

,  Mary,  197 

Matthew,  197 


-,  Nicholas,  197 
-,  Philip,  197 
-,  Richard,  197 
-,  Thomas,  197 


Saxton,  Mercy,  71,  72 
Scarth,  Katharina  M.,  214 
Scharf,  J.,  55,  111 
Schley,  Commodore,  172 
Scott,  E.,  85 
,  Gen.  Winfield,  207 


Scott,  Major  Sylvanus,  99 

,  Sir  William,  105 

Scrope,  Anabella,  105 

,  Lady  Anabella,  105 

,  Emanuel,       Earl      of 

Sunderland,  106 
,  John,  Earl  of  Rutland, 

105 

Scudder,  Mary  T.,  3 
Selden,  Mary  Mason,  110 
Selkirk,  Lord,  112,  114 
Selwood,  — ,  92 
Semmes,  Benedict,  199 

,  Oliver  J.,  199 

,  Raphael,  5,  7,  18,  123, 

197,  199 
,  Richard      Thompson, 

199 

,  Samuel  Middleton,  199 

,  Thomas  Jenkins,  199 

Sergeant,  Frances,  169 
Seymour,  Albert,  201 

,  Augusta,  201 

,  Caroline,  200 

,  David,  200 

,  Sir  Edward,  186,  201 

,  Edward  Hobart,  5,  7, 

18,  23,  200,  201 

,  Elizabeth,  200 

,  Ellen,  200 

,  Frances,  200 

,  Henry,  201 

,  Jane,  200 

,  Rev.  John,  200 

,  John,  201 

,  John  Hobart,  201 

,   John  Hobart   Culme, 

200 

,  Mary,  200 

,  Michael,  23 

,  Sir  Michael,  200 

,    Sir    Michael    Culme, 

200,  201 

,  Richard,  200 

,  Richard  Arthur,  201 

Walter  Richard,  201 


,  William  Hobart,  200 

Shairp,  Catherine,  130 

,  Sir  Stephen,  130 

Shakespeare,  William,  203 
Shaler,  Lucy  Ann,  121 

,  Nicholas,  121 

Sherman,  A.,  150 

,  Roger,  89 

Shine,  Elizabeth,  82 

,  John,  82 

Shippen,  R.,  153 
Skeeler,  Jane,  42 

,  Rev.  Thomas,  42 

Skeffington,  Admiral,   132 
Skelton,  James,  110 

,  Sally,  110 

,  Sarah,  146 

Slidell,  Jane,  169 

,  John, 169 

,  Julia,  169 

Smith,  Hon.  Albert,  62,  63 
,  Sir  Albert  Jones,  63 


Smith,  Augusta,  66,  200 
,  Lady  Caroline  Mary, 

202 

,  Charles,  200 

.Charles  Douglass,  202 

,  Sir     Charles     Joshua, 

200 

,  Cordelia  Miller,  62 

,  Capt.  Cornelius,  202 

,  Drummond,  200 

,  Edward,  201,  202 

,  Edward  Herbert,  202 

,  Elizabeth,  63,  128 

.Elizabeth  Winkle,   20, 

62,  63 

,  Frances,  200 

,  Gilbert  Joshua,  201 

,  Jane  Read,  63 

,  John,  200,  201,  202 

,  John  Spencer,  202 

,  Joseph  Bass,  62,  63 

,  Josiah,  63 

,  Lucy,  102 

,  Margaret  Sprague,  63 

,  Maria  Louisa,  200 

,  Mary,  73 

,  Mary  Butler,  61,  62 

,  Rev.  Orlando,  201 

,  Sarah  Barker,  63 

,  Seymour  Spencer,  201 

,  Spencer,  200 

,  Rev.  Thomas,  63 

,  William  A.,  66,  67 

,  W.  B.,  150 

,  Sir  William  Rumbold, 

202 
,  W.  Sidney,  5,  6,  18,  29, 

201,  202 
Smyth,  W.,  42 
Sneddle,  Hugh,  186 
Snell,  Hannah,  28 
Soley,  J.  R.,  176,  177,  180 
Somerby,  H.,  46 

,  Capt.  Joseph,  73 

Southey,  Robert,  140 
Southwell,  Catherine,  116 

,  Sir  Edward,  115,  116 

,  Elizabeth,  116 

,  Sophia,  116 

Sparnon,  Judith,  158 
Spencer,  Anne  Elizabeth,  198, 

199 
,    Oliver    Marlborough, 

198,  199 

Sprague,  Margaret,  62 
Spriddle,  Lieutenant,  159 
Stafford,  John,  41 
Stanforth,  Margaret,  103 
Stanley,  Edward,  102 

,  Lord  James,  102 

Stanley,  Lucy,  102 
Stapleton,  Catherine,  95 

,  Robert,  95 

St.  Clair,  General,  120,  121 

,  Col.  de,  202 

Stebling,  V.,  187 
Stephenson,  Augustus,  117 
,  Elizabeth,  38 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


229 


Stephenson,  Henry,  116 

,  Sussex,  117 

Stewart,  Col.  Wm.,  141 

Stirling,  K.,  117 

Stockton,  Abigail,  205,  206 

,  Annis,  206 

,  Caroline,  206 

,  Catherine     Elizabeth, 

206 

,  Charles,  206 

,  Charles  C.,  206 

,  Edward,  206 

,  Harriet  M.,  206 

,  Howard,  206 

,  John,  204,  205 

,  John  Potter,  206 

,  Lucius,  206 

,  Lucius  Horatio,  205 

,  Lucius  W.,  206 

,  Mary,  206 

,  Mary  Elizabeth,  206 

,  Rev.  Philip,  205 

,  Philip  Augustus,  206 

,  Rebecca,  206 

,  Richard,  204,  205,  206 

,  Robert  Field,  5,  6,  18, 

22,    29,    203,    204, 

206 

,  Samuel,  206 

,  Samuel  Witham,  205, 

206 
,  Susan,  205 


-,  T.  C.,  205 


Stopford,  Sir  Robert,  100,  102 
Stout,  Lucy,  119 
Street,  Caroline,  90 

,  Mary,  89 

Strickland,  Margaret,  57 
Strong,  Martha,  108 
Stuart,  Anne,  78 
Stuart,  Charles,  128 
Stuart,  Jane,  57 
Sturgis,  Mrs.  E.,  46 
Sturman,  — ,  152 
Sturman,  Mary,  153 
St.  Vincent,  Earl  of,  81 
Suckling,  Anna  Maria,  147 

,  Catherine,   146 

,  Rev.  John,  147 

,  Maurice.   2,    20,'   137, 

144,  146,  147 

,  Richard,  146 

,  Robert,  146,  147 

,  Robert  George,  147 

,  William,  146,  147 

,  William  Benjamin,  146, 

147 
Sullivan,  Felix,  55 

,  Felix,  R.,  55 

,  Franklyn      Buchanan, 

53,  55 

,  Mary,  55 

,  Nannie,  55 

,  Rev.  Thomas  B.,  46 

Button,  Elizabeth,  128 
Swynfen,  John,  108 

,  Mabella,  108 

,  Mary,  108 


Symonde,  Margaret,  48 

Talbot,  Baron,  128 

,  Commander,  136 

,  Charles  John,  44 

,  Mary  Anne,  28 

,  Sir  Reginald,  44 

,  William,  Earl,  128 

Talcott,  Elizur,  72 

,  George,  72 

,  Hannah,  73 

,  Mary,  73 

,  Nehemiah,  73 

,  Samuel,  72,  73 

,  S.  V.,  73 

Tallman,  Martha,  118 
Tarbox,  Betsy,  78 
Tarleton,  Sir  Banastre,  188 
Tart,  William,  75 
Tattnall,  Edward  Fenwick,  210 

,  John,  210 

,  Josiah,  5,  18,  23,  109, 

207,  208,  209,  210 
Taylor,  Alexina,  111 

,  Gen.,  151 

,  Harriet,  169 

,  Jane,  170 

,  John,  37 

,  Col.  Joseph,  169 

,  Montgomery     Meigs, 

170 

Teackle,  —  ,   153 
Ten  Eyck,  Commissioner,  204 
Tenney,  S.,  62 
Tennyson,  Lord  Alfred,  92 
Thompson,  B.,  195 
Thompson,    Hon.    John   Ren- 

shaw,   206 

Thrale,  Hester  Maria,  78 
Tiffany,  George,  169 
Todd,  Rev.  A.,  90 
Toppan,  Hannah,  150 
Townsend,  John  Thomas,  116 
Traill,  H.,  92 
Trelawny,  Sir  John,  20,  96,  97 

,  June,  97 

,  Roger,  97 

Trench,  Lady  Elizabeth,  132 
Trenchard,  Edward,  193,  195 

,  George,  194 

,  James,  194 

,  Stephen  D.,  193,  194, 

195 

Tromp,  Cornelius  Van,  211 
,  Martin  Harperts,  5,  6, 

18,  29,  47,  210 
Trott,  Mary,  213 

,  Nicholas,  213 

Trotter,  Sir  Coutts,  116 

,  Susan,  116 

Troubridge,  John,   140 
Truxton,  — ,  188 
Tuberville,  John,  110 

,  Lettice  Corbin,  110 

Tucker,  Edgar,  184 

,  John,  109,  124,  211 

,  John  Randolph,  5,  7, 

18,  211 


Tufton,  Catherine,  116 

,  Lady  Margaret,  115 

Turner,  Anne,  146 

,  Sir  Charles,  146 

Turton,  Elizabeth,  108 

,  John,  108 

,  Sir  John,  109 

,  Margaret,  108 

Tuttle,  C.,  187 

,  Mary,  156 

Twistleton,    Hon.     Cassandra, 

109 

Tyler,  President  John,  204 
Tyndall,  Proncy,  73 

Upshur,  Abel  Parker,  152,  153, 

204 
,    George   Parker,    162, 

153 

,  Littleton,  152,  153 

Usher,  S.,  121 

Vance,  John,  121 

,  Mary,  121 

,  Samuel,  21,  121 

Vandergrift,  L.,  121 
Vane,  Lady  Francis,  106 
VanWyck,  Anne  Stedman,  39 
Victoria,  Queen,  116,  193 
Vinton,  Abiathar,  67 

,  Rev.  Francis,  169 

,  Hon.  Samuel  F.,  67 

Waddy,  Isaac,  39 

Wade,  Annie  McKean,  55 

,  Col.  Richard,  55 

,  Robert  Buchanan,  55 

Walker,  Sarah,  194 

,  Gen.  William,  149,  154, 

193 
Wallace,  Alexander,  168 

,  Charles,  168 

,  James,  168 

,     James    (Lord    Dun- 

donald),  168 

,  Sir  Richard,  168 

,  Robert,  168 

,  Sarah  Alexander,  168 

,  William,   168 

,  William  Bailey,  168 

Waller,  Sir  Jonathan,  105 

Walling,  R.,  98 

Walpole,  Galfridus,  20,  146 

,  Harriet,  103 

,  Horatio,  103,  146 

,  Maria,  116 

,  Mary,  146 

,  Robert,  116,  146 

,  Sir  Robert,  20,  146 

,  S.,  117 

Ward,  Rear-Admiral  Aaron,  71 

,  Abigail,  155 

,  Benjamin,  155 

,  Caleb,  155 

,  Esther,  155 

,  Capt.  James  214 

,  John,  21,  155 

,  Mary,  166 


230 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Ward,  Nelson,  144 

,  Philip,  144,  147 

,  Phoebe,  156 

,  Samuel,  98 

,  Susanna,  84,  85 

Washington,  George,  40,  51,  53, 
104 

,  Jane,  213 

Watson,  Lieut.  Arthur,  136 
-,  Catherine,  115 


-,  Edward,  115 
-,  Elizabeth.  54,  74 
-,  Marmaduke,  54 
-,  Mary,  200 
-,  Richard,  200 


Wattles,  Sophia,  182,  183 
Watts,  Francis  Holland,  38 
Webb,  Jonathan,  183 

,  Susanna,  147 

Webster,  Daniel,  88 
Weld,  Anna  M.,  160 

,  Isabella,  106 

Wellesley,  Sir  Arthur,  77 
Wellington,  Duke  of,  1 
West,  Rt.  Hon.   Sir  Algernon, 
116 

,  A.,  117 

,  Jane  Elizabeth,  116 

,  Gilbert,  117 

,  Martin  J.,  116 

Westcott,  Damaris,  168 
Wharton,  Lucy,  67 
Whinyates,  Edward,  213 

,  Francis,  213 

-,  Frederick,  213 


,  Sir  Thos.,  213 

Whipple,  Abigail,  99 


Whitbreak,  Juliana,  117 
Whitehall,  Anne,  108 
Whittle,  Captain,  111 
Whittlesley,  Henry,  90 
Wickenden,  Rev.  William,  99 

,  Plain,  99 

Wilkes,  Charles,  134,  167 
Wilkinson,  Benjamin,  100,  137 

,  I,  100 

,  John,  99 

,  Joseph,  100 

,  Lydia,  134 

,  Mary,  202 

,  Pinkney,  202 

,  Ruth,  99 

,  Samuel,  99 

,  Susanna,  100 


-,  William,  99 


William,  King  I,  115 
William  IV,  60 
Williams,  Catherine,  205 

,  Humphrey,  48 

,  Sarah,  48 

Wilson,  Hugh,  184 
Winckly,  John,  101 

,  Margaret,  102 

Winniett,  Alexander,  215 

,  Anne,  215 

Winslow,  Benjamin,  212,  213 

,  Catherine  A.,  212,  214 

,  Chilton  R.,  214 

,  Eben  E.,  212,  214 

,  Edward,  212,  213 

,  Edward  D.,  214 

,  Frances  A.,  214 

-,  Herbert,  212,  214 


-,  James  H.,  214 


Winslow,   John   A.,   5,   7,    18, 

22,  29,  212,  214 
-,Mary  C.,  214 


-,  William  R.,  214 


Winston,  John,  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough,  106 
Winthrop,  Marianne,  159 
Wirt,  William,  152 
Wodehouse,  Anne,  146 
Wolseley,  Cosby  W.,  215 

Elizabeth,  215 

Field  Marshal,  214 

Garnet  T.,  215 

John  H.,  215 

Mary  T.,  215 

Robert,  215 

Capt.  Richard,  214,  215 

Sydney  A.,  215 

,  W.,  5,  6,   18,  23,   29, 

42,  214,  215 


,  W.  N.,  19,  214,  215 

Wood,  Marianne,  129 
Woodbury,  Eliphalet,  52 
Woodward,  E.,  55 

,  Frances,  147 

,  Dr.  Theodore,  173 

Wootton,  — ,   156 
Worth,  R.  N.,  98 
Wright,  Canon,  92 

,  Frances,  182,  183 

,  Sir  James,  213 

,  Rev.  Richard,  92,  213 

,  Robert,  213 

,  Sarah,  213 

Wrottesley,  G.,  102 

Yeomans,  Prudence,  73 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Abercorn,  106 

Aboukir,  Egypt,  77 

Aboukir  Bay,  138 

Accomac  County,  Va.,  151,  152 

Acre,  Syria,  58,  100 

Adelaide,  Aus.,  84 

Adriatic  Sea,  103 

Agincourt,  20 

Agra,  98 

Alabama,  73,  212 

Albany,  N.  Y.,  73,  90,  96,  111, 

180 

Albemarle,  115,  116,  117 
Albemarle  Sound,  60 
Aldershot,  Eng.,  106 
Alexandria,  Egypt,  42,  77,  103 
Alexandria,  Va.,  182,  203,  211 
Algeciras,  196 
Algiers,  20,  21,  62,  69,  79,  116, 

133,  158,  167,  183,  203,  215 
Alps,  70 
Alvarado,  193 
Amazon  River,  211 


Amboy,  204,  206 

Annapolis,  Md.,  39,  44,  46,  51, 

52,  53,  70,  73,  86,  111,  134, 

136,  151,  153,  155,  156,  160 
Annapolis  Royal,  Nova  Scotia, 

214,  215 
Annsfield,    Lanarkshire,    Eng., 

56 

Antigua,  138,  205 
Argentine,  61 
Argyle,  Scotland,  56 
Arizona,  61 
Armagh,  Ireland,  132 
Assaye,  77 
Australia,  83,  84,  85,  91,  145, 

147,  174 
Austria,  22 
Azores,  185 

Badajoz,  Spain,  214 
Bahamas,  212 
Balearic  Islands,  111 
Ballston  Spa,  62 


Baltic  Sea,  93,  197 
Baltimore,  Md.,  26,  37,  38,  39, 

53,  54,  55,  156,  187,  190, 

193,  203 
Bantry  Bay,  96 
Barbadoes,  15,  100,  105 
Barbary  States,  36,  68,  88,  178, 

181,  193,  211 
Barcelona,  81 
Barfleur,  Cape,  43 
Barnstable,  201 
Bass  Strait,  83 
Bastia,  Corsica,  138 
Batavia,  41 
Beaufort,  N.  C.,  193 
Bedford,  115,  116 
Beechey  Island,  91 
Behring  Strait,  191 
Belle  Isle,  67,  68 
Bengal,  India,  78 
Bennington,  Vt.,  72 
Bergen-Op-Zoom,  115 
Berlin,  116 


NAMES   OP   PLACES. 


231 


Bermuda,  19,  211 

Berne,  Switzerland,  202 

Bladensburg,  Md.,  207 

Block  Island,  194 

Bombay,  78,  145 

Bonaventure,  Ga.,  207 

Boston,  Eng.,  21,  130 

Boston,  Mass.,  15,  39,  44,  58, 
61,  62,  68,  70,  83,  89,  90, 
95,  96,  104,  108,  121,  130, 
134,  148,  155,  160,  161, 
170,  172,  177,  183,  184, 
187,  192,  197,  199,  203, 
207,  212 

Bosworth  Field,  186 

Botany  Bay,  83,  174 

Boulogne,  41 

Bowdoin,  149,  182 

Brazil,  20,  47,  56,  191 

Brest,  59,  76,  77,  83,  112,  127, 
196,  197 

Brewster,  Mass.,  183 

Bridgewater,  Eng.,  47,  48 

Bristol,  R.  I.,   168 

British  New  Guinea,  133 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  87,  164,  162, 
167,  172,  173,  193 

Browsholme,  108 

Bucks  County,  Pa.,  66 

Bucks,  Eng.,  116 

Buenos  Ayres,  134 

Bundelkhand,  India,  92 

Burlington,  N.  J.,  54,  65,  118, 
119,  205 

Burnham  Thorpe,  County  of 
Norfolk,  Eng.,  137 

Bury,  102 

Cadiz,  Spain,  51,  59,  156,  185, 

196 

Cairo,  Egypt,  77 
Cairo,  III.,  212 
Calcutta,  India,  133 
California,  34,  111,  190,  204 
Callao,  204 

Cambridge,  103,  144,  146,  148 
Cambridge,  Eng.,  125 
Cambridgeshire,  Eng.,  145 
Camden,  N.  J.,  204,  206 
Camelford,  202 

Campbell's  Station,  Term.,  79 
Canada,  74,  91,  116,  117,  118, 

119,  127,  129,  141,  206 
Canterbury,  Eng.,  145 
Canton,  China,  84,  87,  159,  200 
Canton  River,  88,  200 
Cape  Breton,  192 
Cape  Fear  River,  122 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  41,  53,  74, 

75,  77,  84,  100,  116 
Cape  Hatteras,  193 
Cape  Horn,  53 
Cape  Leeuwin,  83 
Cape  Mesurado,  Africa,  203 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  59,  74,  193, 

201 

Cape  Tiburon,  165 
Cape  Town,  Africa,  76 


Cape  Verde  Islands,  44 
Capri,  201 
Cardigan,  105 
Carolina,   117 
Caroline  Islands,  200 
Carsethorne,  Scotland,  113 
Carthage,  27 
Carthagenia,  47 
Castleton,  Vt.,  173 
Ceylon,  147,214 
Chancellorsville,  66 
Chapultepec,  165,  169 
Charles  Co.,  Md.,  198 
Charleston,  S.  C.,  66,  76,  127, 

196,  204,  206,  211,  212 
Chatham,  42 
Chelmsford,  97 
Chelsea,  Eng.,  49,  116 
Chenies,  Eng.,  116 
Cherbourg,  197,  212 
Chesapeake  Bay,  37,  134,  201 
Cheshire,  Conn.,  88,  89,  90 
Chester,  Pa.,  54,  175,  177,  180 
Chicago,  111.,  20,  61,  62,  206 
Chile,  65,  191,  211 
China,  42,  98,   100,   109,   117, 

125,  191,  200,  208,  212 
China  Sea,  114 
Chippewa,  110 
Cincinnati,  O.,  199 
Clarke  Co.,  Va.,  109 
Cleveland,  O.,  170,  190 
Colorado  Springs,  67 
Columbia  Co.,  N.Y.,  173 
Columbus,  O.,  20,  62 
Concord,  N.  H.,  161 
Coningsby,  Lincolnshire,  Eng., 

92 

Connecticut,  23,  88,  89 
Constantinople,  100,  178,  179, 

201,  202 
Contreras,  136 
Copenhagen,  20,  91,  93,   139, 

141,  143 
Corsica,  143 
Cortland,  West  Chester  Co., 

N.  Y.,  154 
Coshan,  133 
County  Tyrone,  145 
Cowes,  Eng.,  209 
Craney  Islands,  207 
Cristophe,  187,  189 
Cuba,  27,  137,  172,  206,  208, 

209 

Culloden,  115 
Cumberland,  Md.,  88,  199 
Curacoa  Islands,  194 

Dacca,  159 
David's  Island,  111 
Deans  Yard,  Eng.,  127 
Delafield,  Waukesha  Co.,  Wis., 

60 
Delaware,   21,  39,  53,  54,  55, 

121,  168,  180,  204 
Denmark,  139 
Derby,  Conn.,  81,  102 
Derbyshire,  117 


Des  Moines,  65 

Detroit,  90 

Devon,  Eng.,  19,  98,  185,  186 

Devonshire,  Eng.,  185 

Dinwiddie  Court  House,  Va., 

136 

Dogger  Bank,  196 
Dorchester,  Mass.,  46 
Dorset,  Eng.,  93 
Dover,  Eng.,  17,  47,  156,  158, 

201 

Down  Co.,  Ireland,  215 
Downes,  Eng.,  210 
Drury's  Bluff,  211 
Dry  Tortugas,  207 
Dublin,  Ire.,  66,  123,  124,  132, 

168 

Dumfries,  114 
Dundalk,  Ire.,  132 
Dundas,  75 
Dundee,  Farfarshire,  Scotland, 

74,  75 

Dunkerque,  210 
Dutch  West  Indies,  51 

East  Indies,  42,  74,  76,  86,  87, 
92,  98,  128,  137,  147,  200, 
214 

Edinburgh,  Scotland,  76,  77, 
110 

Egypt,  41,  77,  138,  201 

Elba,  138 

Elizabeth  City,  151 

En  caster,  146 

England,  20,  21,  23,  25,  27,  40, 
41,  46,  47,  49,  50,  65,  72, 
73,  76,  77,  83,  84,  91,  93, 
95,  97,  98,  99,  100,  104, 
112,  115,  116,  117,  123, 
129,  134,  136,  137,  138, 
139,  140,  142,  143,  145, 
148,  158,  168,  174,  185, 
189,  192,  194,  196,  197, 
198,  201,  202,  203,  206, 
207,  208,  209,  210,  211 

English  Channel,  95,  100,  104, 
107,  142,  148,  183 

Erie,  Pa.,  61 

Exeter,  116 

Exmouth,  Eng.,  185,  186 

Falkland  Islands,  42,  133 

Falmouth,  Me.,  158,  181,  183 

Fatshan,  China,  114 

Fayetteville,  N.  C.,  124 

Fife,  Scotland,  78 

Finland,  65 

Flatbush,  N.  Y.,  154 

Florida,  N.  Y.,  136 

Flushing,  N.  Y.,  8 

Fontenoy,  115 

Fort  Charles,  Jamaica,  202 

Fort  Columbus,  87 

Fort  Donelson,  87,  155 

Fort  Fisher,   61,  66,  70,   152, 

155,  175,  182 
Fort  Henry,  87,  111 
Fort  Jackson,  46,  79,  80,  84 


232 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 


Fort  Pickens,  Fla.f  175 

Fort  Powell,  160 

Fort  San  Juan,  137 

Fort  St.  Philip,  46,  71,  79,  80, 
175 

Fort  Sumter,  190,  211 

Fortress  Monroe,  154 

France,  21,  25,  40,  51,  59,  64, 
68,  69,  77,  91,  95,  107,  112, 
113,  126,  134,  136,  137, 
157,  158,  160,  182,  183, 
186,  202 

Frankfurt,  Germany,  174 

Fredonia,  62 

Friendly  Isles,  174 

Gallinos,  193 

Galveston,  Texas,  81 

Gefle,  Sweden,  65 

Geneva,  116 

Genoa,  41,  186 

Georgia,  19,  89,  111,  208,  209, 

210,  213 

Georgetown,  D.  C.,  38,  199 
Germantown,  152 
Gettysburg,  66,  151,  153,  156 
Gibraltar,  37,  38,  103,  104,  106, 

107,  191,  198,  203,  210 
Gilling,  95 

Glastonbury,  Conn.,  72 
Gleneagles  Co.,  Perth,  Scotland, 

74 

Gloucester,  Eng.,  200 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  115,  128, 193 
Grand  Lake,  La.,  199 
Great  Barrier  Reef,  84 
Great  Britain,  50,  102,  117 
Great  Lakes,  164 
Greece,  66 
Greenland,  91 
Greenwich,    Eng.,    78,   93,  94, 

108,  174,  192 
Greytown,  134 
Guernsey  Islands,  196,  197 
Guiana,  19,  164,  185,  187 
Guinea,  96 

Haddington,  128,  129 

Hague,  125 

Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  50,  51, 

148,  208 
Hampton   Roads,   53,   62,   63, 

151,  193,  207,  211 
Hants,  Eng.,  115 
Harford  Co.,  Md.,  187 
Harper's  Ferry,  66 
Harrow,  Eng.,   192 
Hartford,  Conn.,  136,  170 
Hatteras  Inlet,  N.  C.,  152 
Havana,  21,  82,  104,  115,  136, 

165,  172,  175,  208 
Havre,  France,  201 
Havre  de  Grace,  26,  189 
Hawaii,  204 
Hesse,  15 

Hilborough,  Norfolk,  146 
Hilton  Head,  S.  C.,  193 
Hobart  Town,  91 


Hochkirch,  77 

Holland,   25,   36,   37,   56,  103, 

115,  162,  168 
Hong  Kong,  70,  169 
Honolulu,  86,  135,  204 
Hopkinton,  Merrimack  Co.,  160 
Hudson  Bay,  91,  153 
Huggate,  County  York,  197 
Huntington,  Long  Island,  154 

India,  44,  76,  77,  92,  106,  109, 
114,  116,  127,  129,  136, 
142,  143,  145,  168,  202 

Indian  Ocean,  158,  199 

Ingoldsthorpe,  103 

Ireland,  42,  43,  102,  106,  116, 
117,  121,  126,  128,  131, 
132,  158,  168,  185,  186 

Island  Number  10,  87 

Italy,  64,  103,  138,  182 

Jackson,  Miss.,  71 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  100 
Jalapa,  199 
Jamaica,  W.  I.,  39,  83,  90,  112, 

127,  137,  192,  214 
James  River,  198,  211 
Japan,  53,  125,  162,  166 
Java,  9 

Jersey,  Island  of,  197 
Johnson,  Vt.,  70 

Kansas  City,  39 

Kennebec,  187 

Kent  Island,  158 

Kentucky,  38 

Khartoum,  106 

Kilkenny  Co.,  Ireland,  215 

Kincardine-on-Forth,  77 

Kinderhook,  Columbia  Co., 
N.  Y.,  172 

King  George's  Sound,  83 

Kingston,  Jamaica,  126 

Kingston,  R.  I.,  22 

Kinsdale,  Iceland,  47 

Kirkbean,  Kirkcudbright,  Scot- 
land, 112 

Kirkee,  77 

Kittery,  Me.,  148,  181,  183 

Knoxville,  79 

Knyzna,  Africa,  49 

Korea,  191 

La  Guayra,  104,  201 

Laguna,   193 

Lake  Champlain,  46,  62,  120, 

154,  157 
Lake  Erie,  110,  163,  164,  165, 

170 

Lake  George,  135 
Lake  Ontario,  193 
Lake  Pontchartrain,  82 
Leeward  Islands,  192,  201 
Leghorn,  211 
Leicester  Co.,  Eng.,  106,  115, 

116,  117 
Leith,  Scotland,  113 


Lewkner,  Eng.,  41 

Lexington,  Mass.,  73,  148 

Liberia,  87,  162,  203 

Lichfield,  133 

Lincoln,  116 

Lincoln's  Inn,  95 

Lissa,  102 

Liverpool,  25,  37,  136,  188 

London,  Eng.,  44,  48,  50,  58, 
60,  76,  84,  85,  89,  92,  94, 
96,  98,  99,  101,  102,  103, 
104,  105,  106,  109,  111, 
117,  119,  129,  132,  133, 

140,  145,    147,    148,    159, 
174,    185,    187,    197,   201, 
202,  210,  211 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  64,  88,  149, 

178 

Longwood,  Mass.,  44 
Los  Angeles,  204 
Louisburg,  21,  150,  192 
Louisiana,  34,  81,  82,  199 
Lucknow,  India,  214 

Machias,  Me.,  148,  150 

Mackenzie  River,  91 

Madras,  Spain,  13,  30,  31,  76, 

78,  91,  92,  159 
Magellan  Strait,  98 
Mahratta,  77 

Maine,  34,  134,  148,  149,  183, 

184,  187 

Majorca,  Balearic  Isles,  82 
Malaga,  133 
Malta,  201 
Manila,  70,  71,  136 
Mansfield,  Conn.,  138 
Mansfield,  Eng.,  57 
Marblehead,  Mass.,  26 
Mare  Island,  Cal.,  79 
Marquesas  Islands,  27,  177 
Marseilles,  France,  157 
Marston  Moor,  108 
Martinique,  138,  192 
Maryland,  10,  53,  54,  58,  95, 

168,  169,  198,  199 
Massachusetts,   23,    136,    179, 

181,  184 

Mauritius,  41,  84,  114 
Mediterranean  Sea,  23,  41,  42, 

47,  54,  55,  59,  61,  68,  69, 76, 

79,  86,  91,  97,   107,   120, 
127,    129,    136,    137,    138, 

141,  146,    151,    157,    160, 
162,    163,    175,    187,    188, 
198,   200,   201,   204,   207, 
208,  211 

Medway  River,  137 

Melanasia,  133 

Melville  Islands,  131 

Mercer  County,  55 

Meriden,  90 

Merrimac,  Mass.,  21,  162 

Mexico,   42,   64,   66,   79,    110, 

111,    169,    172,    175,    179, 

198,  199,  204 
Mexico    Gulf,    134,    136,   137, 

207 


NAMES   OF   PLACES. 


233 


Michigan,  73 

Milwaukee,  90 

Minnesota,  34 

Minorca,  Balearic  Isles,  82 

Mississippi,    23,    79,    81,    100, 

103,  175,  198,  206 
Missouri,  64,  55 

Mobile,  53,  79,  123,  198,  199 
Mobile  Bay,  81,  111,  160,  161, 

182,  184 

Modbury,  Eng.,  186 
Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  37 
Monterey,  Cal.,  204 
Montevideo,  131 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  70,  73 
Montreal,  Quebec,  63 
Morocco,  181,  187,  190 
Moscow,  116 
Mount  Washington,  183 

Nagasaki,  Japan,  166 

Naples,  49,  76,  93,   127,   138, 

141,  142,  162,  201 
Naseby,  108 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  123 
Nassau,  122 
Nebraska,  111 
Nevis,  West  Indies,  141 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  21,  53, 

155,  197,  204 
Newbury,  52 
Newburyport,    Mass.,    10,    51, 

148 
New  Castle  Co.,  Del.,  21,  120, 

121 

Newcastle-on-Tyne,  69 
New  England,  49,  72,  98,  99, 

123,  168,  187,  207 
Newfoundland,  127,  192 
New  Guinea,  133 
New  Hampshire,  73,  135,  149, 

160,  162 

New  Haven,  Conn.,  86,  90 
New  Jersey,  23,  99,  118,  204, 

205,  206,  215 
New   London,  Conn.,  40,    45, 

73,  90 
New  Orleans,  La.,  79,  81,  82, 

118,    160,    161,    175,    177, 

179,  184,  198 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  44,  99, 

100,    104,    125,    162,    163, 

164,  168 
New  Providence,  B.  W.  I.,  98, 

112 

New  River,  60 
New  South  Wales,  174 
Newton,  Long  Island,  121 
New  York,  25,  37,  39,  46,  61, 

52,  54,  60,  65,  67,  68,  69, 

73,  79,  83,  86,  90,  92,  98, 

104,  111,    114,    117,    119, 
121,    124,    125,    126,    130, 
134,    136,    148,    149,    151, 
153,    154,    155,    156,    162, 
168,    170,    173,    174,    175, 

180,  181,    188,    189,    193, 
194,195,199,206,211,215 


Nicaragua,  137,  143,  154,  193, 

206 

Nice,  76 
Nigeria,  131 
Nile   river,    20,  26,   103,   107, 

114,    132,    139,    141,    193, 

196 

Nith  river,  113 
Norfolk,  Va.,  66,  79,  82,  109, 

110,  111,    117,    126,    129, 
146,    152,    154,    193,    208, 
211 

Norrkoping,  Sweden,  65,  67 
Northampton,  Mass.,  46 
Northbeck,  108,  109 
North     Carolina,   34,    60,   66, 

82,  110,  111,  213 
North  Creek,  116 
Northeast  Passage,  186 
North  Sea,  188 
Northumberland  Co.,  110 
Northwest  Passage,  91 
Norwich,  Conn.,  73,  168,  170 
Norwich,  Eng.,  116,  154,  159 
Nova  Scotia,  19,  23,  134,  214, 

215 

Ohio,  62,  67 

Orford,  116,  141 

Oriel,  Eng.,  42 

Orinoco  river,  135 

Otsego,  N.  Y.,  136 

Oxford,  Eng.,  47,  92,  101,  125, 

126,  185,  187,  201 
Oxford,  N.  Y.,  168 

Padua,  47 

Palace,  Limerick  Co.,  200 

Palermo,  139,  182 

Panama,  151,  160,  175 

Paraguay,  160 

Paris,  France,  112,  113,  115, 
117,  141,  162,  182,  184,  185 

Pascagoula,  82 

Pawcatuck  river,   166 

Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  155 

Peiho  river,  208,  209 

Pekin,  China,  200,  208 

Pembroke,  Mass.,  63 

Pennsylvania,  53,  54,  99,  206 

Penobscot,  134,  181 

Pensacola,  Fla.,  46,  83,  175 

Perdido  River,  198 

Persia,  116 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  53 

Peru,  211 

Petersburg,  Va.,  211 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  36,  37,  38, 
40,  41,  54,  55,  64,  65,  66, 
67,  69,  70,  86,  88,  90,  104, 

111,  154,  156,  204,  205,  206 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  37,  38,  70,  126 
Plymouth,  Eng.,  37,  157,  158, 

200 
Plymouth,   Mass.,   62,   63,  76, 

83,  148 

Point  Judith,  164 
Poona,  77 


Port  Elizabeth,  Africa,  133 

Port  Hacking,  83 

Port  Hudson,  Miss.,  79,  80,  83 

Port  Isabel,  151 

Port     Jackson,     New     South 

Wales,  83,  160,  175 
Portland,  Me.,  148,  182,  184 
Port  Moresby,  133 
Porto  Rico,  178 
Port  Philips,  160 
Port  Royal,  132,  208 
Portsmouth,    Eng.,    114,    115, 

186,  200 
Portsmouth,    N.  H.,    79,    132, 

133,  134,  150 
Port  Sydney,  84 
Portugal,  25,  102,  174,  201 
Potomac  River,  134 
Pretoria,  76 

Prince  Edward  Islands,  202 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  36,  37,  66,  68, 

73,  162,  203,  204,  205,  206 
Providence,  R.  I.,  49,  90,  98,  99, 

100,  136,  168 
Prussia,  77 
Puerte  Plata,  88 

Quebec,  107,  137 
Queenstown,  135,  136 
Quiberon,  95,  104,  116 

Rangoon,  130 

Raritan,  N.  J.,  118,  204 

Red  River,  79 

Red  Sea,  133 

Rhode  Island,  49,  51,  69,  98, 

99,  100,  166,  168 
Richmond,  Va.,  Ill,  115,  153, 

198,  211 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  136,  200,  201, 

215 

Riviera,  138 

Roanoke  River,  60,  185,  193 
Rochester,  Stafford  Co.,  70,  83 
Rome,  28,  65,  66,  67,  204,  206 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  71, 90, 135, 136 
Russia,  22,  55,  77,  78,  112,  113, 

130,  139,  201 
Rutland,  90 

Sackett's  Harbor,  136 

Sag  Harbor,  26 

Saldanha  Bay,  76 

Salem,  26 

Salisbury,  Mass.,  51 

San   Domingo,    90,    127,    128, 

165,  187,  189 

Sandy  Hook,  136,  162,  177 
Sands  Point,  193,  194 
San  Francisco,   Cal.,   79,   111, 

151,  155,  204 
San  Juan,  100,  143,  175 
San  Mateo  Bay,  97 
San  Pedro,  204 
Santa  Cruz,  193 
Santiago,  170,  173,  212 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  72,  101,  102, 

168,  169 


234 


NAMES   OF   VESSELS. 


Savannah,  Ga.,  51,  53,  55,  207, 

208,  210 

Scarboro,  Me.,  148,  150 
Scituate,  R.  I.,  98,  135,  136 
Scotland,  23,  54,  71,  75,  77,  78, 

112,  117,  146,  168 
Sebastopo),  114,  159 
Seychelles  Islands,  41 
Sicily,  201 

Sidmouth,  Eng.,  185 
Sierra  Leone,  41,  106,  214 
Sinepuxent,     Worcester     Co., 

Md.,  68 
Sligo,  106 

Southampton,  Eng.,  154 
South  Carolina,  73,  152,   168, 

199,  206,  208,  210,  212,  213 
South  Kingston,  R.  I.,  163 
Spain,  8,  20,  25,  27,  56,  57,  65, 

70,  78,  97,  98,   107,   125, 

140,    149,    153,    170,    174, 

175,    191,    192,    202,    209, 

211 

Spencer  Gulf,  84 
Spilsby,  Lincolnshire,  Eng.,  91 
Springfield,  Mass.,  39 
Stafford  Co.,  Eng.,  108 
Staffordshire,  Eng.,  107,  109 
Staten  Island,  26 
St.  Bartholomew,  208 
St.  Eustatius,  W.  I.,  37 
Stirling,  Scotland,  46 
St.  George's  Bay,  41 
St.  Helena,  133 
St.  Jean  d'Acre,  201 
St.  Johns,  Newfoundland,  183, 

185 

St.  Lucia,  140,  192 
St.  Louis,  90 
St.  Mary's  Isle,  112,  114 
St.  Nevins  Island,  139 
Stockholm,  65,  67,  202 
Stonington,  Conn.,  72,  73 
St.  Paul,  Minn.,  68 
St.  Petersburg,  202 
St.  Thomas  Island,  36 
St.  Vincent,  84,  107,  109,  138, 

192,  196 
Suffolk,  58 
Sunderland,  105 
Surat,  98 
Surinam,  98,  187 
Surrey,  Eng.,  197 


Susquehanna,  188,  190 
Suttons,  Essex  Co.,  200 
Sweden,  25,  65,  130,  139 
Sydney,  Australia,  83,  84 
Syracuse,  27 

Tabasco,  136,  173 

Tacumshane,  Ire.,  40 

Tagus  River,  47,  201 

Tahiti,  83,  84 

Taku,  212 

Tampico,  Mexico,  212 

Tasmania,  83,  91 

Taunton,  Eng.,  47 

Tavistock,  116 

Teneriffe,  47,  88,  138 

Tennessee,  81,  82,  88 

Texas,  61,  123,  124,  149,  204, 

207 

Texel,  74 

Thames  River,  47,  149 
Thompson,  Conn.,  135 
Ticonderoga,  15,  23,  71,  72, 

73,    105 

Tobago,  112,  113 
Torres  Strait,  83,  84 
Toulon,  76,  93,  95,   138,   140, 

142,  201 
Trafalgar,    1,   20,   59,   91,   93, 

108,    139,    141,    142,    144, 

158,  159 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  40,  54,  118,  119, 

204 
Tripoli,  68,  69,  118,  134,  136, 

177,    181,    182,    190,    191, 

195 

Troy,  173,  187 
Tunis,  47,  166,  182,  187,  191 
Turkey,  36,  182 
Tuscany,  182 
Tuxpan,  175,  208,  209 
Typee,  177 

Upsala,  Sweden,  65 
Uraga,  Japan,  166 
Ushant,  192 
Utah,  34 

Valparaiso,  Chile,  67,  79,  80, 
97,  133,  177,  178,  191, 
207,  209 

Vancouver  Island,  100,  133 


Vera  Cruz,  53,  96,   175,   193, 

198,  207,  208,  214 
Vermont,  71,  73,  135,  173 
Vicksburg,  Miss.,  66,  68,  79, 175 
Virginia,  38,  79,  110,  111,  112, 

124,    126,    151,    152,    154, 

177,  183,  211 

Walby,  105 

Wales,  115 

Wasa,  65 

Washington,  D.  C.,  36,  53,  62, 
66,  67,  70,  87,  150,  151, 
153,154,170,175,190,191, 
193,  203,  206,  207,  211 

Waterford,  42,  43,  132 

Waterloo,  103,  114,  116 

Waterville,  Me.,  150 

Westfield,  Mass.,  73 

West  Indies,  23,  36,  40,  44,  51, 
52,  54,  58,  79,  82,  86,  88, 
90,  97,  98,  104,  107,  118, 
121,  127,  129,  133,  137, 
138,  140,  142,  143,  144, 
154,  163,  175,  177,  178, 
179,  183,  193,  194,  195, 
198,  207,  210 

Westminster,  127,  129,  201 

West  Point,  N.  Y.,  30,  61,  66, 
86,  111,  125,  126,  169 

Whitehaven,  112 

White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  122 

Wilmington,  N.C.,  122, 175, 212 

Wiltshire,  Eng.,  200 

Winchester,  Eng.,  116,  128 

Windsor,  116,  127,  128 

Windward  Isles,  41 

Winwick  Church,  100,  102 

Wisconsin,  20,  62 

Woodstock,  Conn.,  134,  135, 
136 

Worcester,  Eng.,  200 

Worcester,  Mass.,  44,  45,  46, 
170 

Wreck  Reef,  84 

Yokohama,  116 
York,  Eng.,  96,  127,  128,  159 
York,  Me.,  183 
Yorkshire,  127 
Yorktown,  20,  57 

Zanesville,  Ohio,  20,  62 


Adams,  134,  136,  163 
Agamemnon,  138 
Alabama,  123,  180,  182,  198 
Albemarle,  60,  61,  137 
Alcide,  201 
Alert,  177 
Alfred,  112 


NAMES  OF  VESSELS. 

Alliance,  40 
Alligator,  44,  55 
Amazon,  133,  158 
Amphitrite,  133 
Antelope,  196 
Apollo,  157 
Arkansas,  180 


Atlanta,  190 
Aurora,  179 
Avenger,  130 

Baltimore,  104 
Barclay,  80 
Barfleur,  59 


NAMES   OF  VESSELS. 


235 


Basilisk,  133 

Beaufort,  151 

Bellerophon,  83,  91,  117 

Belvidere,  188,  189,  203 

Berwick,  95 

Black  Prince,  40 

Blake,  62 

Blenheim,  78 

Bonaventure,  96 

Bon  Homme  Richard,  38,  112 

Boreas,  138,  145 

Brandywine,  134,  162,  167 

Bristol,  196 

Brittania,  42 

Brooklyn,  45,  46,  126,  173,  198 

Burford,  104 

Cabot,  99 

Caesar,  196 

Carleton,  157 

Caroline,  151 

Cayuga,  160 

Cecile,  122 

Centaur,  215 

Chatsworth,  86 

Cherub,  177 

Chesapeake,  46,  64,  110,  118, 

164 

Chicago,  125 
Chickasaw,  160 
Chippewa,  172 
Cleopatrie,  157 
Colorado,  46,  62 
Condor,  42 
Confederacy,  127 
Congress,  62,  63,  125,  151,  204 
Conqueror,  159 
Constellation,    121,    154,    177, 

187,  188,  198,  207 
Constitution,  36,  38,  44,  45,  88, 

90,  122,  134,  181,  189 
Cornwall,  104 

Countess  of  Scarborough,  112 
Crescent,  196 
Crusader,  122 

Cumberland,  151,  152,  154,  211 
Cyane,  160,  164 
Cyrene,  193 

Dash,  183 
Deerhound,  123 
Delight,  179 
Diana,  164 
Diligence,  148 
Dolphin,  122,  154 
Dorothea,  91 
Drake,  112,  113 
Droits  de  1'Homme,  158 

Eagle,  62,  192 

Effingham,  40 

Endymion,  69 

Enterprise,  68,  118,  120 

Erebus,  91 

Erie,  203,  207 

Esmeralda,  179 

Essex,  22,  79,  80,  177,  178,  179 

Experiment,  44,  51,  177,  178 


Falcon,  184 
Falmouth  Packet,  148 
Federal.  207,  208 
Fern,  212 
Florida,  122 
Fortune,  174 
Fox,  131 
Francis,  83 
Frolic,  169,  189 

Gabriel,  97 

Gaspe,  99 

General  Arnold,  61 

General  Greene,  165 

George,  51 

Glasgow,  98,  99 

Globe,  154 

Gorgan,  131 

Gosport,  76 

Grampus,  86 

Gregson,  51 

Guerriere,  88,  90,  134,  203 

Hannah,  51 
Hannibal,  148,  149 
Harmony,  187 
Hartford,  79 
Hatteras,  180 
Havana,  134 
Hawke,  98 
Hebe,  93 
Hector,  98 
Helena,  93 
Hinchenbrook,  137 
Hornet,  37 

Imperieuse,  129 
Indefatigable,  158 
Independence,  36 
Indiana,  126 
Inflexible,  198 
Intrepid,  51,  68,  131 
Investigator,  83,  91 
Invincible,  168 
Iowa,  169 

Jackal,  207 

Jane,  187 

Java,  36 

Jersey,  90,  136,  148,  179,  181 

John, 112 

John  Adams,  81,  86,  187 

Judith,  46 

Kearsarge,  62,  123,    182,   198, 

212 
Kennebec,  46 

Lackawanna,  160 
Lawrence,  165,  166,  167 
Leopard,  46,  164 
Lexington,  40 
L'Insurgente,    121,    177,    187, 

188,  189 
Lion,  146 

Little  Belt,  162,  188,  189 
Lowstoft,  137 


Macedonia,  69,  207 

Machias  Liberty,  148,  149 

Madison,  183 

Magnanime,  104 

Margaretta,  148,  149,  150 

Martha,  86 

Mary  Rose,  186 

Maumee,  60 

Merrimac,  39,  51,  53,  62,  63, 

109,  151,  208 
Meshboha,  36 
Meshouda,  69 
Minerva,  93 
Minnesota,  60 
Mishouri,  203 
Mississippi,  53,  70,  71 
Monarch,  74 
Monitor,  39,  53,  109,  151,  154, 

193,  208 
Montauk,  172 
Mutine,  93 

Nanny,  51 
Nassau,  123 
New  London,  160 
New  York,  172 
Niagara,  167 
Niger,  58 
Norfolk,  83 
Norwich,  74 
Nottingham,  196 
Nymphe,  157 

Ohio,  204 
Orient,  196 
Orion,  196 

Pallas,  112 

Patrick  Henry,  211 

Patriotic,  64 

Pawnee,  172 

Pennsylvania,  79,  211 

Perry,  44,  86,  167 

Petrel,  50,  184 

Philadelphia,  36,  68,  69,  120, 

134,  177,  181,  187 
Phoebe,  51,  177,  178 
Phoanix,  211 
Plantagenet,  203 
Plymouth,  64 
Polyphemus,  91 
Portsmouth,  87 
Potomac,  151 
Powhatan,  175 

President.  69,  136,  162, 188,  203 
Prince  George,  77 
Princess  Augusta,  93 
Princeton,  204 
Protector,  181 
Providence,  83,  112 
Puritan,  170 

Queen,  49 

Raisonnable,  137 
Raleigh,  114 
Ranger,  112,  113 


236 


TRAITS. 


Rattler,  60 
Release,  160 
Relief,  160 
Resolute,  66 
Retaliation,  36 
Reunion,  196 
Revenge,  162,  164 
Rhode  Island,  193 
Robust,  76,  215 
Romney,  76 
Russel,  196 

Sacramento,  118 
Sandwich,  88 
Santa  Anna,  59 
Saratoga,  37,  207,  209 
Scioto,  160 
Scorpion,  165 
Sea  Flower,  51 
Sea  Nymph,  61 
Seminole,  193 
Serapis,  112 
Severn,  104 


Shannon,  59,  118 
Somers,  198 
Spitfire,  175 
Stanislas,  157 
Stately,  41 
St.  Lawrence,  154 
St.  Louis,  184 
Stromboli,  211 
Sumpter,  160,  198 
Superb,  215 
Susquehanna,  53,  182 
Swallow,  98 

Tecumseh,  79,  161,  182,  184 

Tennessee,  53,  79,  160,  161 

Terrible,  200 

Terror,  91 

Texas,  172,  173 

Theseus,  103 

Ticonderoga,  154 

Tigre,  201 

Trent,  91 

Trenton,  88 


True-blooded  Yankee,  183 
Trumbull,  90 
Trusty,  214 

United  States,  41,  68,  69,  86, 

154 
Unity,  148,  149,  150 

Varmana,  118 
Victor,  33 
Victory,  93,  102 
Vigilant,  149 
Virginia,  109,  208 
Vixen,  23,  181,  193,  209 
Vizcaya,  173 
Vulcan,  98 

Wabash,  154 
Wasp,  37,  168,  189 
Weehawken,  180,  191 
Winthrop,  181 
Wizard,  103 


Activity,  45,  56,  103,  113,  135, 

140,  157 
Administrativeness,  43,  49,  88, 

97,  105,  107,  151,  162,  174, 

188,  201 
Adventurousness,    33,   36,   42, 

43,  51,  54,  61,  70,  81,  87, 

90,  92,  96,  120,  122,  129, 

133,    146,    152,    155,    163, 

164,  175 

Aggressiveness,  87 
Ambitiousness,   113,   139,   143, 

146,  185 
Artistic  Sense  (form),  65,  101, 

135,    155,    178,    182,    193, 

194,  195,  199 

Audacity,  61,  87,  88,  163,  179 
Austerity,  41 
Bravery,  37,  71,  82,  83,  96,  157, 

161,  163,  201 
Brilliancy,  101,  103,  158 
Buoyancy,  41,  103,  155 
Carefulness,  85 
Chivalry,  36,  212 
Claustrophilia,  27 
Combativeness,   56,   114,    152, 

155,  161,    163,    175,    177, 
190 

Constructiveness,   109 
Courage,  36,  38,  41,  42,  69,  62, 

94,    127,    135,    155,    161, 

163,  165,  198 
Dash,  212 

Decisiveness,  122,  127,  163 
Diplomacy,  36,  77,  94,  97,  135, 

156,  166,  204,  208 
Energy,  38,  107,  120,  139,  145, 

163,  176,  201,  212 
Enthusiasm,  38 


TRAITS. 

Tearfulness,  29,  139 
Fearlessness,  36,  38,  61,  99, 105, 

118,    122,    123,    127,    129, 

149,    155,    161,    163,    164, 

165,  166,  188,  208,  212 
Firmness,  41,  59,  109,  122,  163 
Fortitude,  212 
Gallantry,  39,  42,  45,  153 
Generosity,  85,  103,  118,  123, 

132,  202,  209 
Hunting,  fondness  for,  212 
Independence,  163 
Indolence,  145 
Industry,  85 
Intelligence,  122,  123 
Intrepidity,  38,  84,  175 
Inventiveness,  39,  57,  65,  130, 

202 

Jocularity,  43,  61,  129,  172 
Judiciousness,  36,  40,  59,  65, 

82,  92,  101,  120,  127,  162, 

176,  208 
Legislative  Ability,  44,  45,  54, 

89,  114,  151,  195,  199 
Literary  Ability,  130,  177,  182, 

199 
Love  of  Hunting,  42,  43,  44,  47, 

101,  127,  161,  164 
Militarism,  25,  37,  43,  54,  61. 

68,  71,  74,  88,  95,  103,  105, 

109,    120,    134,    146,    151, 

161,  197 
Nomadism,  27,  28,  31,  37,  38, 

41,  64,  65,  84,   101,   113, 

131,    146,    155,    173,    175, 

182,  202,  205,  211,  212 
Obstinacy,  178 
Orderliness,  190 


Perseverance,  212 
Pertinacity,  37,  92,  143, 161.166 
Promptitude,  40, 69, 94, 97, 179 

Quarrelsomeness,  56 

Recklessness,  43,  158 
Religiousness,  141, 145, 167, 183 
Resourcefulness,  120 
Responsibility,  37,  38,  53,  133, 

139,  163,  167,  191 
Responsiveness,    38,    70,    172, 

173,  209 
Restlessness,    29,    56,    61,    82, 

101,    103,    133,   201,  205 
Scholarship,  36,  41,  47,  50,  65, 

77,   85,   87,   89,   99,    101, 

167,  186 

Self-control,  92,  112 
Self-reliance,   49,    53,    81,    87, 

88,  120,  167 
Strategic  Insight,  29,  81,  101, 

135,  142 
Sternness,  192,  199 

Tactical  Ability,  29,  105 

Temper,  38,  40,  41,  43,  92,  101, 
113,  140,  166,  178,  181 

Tenacity,  144,  176 

Thallasophilia,  25,  26,  27,  28, 
29,  31,  33,  36,  48,  49,  56, 
64,  68,  69,  81,  88,  93,  96, 
99,  101,  107,  118,  129,  135, 
151,  152,  161,  178,  179, 
181,  190,  200,  201,  207 

Vigilance,  103 
Visualism,  26,  130,  131 
Vivacity,  85,  86 
Wanderlust,    25,    29,    90   (see 

Nomadism) 
Wit,  38,  42,  123,  149 


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